DAVAO CENTRAL COLLEGE, INC.

Juan dela Cruz Street, Toril, Davao City

Landline No. (082) 291 1882

Accredited by ACSCU-ACI

Name:
Name of Instructor: Mr. Chrystler Jay Linejan

GE
ENG
1
PUR
POSI
VE
COMMUNICATION
 DAVAO CENTRAL COLLEGE, INC.
Juan dela Cruz Street, Toril, Davao City
Landline No. (082) 291 1882

Accredited by ACSCU-ACI

LEARNING MODULE
SY 2022 - 2023
 DAVAO CENTRAL COLLEGE, INC.
Juan dela Cruz Street, Toril, Davao City
Landline No. (082) 291 1882

Accredited by ACSCU-ACI

Week 1

Unit 1: Writing an Informative Speech

Topic: Informative Speech

Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the nature, elements, and functions of verbal and nonverbal
communication in various and multicultural contexts
2. Describe the communication process;
3. Appreciate the impact of communication on society and the world; and
4. Discuss the communication principles and ethics

Concept Digest

COMMUNICATION

Figure 1.1 Word Brainstorm

Observe the illustration shown above and think of first four
words that come up on your mind when you see the word
communication.

Communication comes from the Latin word “communis”, which

means ‘commons.’ To be common means “to come together” or
“to commune”- “to share something in common”.

It is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, feelings

and emotions from one person to another with the use of
symbols which may be verbal and/or non-verbal and aims for
understanding.
Communication also involves the four macro skills –
listening, speaking, reading and writing; that is why
researchers say that we remember 10 % of what we read, 20 %
of what we hear,
30 % of what we see and 50 % of what we see and hear of the
message. These same macro skills are involved in the
communication process. It is also an exchange of thoughts
and, messages or information by speech, signals, writing or
behavior between a sender and a receiver.

Why study Communication? - to understand ourselves as social

being; to understand ourselves as a person; to gain
professional competence and; to preserve cultural values.
 DAVAO CENTRAL COLLEGE, INC.
Juan dela Cruz Street, Toril, Davao City
Landline No. (082) 291 1882

Accredited by ACSCU-ACI

It also increases our understanding of relationships

develops important life skills such as critical thinking,
problem solving, conflict resolution, team building, public
speaking. It also helps us exercise our rights and become an
effective citizen.

Figure 1.2 The communication process. Encoding, media, and decoding (Hawkins, 2016). <
https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/commbusprofcdn/chapter/1-2/>

Proceeding is the communication process which shows the

sender as the one who encodes the message and selects the
channel while the receiver decodes the message and uses
feedback to respond.

Communication Process refers to the exchange of information,

message, idea, feeling or perception between or among
people.

The following are the elements of communication process:

1. Sender-the communication process begins with the sender who is also called the
communicator or source of information.
2. Receiver- is the listener, reader, or observer—that is, the individual (or the group
of individuals) to whom a message is directed. The receiver is also called the "audience"
or decoder.
3. Message- also known as the content that the sender wants to relay to the
receiver.
4. Channel- this is the means by or through which a message is transmitted.
5. Feedback- the response of an audience to a message or activity. Feedback can be
conveyed both verbally and nonverbally.

Furthermore, communication is both oral and written, so

that, if communication is oral, the sender would be the
speaker and the receiver would be the listener. On the other
hand, if communication is written, the sender would be the
writer and the receiver would be the reader.
 DAVAO CENTRAL COLLEGE, INC.
Juan dela Cruz Street, Toril, Davao City
Landline No. (082) 291 1882

Accredited by ACSCU-ACI

Communication Principles

Communication is a two-way traffic of giving and receiving

information through any number of channels. Whether one is
speaking informally to a classmate, talking about a
conference or student teaching, writing a newsletter article
or formal report, the following basic principles may be
considered:
1. Know your audience.
2. Know your purpose.
3. Know your topic.
4. Anticipate objections from the audience.
5. Achieve credibility with your audience.
6. Present information in various ways.
7. Develop practical, useful way to get feedback.
8. Use multiple communication techniques.

Communication is a complex process. When listening to or

reading someone else’s message, we often filter what is
being said through a screen of our own opinions. One of the
major barriers to communication is our own ideas and
opinions.

Barriers of Communication

There are many reasons that interpersonal communication

fails. In many occasions, the message (what is said) may not
be received exactly the way the sender intended. It is
therefore, important that the communicator seeks feedback to
check that message is clearly understood. In the same way,
many people develop difficulties within their family or
within their circle of friends due to communication issues.
There are various key barriers that can occur while the
communication is going on: language, noise, cultural
diversity, gender differences, status differences and
physical separation, to name a few. However, for the purpose
of clear understanding, let us categorize these barriers
into three: physical, psychological and interpersonal. These
barriers to communication are specific factors that can
distort or hamper effective communication.
✔ Physical barriers- Physical barrier is the environmental and natural condition that
act as a barrier in communication in sending message from sender to receiver.

✔ Psychological barriers- The Psychological or Emotional Barriers refers to the

psychological state i.e. Opinions, attitudes, status consciousness, emotions, etc.
of a person that deeply affects the ability to communicate.
 DAVAO CENTRAL COLLEGE, INC.
Juan dela Cruz Street, Toril, Davao City
Landline No. (082) 291 1882

Accredited by ACSCU-ACI

a. Lack of Attention: When the person is pre- occupied by some

other things and do not listen carefully what the other person is speaking,
then arises the psychological barrier in the communication.

b. Poor Retention: The retention refers to the capacity of a brain to

retain or store things in the memory. The brain does not store all the
information came across but in fact, retain only those which deems to be
helpful in the future.

c. Distrust: To have an effective communication, it is must that both

the communicators (sender and receiver) trust each other. In case there
is a lack of trust between both the parties, then they will tend to derive
negative meaning out of the message and often ignore what has been
communicated.

d. Closed Mind and Filtering-sometimes leads us to choose only the

information we want to receive. This might be due to mistrust,
competition, jealousy, or the view that the message is insignificant and
that we are better than the speakers. If this situation, we may not listen
anymore because we close our minds already

The Communication Ethics

When we say ethics we refer to a set of values or set of

moral principles used in everyday living. With regard to the
process of communication, we also use ethics---those values
or principles elating to human conduct with respect to
rightness and wrongness of certain actions and also to the
goodness or badness of motives of such actions. Therefore,
the principles governing communication, encompass the
communication ethics.

Questions of right and wrong or questions about what is good

or bad arise whenever people communicate. Ethical
communication is fundamental to responsible thinking,
decision making, and the development of relationships and
communities within across contexts, cultures, channels and
media. Moreover, ethical communication enhances human worth
and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness,
responsibility, persona; integrity, and respect for self and
others. We believe that unethical communication threatens
the quality of all communication and consequently the well-
being of individuals and the society in which we live. To
create balance between listening and speaking, there must be
an iota of truthfulness.
 DAVAO CENTRAL COLLEGE, INC.
Juan dela Cruz Street, Toril, Davao City
Landline No. (082) 291 1882

Accredited by ACSCU-ACI

The following ethical guidelines may guide us in

communication:

1. Listen when other speak.

2. Speak non-judgmentally.
3. Speak from our own experience and perspective, expressing our own thoughts,
needs, and feelings.
4. Understand others.
5. Avoid speaking for others, especially their shortcomings.
6. Manage our own personal boundaries: share only what we are comfortable
sharing.
7. Avoid interrupting and side comments.
8. Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity
of communication.
9. Endorse freedom of expression.
10. Promote access to communication resources and opportunities.
11. Accept responsibility for the short and long-term consequences for our own
communication and expect the same of others.
12. Commit to the courageous expression of personal convictions in pursuit of
fairness and justice.

Nonverbal communication

Interpersonal communication is much more than the explicit

meaning of words, the information or message transmitted. It
also includes implicit messages, whether intentional or not,
which are expressed through non-verbal patterns.

Non-verbal communication facial expressions, gestures,

posture and gait, and other paralinguistic techniques.

✔ Gestures are nonverbal forms of communication in which visible body parts

communicate specific messages. These include movements of the hands, feet,
face or other parts of the body.

✔ Posture is the relative position in which people hold their body while standing,
walking or sitting. Gait on the other hand is the person’s manner of walking.

✔ Paralinguistic techniques are aspects of spoken communication. These are

signals used beyond the basic verbal message or speech. Examples of
paralinguistic techniques may include oculesics (the language of eye contact),
proxemics (the language of distance), haptics (the language of touch), and
chronemics (the language of time).
 DAVAO CENTRAL COLLEGE, INC.
Juan dela Cruz Street, Toril, Davao City
Landline No. (082) 291 1882

Accredited by ACSCU-ACI

Non-verbal communication is important because it may:

✔ Reinforce or modify what is said in words. For example, people may nod their
heads vigorously when saying “Yes” to emphasize that they agree with others,
but a shrug of the shoulders and sad expression when saying “I’m fine, thanks”,
may imply that things are not really fine at all.
✔ Convey information about people’s emotional state
✔ Define or reinforce the relationship between people.
✔ Provide feedback to other people.
✔ Regulate the flow of communication. For example by signaling to others that
they have finished speaking or wish to say something.

Verbal Communication is a type of oral communication wherein

the message is transmitted through the spoken words. Here
the sender gives words to his feelings, thoughts, ideas and
opinions and expresses them in the form of speeches,
discussions, presentations, and conversations.

Verbal Communication is a type of oral communication wherein

the message is transmitted through the spoken words. Here
the sender gives words to his feelings, thoughts, ideas and
opinions and expresses them in the form of speeches,
discussions, presentations, and conversations.

References
https://lumen.instructure.com/courses/218897/pages/
linkedtext54289?module_item_id=5007164
https://businessjargons.com/psychological-bar
 DAVAO CENTRAL COLLEGE,
INC.
Juan dela Cruz Street, Toril, Davao City

Accredited by ACSCU-ACI
Landline No. (082) 291 1882