Structure & Function of Body Systems

Outline
Structure & • the macrostructure and microstructure of muscle and bone

Function of • the sliding- lament theory of muscular contraction

• muscle ber types and their relative involvement in sport events
Body Systems • the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular and
FSM1203 respiratory systems

Structure & Function of Body Systems Musculoskeletal System

SKELETON
Physical exercise and sport performance involve
e ective, purposeful movements of the body. • approx 206 bones

• Musculoskeletal system: bones, joints, muscles, tendons • leverage, support, and protection

• Nervous system: central and peripheral • axial skeleton

• Cardiovascular system: heart and blood vessels • appendicular skeleton
• Respiratory system: lungs and airway
ff
fi
fi

 Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System

SKELETON SKELETON
• Joints: junction of bones • Joints: junction of bones

Sport and exercise Sport and exercise

movements occur mainly movements occur mainly
about the synovial joints: about the synovial joints:
• low friction • low friction
• large range of motion • large range of motion
https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/9-4-synovial-joints/
https://www.coursehero.com/sg/anatomy-and-physiology/types-of-joints/

Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System

SKELETON SKELETAL MUSCULATURE
• Joints: junction of bones
• More than 430 skeletal muscles

Virtually all joint movement • Skeletal musculature enables the

consists of rotation about skeleton to move.
points or axes.
categorized by the number of
directions about which rotation
can occur

 Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System

SKELETAL MUSCULATURE SKELETAL MUSCULATURE
• The muscles of the body do not act • Each skeletal muscle is an
directly to exert force on the ground or organ that contains muscle
other objects. tissue, connective tissue,
pull against bones that rotate about nerves, and blood vessels.
joints and transmit force to the
environment.
• Fasciculi: bundles of up to
150 muscle bers
• Muscles can only pull, not push.
• All the connective tissue—
through the system of bony levers, epimysium, perimysium,
muscle pulling forces can be manifested and endomysium—is
as either pulling or pushing forces contiguous with the tendon.
against external objects

Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System

SKELETAL MUSCULATURE SKELETAL MUSCULATURE

• Sarcoplasm contains contractile Sarcomere: smallest

contractile unit of a
components consisting of protein
skeletal muscle
laments, other proteins, stored
glycogen and fat particles,
enzymes, and specialized
organelles such as mitochondria
and the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

• Myo brils contain the

apparatus that contracts the
muscle cell: myo laments
https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Muscle_tissue
fi
fi
fi

fi

Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System

NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM Acetylcholine NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM

https://www.coursehero.com/sg/anatomy-and-physiology/motor-units-in-skeletal-muscles/

Musculoskeletal System SLIDING-FILAMENT

SLIDING-FILAMENT THEORY OF MUSCLE
THEORY OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
CONTRACTION
1. Resting Phase
2. Excitation–Contraction
Coupling Phase
3. Contraction Phase
4. Recharge Phase
5. Relaxation Phase

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tp9zQHj4JBs

 Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System

SLIDING-FILAMENT NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
THEORY OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTION ALL-OR-NONE PRINCIPLE
• All of the muscle bers in the
motor unit contract and develop
force at the same time.
• There is no evidence that a motor
neuron stimulus causes only some
of the bers to contract.
• Similarly, a stronger action
potential cannot produce a
stronger contraction.

Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System

NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM

• Each action potential traveling

down a motor neuron results in a
short period of activation of the
muscle bers within the motor unit.
The brief contraction that results
is referred to as a twitch.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1012_Muscle_Twitch_Myogram.jpg
fi
fi
fi

 Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System

NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM

(Physiologic)
Tetanus/Tetany:
maximal amount of
force the motor unit
can develop

Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System

NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM

MOTOR UNIT RECRUITMENT

• the successive activation of the
same and additional motor
units with increasing strength
of voluntary muscle contraction
American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine. Glossary of terms in electrodiagnostic
medicine. Muscle Nerve. 2001. Suppl 10:S1-50

https://www.steadfastnutrition.in/blogs/news/relevance-of-slow-or-fast-twitch-muscle- bers
fi

 Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System

NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM

• Proprioceptors are • Proprioceptors are

specialized sensory receptors
located within joints, muscles,
and tendons that are sensitive
to pressure and tension.
Muscle spindles
specialized sensory receptors
located within joints, muscles,
and tendons that are sensitive
to pressure and tension.
Golgi Tendon Organs

Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System

HEART HEART

• 2 interconnected but
separate pumps
• 2 chambers per pump
• 4 valves

 Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System

HEART BLOOD VESSELS & BLOOD

The cardiovascular system transports

nutrients and removes waste
products while helping to maintain the
environment for all the body’s functions.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

LUNGS & AIRWAYS EXCHANGE OF AIR

The primary function of the

respiratory system is the
basic exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
EXCHANGE OF AIR EXCHANGE OF
RESPIRATORY GASES

Thank you.