MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

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 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Agenda

 WCDMA Channels
 Cell Search
Channel Architecture MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Radio Interface Channel Organization MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

UE Node B RNC

Logical Channels
content is organised in separate channels, e.g.
System information, paging, user data, link management

Transport Channels
logical channel information is organised on transport channel
resources before being physically transmitted

Physical Channels Frames

(UARFCN, spreading code) Iub interface
 Logical channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Dedicated traffic channel （DTCH）

Traffic channel
Common traffic channel （CTCH）

Broadcast control channel （BCCH）

Paging control channel （PCCH）
Dedicate control channel （DCCH） Control channel
Common control channel (CCCH）
 Logical channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

1) Control Channels (CCH):

 Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH):

 It broadcast system control information for all mobiles in a cell like Code values in the
cell, neighbors information, allowed power levels in downlink direction.

 Paging Control Channel (PCCH):

 It transfer paging information in downlink direction. Network page the mobile to
discover the UE location or UE in a cell connected state.

 Common Control Channel (CCCH):

 Network may have certain tasks which are or may be common to UE in the cell. Its
being used in both direction downlink & uplink. The CCCH is also used when UE is
accessing a new cell after cell reselection .

 Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

 When there is dedicated/active connection means RRC connection between the
network and the mobile, the control information transferred using DCCH .Its a bi-
directional channel.
 Logical channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

2) Traffic Channels (TCH):

 Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH):

 It is used transfer the user data between the network and the UE in both uplink
and downlink directions .

 Common Traffic Channel (CTCH):

 It is used to transfer the data from one point to all mobiles or a specified group
of mobiles.
Transport Channels (TrCH) MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Dedicated Channel (DCH) Dedicated transport

Dedicated Channel (DCH) exists on uplink or channel
downlink channel.

Broadcast channel (BCH)

Forward access channel (FACH)
Paging channel (PCH)
Random access channel (RACH) Common transport channel
BCH, FACH & PCH are downlink channels.
Only RACH is common uplink channel
 Transport Channels (TrCH) MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Logical Channels are mapped onto Transport Channels.

a) Common Transport Channels:
• Broadcast Channel (BCH)
It carries the BCCH information.
• Paging Channel (PCH)
It is in use to page a UE in the cell, thus it carries the PCCH information. It is also used to
notify UEs about cell system information changes.
• Forward Access Channel (FACH)
The FACH is a DL channel. Control information, but also small amounts of user data can
be transmitted on this channel.
• Random Access Channel (RACH)
This UL channel is used by the UE, when small amounts of data have to be transmitted;
the UE requires no Dedicated resources. It is often used to allocated dedicated signalling
resources to the UE to establish a connection or to perform higher layer signalling.
b) Dedicated Transport Channels:

 Dedicated Channel (DCH)

Dedicated resources can be allocated both UL & DL to a UE. Dedicated resources are
exclusively in use for the subscriber.
 Physical Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code (scrambling code,

spreading code) and relative phase.

 In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading code) can
distinguish the channels.

 Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio frame consists
of 15 time slots.

 Two types of physical channel: UL and DL

Physical Channel

Frequency, Code, Phase

 Downlink Physical Channel MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel

– (Downlink DPCH)

• Downlink Common Physical Channel

– Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)
– Secondary common control physical channel(SCCPCH) Downlink
– Synchronization Channel (SCH) Physical Channel
– Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
– Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
– Common Pilot Indicator Channel (CPICH)
 Uplink Physical Channel MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel

– Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel
(Uplink DPDCH)

– Uplink Dedicated Physical Control

Channel (Uplink DPCCH)
Uplink Physical
Channel

• Uplink Common Physical Channel

– Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Cell Synchronisation Process MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

PHASE 1 • Detect cells

P-SCH • acquire slot synchronization

PHASE 2 • Acquire frame synchronization

• Identify the code group of the
S-SCH
• Cell found in the first step

• Determine the exact primary

Scrambling code used by the
PHASE 3
found cell
P-CPICH • Measure the rx level and quality
of the found cell
 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 Primary CPICH:
 Uses OVSF code -Cch, 256,0
 Scrambled by the primary scrambling code
 Only one CPICH per cell
 Broadcast over the entire cell
 The P-CPICH is a phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH. By
default, it is also a phase reference for downlink DPCH.
 Primary Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

• Carries pre-defined sequence.
• Fixed rate 30Kbps， SF=256
• Primary CPICH
– Uses the fixed channel code -- Cch, 256, 0
– Scrambled by the primary scrambling code
– Only one CPICH per cell
– Broadcast over the entire cell
– The P-CPICH is a phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH. By default,
it is also a phase reference for downlink DPCH.

Pre-defined symbol sequence

Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot # i Slot #14

1 radio frame: Tr = 10 ms
 P-CPICH as Measurement Reference MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

CPICH RSCP Received Signal Code Power (in dBm)

received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band (in
CPICH Ec/No
dB)
UTRA carrier received wide band power, including thermal noise and noise
RSSI generated in the receiver

Energy Of 1 Chip = CPICH RSCP / 3.84 MCPS

CPICH Ec/No =
PSD Of WCDMA Channel UTRA Carrier RSSI / 3.84 MHz

CPICH RSCP
CPICH Ec/No =
UTRA carrier RSSI
 PCCPCH MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• Fixed rate, fixed OVSF code（27kbps，Cch,256,1）

• Carry BCH transport channel
• The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time slot.
• Only data part

BCH Spreading Factor=256

1Slot=.666msec =18 BCH data bits/slot
SCH( 256 Chips) BCH (2304 Chips)
PSC
Pilot Symbol Data(10 Symbol Per Slot)
SSC

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1Frame =15 Slot = 10 msec

 P-CCPCH MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

10 ms Frame
2560 Chips 256 Chips
Synchronisation Channel (SCH)

P-CCPCH

• channelization code: Cch,256,1 Finally, I get

• no TPC, no pilot sequence the cell
• 27 kbps (due to off period) system
• organised in MIBs and SIBs information P-CCPCH
 SCCPCH MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• Carry FACH and PCH. • SF =256 - 4.

• Two kinds of SCCPCH: with or without • FACH and PCH can be mapped to the
TFCI. UTRAN decides if a TFCI should same or separate SCCPCHs.
be transmitted, UE must support TFCI.
• Possible rates are the same as that of
downlink DPCH

Spreading Factor =256 to 4

1 Slot = .666ms =2560 chips =20* 2^k data bits,k=(0 ….. 6)
0, 2 or 8 bits 20 to 1256 bits 0, 8 or 16 bits

TFCI or DTX Data Pilot

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1Frame =15 Slot = 10 msec

 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 PICH is a fixed-rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry the Paging Indicators (PI).
 Frame structure of PICH: one frame of length 10ms consists of 300 bits of which 288
bits are used to carry paging indicators and the remaining 12 bits are not defined.
 N paging indicators {PI0, …, PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72, or 144.
 If a paging indicator in a certain frame is set to 1, it indicates that UEs associated with
this paging indicator should read the corresponding frame of the associated S-CCPCH.

288 bits for paging indication 12 bits (undefined)

b0 b1 b 287 b 288 b 299

One radio frame (10 ms)

 Random Access MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

In the random access, initiated by the UE, two physical channels are involved:

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

 The physical random access is decomposed into the transmission of preambles in
the UL.
 Each preamble is transmitted with a higher output power as the preceding one.
 After the transmission of a preamble, the UE waits for a response by the Node B.
 This response is sent with the physical channel Acquisition Indication Channel
(AICH), telling the UE, that the Node B as acquired the preamble transmission of the
random access.
 Thereafter, the UE sends the message itself, which is the RACH/CCCH of the higher
layers.
 The preambles are used to allow the UE to start the access with a very low output
power.

Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)

 This physical channel indicates to the UE, that it has received the PRACH preamble
and is now waiting for the PRACH message part.
 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• The random-access transmission data consists of two parts:

 One or several preambles：each preamble is of length 4096chips and
consists of 256 repetitions of a signature whose length is 16 chips，16
available signatures totally.
 10 or 20ms message part
 Which signature is available and the length of message part are
determined by higher layer
Random Access Preamble Signature MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Random Access Scrambling Codes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

“All UE accessing this cell shall

“All UE accessing this cell shall use
use Random Access Preamble
Random Access Preamble
Scrambling Code n2(SSC
Scrambling Code n1(SSC
of Cell PSC) ”
of Cell PSC) ”
UE Initial Random Access Procedure MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

NodeB

estimate
TX power

PRACH: Initial Access

(no answer)
P-P p-p = 6 / 8 Slots
increase
TX power

PRACH: Initial Access

P-AI p-a = 3 / 4 Slots

AICH: Access Detected

P-M p-m = 6 / 8 Slots

PRACH: Random Access Information
(RRC Connection Request)
PRACH Message Part MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Control Part Data Part

• SF = 256 • SF = 256, 128, 64, or 32
• channelization code: • channelization code:
CCH,256,16*k+15, with CCH,SF,SF*k/16, with
k = signature number k = signature number
 Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

20 ms Frame

Access Slot 0 Access Slot 1 Access Slot 2 Access Slot 14

a0 a1 a2 a29 a30 a31

AICH signature pattern (fixed)

15
a j   AIs b s, j Acquisition Indicator
s 0 • +1 if signature s is positively
confirmed
• -1 if signature s is negatively
confirmed
• 0 if signature s is not included in the
set of available signatures
AICH Signature Patterns MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Downlink DPDCH/DPCCH MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

PILOT
DATA1 TPC TFCI DATA2
NPilot bits

1 Slot = .666ms =2560 chips =10x 2^k bits,k=(0 ….. 7)

SF=512/2^k =(512,256,128,64,32,16,8,4)

SLOT#0 SLOT#1 SLOT#I SLOT#14

1 Radio frame = 15 Slots = 10ms

 Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Dedicated physical data channel(DPDCH) slot(.666mSec)

Coded data,10x2^k bits ,k=0…6 (10 to 640) I

Dedicated physical control channel(DPCCH) slot(.666mSec)

Pilot TFCI FBI TPC Q

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1Frame =15 Slot = 10 msec

 Function of physical channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Cell broadcast channels

P-CPICH-Primary Common Pilot Channel

P-CCPCH-Primary Common Control Physical Channel

SCH- Synchronisation Channel (Including P-SCH and S-SCH Channel)

Paging channels
S-CCPCH-Secondary Common Control Physical Channel

PICH-Paging Indicator Channel

Node B UE
Random access channels
PRACH-Physical Random Access Channel

AICH-Acquisition Indicator Channel

Dedicated channels
DPDCH-Dedicated Physical Data Channel

DPCCH-Dedicated Physical Control Channel

 Channel Mapping In DL MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

LOGICAL CHANNEL TRANSPORT CHANNEL PHYSICAL CHANNEL

P-SCH
BCCH
BCH S-SCH
CPICH
PCCH
PCH PCCPCH
SCCPCH
CCCH
FACH PICH
AICH
DCCH
HS-DSCH HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH
CTCH
DCH DPDCH
DPCCH
DTCH
 Channel Mapping In UL MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

LOGICAL CHANNEL TRANSPORT CHANNEL PHYSICAL CHANNEL

CCCH PRACH

RACH DPDCH

DCCH
DCH DPCCH

HS-
E-DCH
DPCCH
DTCH
E-DPDCH

E-DPCCH
Groups of Physical Channel MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Cell Search
 Cell Search Scenario MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Phase 1 Slot synchronisation

Phase 2
(P-SCH) Frame synchronisation and
Primary SCH identification of the cell code
group
(S-SCH) Phase 3
Secondary
SCH
Determination of the exact
CPICH primary scrambling code used
by the found cell

P-CCPCH P-CCPCH

The Primary CCPCH is detected

using the identified primary
scrambling code  After the cell
search, system and cell specific
10 ms BCH information can be read.
Cell Search Scenario MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Synchronisation Channel (SCH) MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

2560 Chips 256 Chips

Primary Synchronisation Channel (P-SCH)

CP CP CP CP

Secondary Synchronisation Channel (S-SCH)

Cs1 Cs2 Cs15 Cs1

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 14 Slot 0

10 ms Frame

Cp = Primary Synchronisation Code

Cs = Secondary Synchronisation Code
 SSC Allocation for S-SCH MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Slot number
Scrambling 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
code group
Group 00 1 1 2 8 9 10 15 8 10 16 2 7 15 7 16
Group 01 1 1 5 16 7 3 14 16 3 10 5 12 14 12 10

Group 02 1 2 1 15 5 5 12 16 6 11 2 16 11 15 12
Group 03 1 2 3 1 8 6 5 2 5 8 4 4 6 3 7

Group 04 1 2 16 6 6 11 15 5 12 1 15 12 16 11 2

Group 05 1 3 4 7 4 1 5 5 3 6 2 8 7 6 8

Group 62 9 11 12 15 12 9 13 13 11 14 10 16 15 14 16

Group 63 9 12 10 15 13 14 9 14 15 11 11 13 12 16 10

I monitor
the S-SCH
11 15 5
 Understanding MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 With SCH, the UE was capable to perform chip, TS, and frame synchronisation.
• Even the cell‘s scrambling code group is known to the UE.

 One primary scrambling code in use over the entire cell, and in neighbouring cells,
different scrambling codes are in use.
• There exists a total of 512 primary scrambling codes.

 The CPICH is used to transmit in every TS a pre-defined bit sequence with a spreading
factor 256.
• The CPICH divides up into a mandatory Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH)
and optional Secondary CPICHs (S-CPICH).
 Understanding MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

The P-CPICH is in use over the entire cell and it is the first physical channel, where a
spreading code is in use.

 A spreading code is the product of the cell‘s scrambling code and the
channelization code.
 The channelization code is fixed: Cch,256,0. i.e., the UE knows the P-CPICH‘s
channelization code, and it uses the P-CPICH to determine the cell‘s primary
scrambling code by trial and error.

The P-CPICH is not only used to determine the primary scrambling code. It also acts as:-

 phase reference for most of the physical channels,

 measurement reference in the FDD mode
 Primary Common Pilot Channel MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

10 ms Frame

2560 Chips 256 Chips

Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
CP

P-CPICH

Cell scrambling code? I

get it with trial & P-CPICH
error!
applied speading code =
cell‘s primary scrambling code  Cch,256,0

Phase reference
Measurement reference
 CPICH as Measurement Reference MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

The UE has to perform a set of L1 measurements, some of them refer to the

CPICH channel:
CPICH RSCP
 RSCP stands for Received Signal Code Power.
 The UE measures the RSCP on the Primary-CPICH.
 The reference point for the measurement is the antenna connector
of the UE.
 The CPICH RSCP is a power measurement of the CPICH.
 The received code power may be high, but it does not yet indicate
the quality of the received signal, which depends on the overall
noise level.
UTRA carrier RSSI.
 RSSI stands for Received Signal Strength Indicator.
 The UE measures the received wide band power, which includes
thermal noise and receiver generated noise.
 The reference point for the measurements is the antenna connector
of the UE. .
 CPICH as Measurement Reference MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

CPICH Ec/No

 The CPICH Ec/No is used to determine the “quality“ of the received signal.
 It gives the received energy per received chip divided by the band‘s power
density.
 The “quality“ is the primary CPICH‘s signal strength in relation to the cell
noise.

(Please note, that channel quality is determined by BLER, BER, etc. )

If the UE supports GSM, then it must be capable to make measurements in the GSM
bands, too.
 Summary MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 WCDMA Channels
 Cell Search
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

“HAPPY LEARNING”

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

www.mcpsinc.com