THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC ADO EKITI, EKITI STATE

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS STUDY

DEPARTMENT OF OFFICE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

ASSIGNMENT ON
1. WITH COPIOUS BUT SUITABLE EXAMPLES DISCUSS THE
CONCEPT OF INTERFERENCE CODE SWITCHING AND CODE
MIXING
2. WITH THE AID OF DIAGRAM DISCUSS THE PROCESS
INVOLVED IN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

COURSE CODE
GNS 102

COURSE TITLE
COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH

PREPARED BY
OLORUNFEMI ABISOLA PRECIOUS
FPA/OT/21/2-0171

SUBMITTED TO:
MR. GBENGA
Code Switching

The ability to communicate our thoughts, emotions, and opinions to others is truly a remarkable
skill. Not only does our language communicate who we are, but our use of language can
influence our self-concept and identity. It goes both ways; cultural influences are reflected in our
language and also influence how we conceptualize who we are and where we come from. (The
social aspect of language is studied by sociolinguistics, a subdivision of linguistics which studies
social factors.)

Bilingual communities use certain strategies to make communication more effective and
meaningful. One of these tricks is "code switching," which we can observe mostly in second- or
foreign-language classes. Code switching refers to the use of two languages within a sentence or
discourse. It is a natural conflation that often occurs between multilingual speakers who have
two or more languages in common.

Code switching is when a speaker alternates between two or more languages (or dialects or
varieties of language) in one conversation. This phenomenon can be observed in the following
examples.

Examples of Code Switching

 If you have an exam next week, şimdiden çalışmaya başlamalısın. (English + Turkish)
 Gracias for the lovely gift. Está awesome! (Spanish + English)
 Pwede ba tayo mag dinner sa Barney's Burgers later? I want protein! (Tagalog +
English)
 Are we eating chez ta mère demain? (English + French)
 Saweyti l-homework tabaa’ik? (Arabic + English)
 Nó còng đang celebrate cái sinh nhật. (Vietnamese + English)
 Ní yào qù get pizza with me ma? (Mandarin + English)
CODE MIXING

Code-mixing is the mixing of two or more languages or language varieties in speech.

Some scholars use the terms "code-mixing" and "code-switching" interchangeably, especially in
studies of syntax, morphology, and other formal aspects of language. Others assume more
specific definitions of code-mixing, but these specific definitions may be different in different
subfields of linguistics, education theory, communications etc.

Code-mixing is similar to the use or creation of pidgins, but while a pidgin is created across
groups that do not share a common language, code-mixing may occur within a multilingual
setting where speakers share more than one language.

Code-Mixing refers to “the embedding of linguistic units such as phrases, words, and
morphemes of one language into an utterance of another language.”

Example that illustrates the phenomenon of Code-Mixing:

Main kal movie dekhne jaa rahi thi and raaste me I met Sudha.

Translation — I was going for a movie yesterday and on the way, I met Sudha.

Simply, Code mixing is mixing of two or more languages while communicating. Now, it is often
common for a speaker who knows two or more languages to take one word or more than one
word from one language and introduce it while speaking another language.

If I know French as well as English, for example, there will be times when I will mix some
English words in my French sentences. That’s, in fact, very common. Languages have this kind
of effect on other languages. It is also very rare for Bilinguals to utter sentences that belong to
purely one language
PROCESS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

1. Sender:

Communication starts with the sender, who is the initiator of the message. After generating an
idea, the sender encodes it in a way that can be comprehended by the receiver. Encoding refers to
the process by which the sender translates his thoughts into a series of verbal and non-verbal
actions that he feels will communicate the message to the intended receiver. For example,
translating the thought into any language.

2. Transmission:

The information that the sender wants to communicate is transmitted over a channel through
which the message travels to the receiver. A channel connects the sender to the receiver.
Channels for communication may include a memorandum, a computer, a telephone, a telegram,
or a television.

The choice of a channel depends on the communication situation. For instance, when dealing
with confidential information, direct face-to-face interaction or a sealed letter are more effective
channels than a telephone conversation.
3. Noise:

Noise is anything that has a disturbing influence on the message. Since noise hinders
communication, the sender should choose a channel that is free from noise. Noise may occur at
the sender’s end, during transmission, or at the receiver’s end.

Examples of noise include:

i. Ambiguous symbols that lead to faulty encoding

ii. A poor telephone connection

iii. An inattentive receiver

iv. Faulty decoding (attaching the wrong meaning to the message)

v. Prejudices obstructing the poor understanding of a message

vi. Gestures and postures that may distort the message

5. Receiver:

The receiver is the person to whom the message is transmitted. In order to decode the message,
the receiver has to be ready to receive the message. That is. the receiver should not be
preoccupied with other thoughts that might cause him to pay insufficient attention to the
message. Decoding refers to the process of translation of symbols encoded by the sender into
ideas that can be understood.

Communication can be considered effective only when both the sender and the receiver attach
similar meanings to the symbols that compose the message. For example, a message in technical
jargon requires a recipient who understands such terms. Communication is not complete unless it
is understood by both the sender and the receiver.

6. Feedback:
A message generated by the receiver in response to the sender’s original message is known as
feedback. Feedback is necessary to ensure that the message has been effectively encoded,
transmitted, decoded and understood.

It helps a sender evaluate the effectiveness of his message, so that he can modify his subsequent
messages. Feedback also confirms whether there has been any change in the behavior of the
individual or in the organization as a result of communication.

The communication model discussed above provides the basic framework of the communication
process, identifies the key elements (sender, transmission, receiver, noise and feedback), and
shows their relationships. This framework helps managers pinpoint communication.