TRANSPORTATION

INFRASTRUCTURE
Institute of Infrastructure, Technology,
Research and Management (IITRAM)
Means of Transport

• Land ways

• Waterways

• Airways
Transportation Infrastructure
 Indian Road Network
• Indian road network of 56 lakh Km is second largest in the world
and consists of :
Length(In Km)
• Expressways: 2000
• National Highways: 1,01,000
• State Highways :1,72,899
• Major District Roads : 5,58,763
• Rural and Other Roads : 39,50,000

• (Approx) Modal Shift: About 65% of freight and 80% passenger

traffic is carried by the roads.
• National Highways constitute only about 1.7% of the road
network but carry about 40% of the total road traffic.
• Number of vehicles has been growing at an average pace of
10.16% per annum over the last five years (3.26% in last five
decades)
 Challenges in Roadways

• Congestion (poor infrastructure)

• Delay:
Loss of time
Loss of Fuel

• Accidental risk

• Pot holes

• Failure of roads
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 Railways In India
Indian Railways (IR) is India’s national railway system
operated by the Ministry of Railways

• Fourth-largest railway network in the world

• 121,407 kilometres length
• 49% of the routes are electrified with electric traction while 33 %
of them are double or multi-tracked
• 13,000 passenger trains daily: 7,349 stations across India
• India's first passenger train, between Bombay and Thane, in 1853
(33.8 km)
• Two Segments: Freight and Passenger
• Revenue generate:
70% through Freight
30% through passengers

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 Problems Faced by Railways

 Railway network is small and inadequate for

current demands
 Locomotives are old and outdated: incapable to
handle current demands
 Financial crunch
 Poor passenger services
 Not reliable
 Over crowded
 many more………

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Transportation Infrastructure
 Geometric Design of Roads
Deals with visible dimensions of a roadway and is dictated by:

 Horizontal and vertical alignments (incl. Curves)

 Cross-section components (Longitudinal, Lateral)
 Sight distances
 Intersection treatment
 Control of access
 Requirements of traffic

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Mumbai-Pune Expressway

Mumbai-Pune Old status

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Topography Affects Geometric Design

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Kathipara Interchange, Chennai

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 Elements involved in Geometric Design of
Highways
 Vehicular Characteristics
 Speed of the Vehicle, Size (L & B), Volume, Density at the section of
road
 Cross sectional elements
 Width of pavement, formation and land, the surface characteristics
and cross slope of pavement
 Sight distance considerations
 Horizontal curves, vertical curves, intersections governs the safety of
highways
 Horizontal alignment details
 Change in road direction, type of horizontal curve, superelevation,
extra pavement width, transition curves

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 Design speed
 Important for economic operation and safety
• Considerable variation in speed depending on drivers and
kind of vehicle.
• Value selected should accommodate nearly all demands
and should not fail under severe or extreme cases
• Design speed is determined for design and correlation of
physical features of highway that influence vehicle
operation
• Maximum safe speed that can be maintained when
conditions are so favorable that design features of
highway govern.
• Design speed must be correlated with terrain conditions
and highway class. Transportation Infrastructure
 Suggested design speeds in kmph for rural
highways

Plain Rolling Mountainous Steep

R M R M R M R M

NH and SH 100 80 80 65 50 40 40 30
MDR 80 65 65 50 40 30 30 20
ODR 65 50 50 40 30 25 25 20
VR 50 40 40 35 25 20 25 20

R: Ruling
M: Minimum

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 Suggested design speeds in kmph for urban
streets in India

Arterial………………………. 80
Sub-arterial ………………… 60
Collector street ……………. 50
Local street ………………… 30

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 Overall width between Control Lines

Overall width between Building Lines

Set Set
Road land width Back
Back
Road way

Carriageway

Formation width in
cutting

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 Sight Distance Elements

• Stopping sight distance

• Overtaking sight distance

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 Stopping sight distance

• Highway with adequate sight ahead of a travelling vehicle

results in safe operation.
• Distance along road surface at which a driver has visibility of
objects, stationary or moving, at a specified height above
carriage way is known as sight distance.
• Stopping sight distance is the distance required by a driver
of a vehicle travelling at a given speed to bring her/his
vehicle to stop after an object on the roadway become
visible.
• Stopping sight distance is made up of two components:
 distance travelled during perception and brake reaction time
 Distance travelled during the time brakes are under
application till the vehicle stops.
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 STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE

Lag Distance Braking Distance

Distance Travelled during Distance Travelled after

Reaction Time application of brakes

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 Stopping sight distance…
• Perception and brake reaction time depend upon factors
such as: age, sex, alertness, visibility etc.
• IRC suggests 2.5 sec a reasonable value for perception
and brake reaction time.

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VEGETATION BLOCKING THE SIGHT ON A HORIZONTAL CURVE

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SIGHT DISTANCES AT VERTICAL CURVES ARE
AFFECTED BY GRADIENT. FLATTER SLOPES
PROVIDE HIGHER VISIBILITY

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 PROVISION OF SUPER ELEVATION

Road Edge Road Edge

NORMAL ROAD SECTION ON A STRAIGHT

ROAD

Outer Inner
Edge Edge

Actual super elevation, E = e B

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 Analysis of Superelevation..
• Maximum super-elevation values:

• IRC recommends for hilly areas: 0.07 for snow-bound

areas, 0.10 for areas not affected by snow

• All other cases, a value of 0.07 is considered maximum

• Minimum radii of curves:

V2/ 127R = e + f
R = V2/ 127 (e + f)
• Knowing e and f, it is possible to calculate the minimum
radius

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 Typical calculations

Minimum Radius of Curve ,R = V2/127( e + f )

If V= 50 KMPH, e = 0.07, f = 0.15
R = 89 m, say 90 m

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RAIL TRANSPORTATION

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 Rail Transportation
Track or permanent way is the single costliest asset of Indian Railways. It consists
of rails, sleepers, fittings and fastenings, ballast, and formation.

Permanent Way

Broad gauge 1676

Gauge is defined as the minimum distance between two rails. Metre gauge 1000
Narrow Gauge 762

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Rails are the members of the track laid in two parallel lines to provide an unchanging,
continuous, and level surface for the movement of trains.

Double headed rail Bull headed rail Flat-footed rail

Sleepers are the transverse ties that are laid to support the rails.
The ballast is a layer of broken stones, or any other granular material placed and
packed below and around sleepers for distributing load from the sleepers to the formation.

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Points and Crossings

Points and crossings are provided to

help transfer railway vehicles from one
track to another.

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Railway Stations and Yards
A railway station is that place on a railway line where traffic is
booked and dealt with and where trains are given the authority
to proceed forward.
Terminal station

The station at which a railway line or one of its branches terminates

is known as a terminal station or a terminal junction

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A yard is a system of tracks laid out to deal with the passenger as
well as goods traffic being handled by the railways.

Locomotive Sheds
Locomotive or running sheds are
meant for the maintenance and
servicing of locomotives.

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Air Transportation

IITRAM, Ahmedabad
 Air Transportation
• One system of transportation which tries to
improve the accessibility to inaccessible areas
• Provides continuous connectivity over water
and land
• Provide relief during emergencies and better
compared to others some times
• Saves productive time, spent in journey
• Increases the demand of specialized skill work
force
 Airport Authority of India
• Controls overall air navigation in India
• Constituted by an act of parliament and it came into
being on 1st April, 1995
• Formed by merging NAA (National Airport Authority)
and IAAI (International Airport Authority of India)
• Functions of AAI
– Control and management of the Indian airspace extending
beyond the territory limits
– Design, development and operation of domestic and
international airports
– Construction and management of facilities
Cont…
– Development of cargo ports and facilities
– Provision of passenger facilities and information
systems
– Expansion and strengthening of operating area
– Provision of visual aids
– Provision of communication and navigational aids
(ex: Radar systems)
Planning and Design of
Airport Infrastructures
 What is PLANNING ?
• Planning Philosophy in Airport Design

The efficient airport as a whole is that which

provides the required capacity for aircraft,
passenger, cargo and vehicle movement with
maximum passenger, operator and staff
convenience and at lowest capital and costs.
 What do YOU know about
Airport Layout and Diagram ?
Components of An Airport Layout
1. Runway
2. Terminal Building
3. Taxiway
4. Apron
5. Aircraft Stand
6. Hanger
7. Control Tower
8. Parking
Runways
• A runway is the area where an aircraft
lands or takes off.
It can be hard surface such as asphalt or
concrete.
• Runways have special markings on them
to help a pilot in the air to tell that it is a
runway (and not a road) and to help them
when they are landing or taking off.
Runway markings are white.
 Runway Orientation
• “Rectangular area on an aerodrome used for
landing and take off “
• Runway orientation is important in airport
planning
• Current practice is to layout a runway in the
direction of prevailing wind

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Terminal Buildings

• Also known as airport terminal, these buildings are

the spaces where passengers board or alight from
flights.
• These buildings house all the necessary facilities for
passengers to check-in their luggage, clear the
customs and have lounges to wait before
disembarking.
• The terminals can house cafes, lounges and bars to
serve as waiting areas for passengers. Ticket counters,
luggage check-in or transfer, security checks and
customs are the basics of all airport terminals.
 Aprons
• Aircraft aprons are the areas where the
aircraft parks.
• Aprons are also sometimes called ramps.
• They vary in size, from areas that may hold
five or ten small planes, to the very large
areas that the major airports have.

• The airport apron is the area of

an airport where aircraft are parked,
unloaded or loaded, refueled, or boarded.
 Taxiway

A taxiway is a path on an airport

connecting runways with ramps, hangars, terminals and
other facilities. They mostly have hard surface such
as asphalt or concrete, although smaller airports sometimes
use gravel.
Hangars
Hangars are buildings in which airplanes
are repaired or serviced .

Most airlines have their own hangars, in which they can

park many jets at the same time. Most hangars are far away
from terminals and runways so that they do
not interfere with airport traffic .
7. Control Tower
A tower at an airfield from which air traffic is controlled by
radio and observed physically and by radar.

8. Parking
Parking is a specific area of airport at which vehicles park
 Transportation Engineering
Text books:
1. Khanna S.K., Justo C.E.G., Highway Engineering, Nem Chand & Bros., Roorkee,
2001
2. Kadiyali L.R., Principles & Practice of Highway Engineering, Khanna
Publishers,2003
3. Saxena S.C., Arora K.L., “Railway Engineering”, Dhanpat Rai & Sons,
New Delhi 1995
4. Khanna S. K. Airport Planning and Design. Nem Chand and Bros Roorkee India.

• Web sites:

• www.nhai.org
• www.morth.gov. in
• www.irc.in
• www.moud.gov.in
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