INTERNA TIONAL STANDARDS

A
n international standard is a technical standard developed by one or more
in
ternational standards organization. International standards are available
for COnsideration and use worldwide. The most prominent such
organization is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Other prominent international standards organizations include the
International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC). Together, these three organizations have formed the World
Standards Cooperation alliance.

What is iso?
ISO 128 specifies the graphical representation of objects on technical
drawings with the aim offacilitating the international exchange of information
on drawings and ensuring their uniformity in a comprehensive system relating
to several technical functions.

What is OH&S?

A health and safety program is a definite plan of action designed to prevent

incidents and occupational diseases.
LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING
Le
tterinq: Technical lettering is the process offorming letters,
n
umerals, and other characters in technical drawing. It is used
t
o describe, or provide detailed specifications for, an object.
With the goals of legibility and uniformity, styles are
Standardized, and lettering ability has little relationship to
normal writing ability. Engineering drawings use a Gothic
sans-serif script, formed by a series of short strokes. Lower
case letters are rare in most drawings of machines.
Vertical letterin

STUVM%YZ
1234667090
Inclined letterinq
 DIMENSIONING
In Other words, indicating on a drawing, the sizes of the object and the other
details essential for its construction andfunction using lines, numerals,
symbols,
notes, etc., is called dimensioning. To construct an object its shape and size
must be known.

1.0@0

3.omo

øl 0000
 SCALES
Full scale drawings show the actual size of an object. If the object is either
too small or too large to drawfull scale, the designer scales it up or down.
Technical drawings are drawn to scale so that engineers, architects, and
builders can create the objects in the drawing to exact specifications. When
reading scales, the number on the left equals the measurement on the drawing;
the number on the right is the actual size.
Types of scales:
• Civil enqineer scale- Are used to design large projects such as roads,
bridges, and water mains. Depending on the project, 1 inch on the scale can
represent 100 feet in real life. The civil engineer's scale divides 1 inch into
equal decimal units of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 80. Plans drawn in 10
scale may show scales such as 1 inch = 10 feet, 1 inch = 100 feet. The 20
scale is usedfor scales such as 1 inch = 2 feet, 1 inch = 20 feet and 1 inch =
200 feet. Whether you are using a 10 scale, 20 scale or 50 scale, the values
increase by multiples of 10. So, for example, a 50-scale drawing could use
a scale of 1 inch = 5 feet, 1 inch = 50 feet, 1 inch = 500 feet.

• Architect scales- convert inches into feet and always read X inches =
1 foot O inches• The scale 1/4 inch = 1 foot O inches means that 1/4 inch in
the drawing equals 1 foot in the actual building--or is drawn 1/48 size. In
other words, the size Of the drawing is 1/48th the size of the actual building
or project. The architect's scale is used to draft plans of large and smaller
scale projects. These include buildings and structures, as well as interior and
exterior dimensions of rooms, walls, doors, and windows.
• Metric scale- uses the millimeter as its base measurement. Full size on
the metric scale is shown as 1:1. Half scale is 1:2. It is helpful to think of this as
one unit on the drawing equals two units on the object. A small object can be
enlarged on the paper and drawn in 2:1 scale. This means the drawing of the
object is twice as large as the object itself. Designers use an enlarged scale, such
as double scale, on objects that are too small to draw full size with any
meaningful detail. Common metric scales are 1:100, 1:50, 1:20, 1:10 and 1:5.
For example, 1:50 scale equals one-fiftieth (1/50) full size--or 1 millimeter on
the drawing equals 50 millimeters.

USING A FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Step 1: Know What Kind of Fire It Is (Fire Classification) - Fire mean seem
simple, but in reality, there are different types offires (these are also called
fire classifications). And it's important to know what type offire you're trying
to put out so that you can be sure to use the right type offire extinguishers.
Fire experts have named the different types offires using a 5-letter naming
system (Type A, Type B, Type C, Type D, and Type K). The type offire
depends on what the fire is burning.

Type Description of Fire

of Fire
Type A Fires involving wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and many plastics.
Type B Fires involving flammable liquids and gases including gasoline,
solvents, propane, and paints.
Type C Fires involving energized electrical equipment, including fuse
boxes, wiring, control panels, computers, copiers, machines, and
appliances. In short, anything plugged into electricity.
Type D A fire involving metals, including combustible powders,
shavings, or flakes of metals such as magnesium, titanium,
potassium, and sodium.
Type K Fires involving cooking oils and fats often used in commercial
kitchens.
Step 2: Get the Right Type ofFire Extinguisher- Once you know the type offire,
check to see if you have the right kind offire extinguisher to put out that fire.

For example, if you've got a Type A fire, you want a fire extinguisher that's
capable of putting out Type A fires.

So how do you know the type or types offires that a fire extinguisher can put
PASS Step 2: AIM the nozzle, horse, or hose
Aim the nozzle, horn, or hose of the fire extinguisher at the base of the fire (this
means the bottom, where the stuff that's burning is located).
A common mistake is to aim into the flames. This won't put out the fire.
 But not everyone knows how to use an extinguisher. Fortunately, there's a
simple, 4-step method you can follow to use a fire extinguisher properly. The
fire extinguisher steps method is known as PASS, and each letter in the word
PASS (P, A, S, and S) stands for the first word of each step. The PASS
method works for many common fire extinguishers.

•ax
b• (PASS)

ull the pin

im the nozzle

queeze the handle

weep from side to side

PASS step_ 1: PULL the pin

Many fire extinguishers have a pin near the handle at the top like the one
shown in the image below. Begin by removing that pin. In some cases,
instead of a pin there's been a lock latch you'll have to release or a puncture
level you must press.
Because these steps can differ, you'll want to learn how the fire extinguishers
at your work or home operate BEFORE you have a fire.
Installed firefightinq system — main water supply network, hydrant,
sprinkler (automatic or manual), emergency fuel and electric cut off system,
portable generators, and portable pumps
Communication equipment — walkie-talkie, radio, broadcasts, landline
telephone, sound powered telephone, cell or mobile phone, and voice pipe.

Fire detection and alarm systems — smoke, frame, spark detectors, local,
centralized automatic, semi-automatic, and manual fire alarm systems.
Addreøable Fire Alarm System
The easiest way is to look at the label on the fire extinguisher. It will tell you
what type offire (or fire class) the fire extinguisher can safely put out.

Some extinguishers can only put out one type offire. For example, you may
see afire extinguisher with an "A " rating. You should only use that type of
extinguisher on Type A fires. On the other hand, some fire extinguishers can
put out several different types offires. For example, you may see a fire
extinguisher with an A, B, and C rating. You could use that type offire
extinguisher to put out Type A, Type B, and Type C fires.

The important thing to remember from this section is to make sure the fire
extinguisher you want to use has a label saying it can safely extinguisher the
type offire you're trying to extinguish.
Step 3: The PASS Method for Usinq a Fire Extinquisher- Once you know
the type offire and have selected an appropriate fire extinguisher, you'll
want to use the extinguisher to put the fire out.