MONTESSORI DE SAN ILDEFONSO, INC.

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Government Recognition Nos.: Preschool, E. 103, s.2002; Grade School, E. 091, s.2003; JHS, S.003, s.2004; SHSP, 810, s. 2016

Performance Task in English for Academic and Professional Purposes

Name: Samantha Maxine N. Barlam Section: Modesty
List of Journal Articles

Antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera

OUTLINE A (Moringa Oleifera)

Thesis Statement: Moringa Oleifera promote the future creation of treatments based on these natural herbs
considering that their use in radicular conduct treatment would lead to a better prognosis. This so called tree is
said to be miraculous because it can heal all diseases present in our life.
I. What is Moringa Oleifera?
A. is a plant that is often called the drumstick tree, the miracle tree, the ben oil tree, or the
horseradish tree.
B. The tree is native to India but also grows in Asia, Africa, and South America.
C. It also has antifungal, antiviral, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory properties.

II. Moringa was discovered in northern India around 2000 BC. Traditional doctors quickly discovered
its medicinal impact and called it "The Miracle Tree".

III. Moringa contains many healthful compounds such as:

A. Vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B-6, folate and ascorbic acid
(vitamin C), calcium, potassium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, and zinc.

OUTLINE B (Define Antimicrobial Activity)

Thesis Statement: All microorganisms stopped growing because of the thousands of agents used in
antimicrobial activity. All of the diseases nowadays are cured and prevented because of the active agents of
different drugs.

I. What do you mean by antibacterial activity?

A. The word "antimicrobial activity" refers to all active principles (agents) that can stop the growth
of microorganisms, prevent the formation of microbial colonies, and possibly even destroy them.
II. How do you determine antibacterial activity?
A. To assess or screen the in vitro antimicrobial activity of an extract or a pure chemical, a range of
laboratory techniques can be applied. 
B. The disk-diffusion and broth or agar dilution procedures are the most well-known and
fundamental techniques.
III. Why is an antibacterial activity done?
A. To adequately guard against microbes, biological fluids, and aerosols, as well as the spread of
disease, medical textiles must possess antibacterial activity.
OUTLINE C (Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Moringa
oleifera through Response Surface Methodology).
Thesis Statement: Gram-negative strains are better than Gram-positive strains because grams-negative is the
most resistant strain.
I. Nanoparticles (NPs),
A. can be generated by various chemical, biological, and physical methods.
B. NPs can be created using microorganisms or medicinal plants.
C. AgNPs are nontoxic to eukaryotes such as humans, despite this, AgNPs are extremely poisonous
to prokaryotic cells such as bacteria.
1. Researchers are studying their applications in nanomedicine because of their antimicrobial,
antiplatelet, anticancer, and wound healing properties.

II. AgNP biosynthesized by the M. oleifera extract were investigated for antimicrobial effectiveness
against various strains of pathogenic bacteria.
A. AgNPs exhibited a zone of inhibition for all test species,
1. either the Gram-negative (G-) strain (E. coli and K. pneumoniae) or Gram-positive (G+)
strain (S. aureus and B. subtilis).
B. Gram-negative strains, especially K. pneumoniae, of the tested strains is found to be the most
resistant strains.
1. These findings are reported by Bindhu et al., Prasad and Elumalai, and Ghosh et al, who
investigated the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs synthesized by the extract of M. oleifera
against different pathogenic bacteria.

III. AgNP antibacterial activity of Ag+ ions is attributed to their ability to bind to various elements of
bacterial cells, such as the cytoplasm and DNA molecules, which flow out of a wounded cell wall.

IV. The bacterial inactivation process of AgNPs can be caused by the peroxidation of membrane lipids
and protein inactivation in the plasma membrane and cell wall, which weaken the structural integrity
of the membrane, resulting in transport disorders and potassium leakage

OUTLINE D (Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activity of Moringa Oleifera Available in the Market of
Mekelle).

Thesis Statement: The Moringa Oleifera from the market of Mekelle is the best type for the Phytochemical
activity of the plant.
I. The present study reveals that Moringa oleifera plant shows the presence of phytochemical
constituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, saponins, tannins,
terpenoids and anthrax quinones in different solvent extracts.

II. Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activity of Moringa Oleifera Available in the Market of Mekelle.
A. Preparation of leaf extract.
1. A healthy and uninfected leaves were collected from the super market in mekelle.
2. The leaves were washed under running tap water to eliminate dust and other foreign particles
and dried.
3. 20-30 grams of fresh leaves were boiled with 200 mL of solvent for 1 hour.
4. The extract was filtered using Whatman filter paper No. 1 and then concentrated in vacuum
at 40°-50°C using a rotary evaporator. 
a. these extracts were subjected to the qualitative phytochemical analysis and antibacterial
studies.

III. Phytochemical analysis

A. conducted to investigate the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroid, and volatile oil, glycoside,
reducing sugar, tannins and saponins was performed by the extracts.
1. Alkaloid
a. The presence of alkaloid was illustrated by using Hager and Baljet test method.
 2. Flavonoids
b. 3ml of each extract was added to 10ml of distilled water and the solution was shaken and
1ml of 10% NaOH solution was added to the mixture. Then the result of yellow color
was taken as indicator for the presence of flavonoid.

3. Saponins (Frothing test)

c. 3ml of each extract diluted with 2ml of distilled water was added in a test tube, and the
solution was shaken vigorously. A full mass of bubble formation observed as an
indication for the presence of saponin.

4. Steroids (Salkowski test)

d. 5 drops of concentrated H2SO4 were added to 1ml of each extracts in a separate test tube.
The formation of a reddish brown color was taken as a positive reaction.

5. Tannins
e. 2ml of each extract in a separate test tube were boiled gently for 2min and allowed to
cool. 3 drop of ferric chloride solution was added to each extract.

6. Glycosides
f. 25ml of dilute sulphuric acid was added to 5ml extract in a test tube and boiled for 15
minutes, cooled and neutralized with 10% NaOH, then 5ml of Fehling solution added.

7. Reducing sugars
g. To 0.5ml of plant extracts, 1ml of water and 5-8 drops of Fehling’s solution was added
and heated over water bath.

8. Volatile oil
h. 2ml of Extract was shaken with 0.1ml dilute NaOH and a small quantity of dilute HCl.

OUTLINE E (Antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against pyogenic bacteria isolated from a
dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) abscess.
Thesis Statement: Abscess in camel is one of the most important bacterial infections. Reproductive and
productive efficiency of animals are decreased because of the toxins present from the abscess, thus, moringa
oleifera is tested for efficacy.
Because of the toxins in abscess
I. Abscess in camel is one of the causes of anemia and emaciation, resulting in an economic loss due to
carcass condemnation and a decrease in reproductive and production efficiency.

II. Certain breeds of camel can live in more humid environments; the major breed is the dromedary of
the Nile Delta of Egypt.

III. Animals with abscess become anemic and emaciated,

A. due to toxins produced from it, resulting in loss of the animal’s value and decrease in its
reproductive and productive efficiency

IV. In the current study, it can be concluded that the most predominant pyogenic bacteria isolated from
camel abscesses were C. pseudotuberculosis, S. aureus, and E. coli.

V. An effective infection control program is needed with a highly effective antibacterial agent/s because
antibiotic resistance is common in Egyptian isolates.

VI. The bactericidal effect of M. oleifera leaf extracts was determined against the isolated bacteria.
A. It further discusses optimal conditions for the extraction of essential compounds responsible for
the elimination of pathogenic bacteria.

OUTLINE F (Antibacterial activity of the extracts (aqueous, ethanol and methanol) of Moringa oleifera leaves).
Thesis Statement: Results obtained revealed that all the treatments, the aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts
of the plant leaves exhibited inhibitory effect on the growth of the tested bacteria.
I. Extraction of aqueous leaf extract
A. Fifty grams (50g) of the powdered leaves were weighed and poured into 500 ml conical flask in
which 400 ml. of distilled water was added.
B. The mixture was kept for 12 hours with constant shaken at 30 minutes intervals.
C. The extract was filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper. Extracts (filtrate) were concentrated at
40oC under reduced pressure using evaporator, and then kept in a glass flask.
D. The semi solid extract (residue) obtained was stored in a refrigerator for further use.

II. Extraction of ethanol leaf extract

A. Fifty grams (50g) of the powdered leaves were weighed and poured into 500 ml conical flask in
which 200 ml of ethanol was added.
B. The mixture was kept for 12 hours with constant shaken at 30 minutes intervals.
C. The extract was filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper. Extracts (filtrate) were concentrated at
40oC under reduced pressure using rotary evaporator, and then kept in a glass flask.
D. The semi solid extract (residue) obtained was stored in a refrigerator for further use.

III. Extraction of methanol leaf extract

A. Fifty grams (50g) of the powdered leaves were weighed and poured into 500 ml conical flask in
which 200 ml of methanol were added.
B. The mixture was kept for 12 hours with constant shaken at 30 minutes intervals.
C. The extract was filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper. Extracts (filtrate) were concentrated at
40oC under reduced pressure using rotary evaporator, and then kept in a glass flask.
D. The semi solid extract (residue) obtained was stored in a refrigerator for further use.

IV. The aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts of the plant leaves exhibited inhibitory effect on the
growth of the tested bacteria.

V. The powder from fresh leaf (dissolved in ethanol) has greater antibacterial activity than that
dissolved in both water and methanol extracts.

VI. In addition, both ethanol and methanol extract showed a significant higher inhibitory effect at higher
concentration of 120mg/ml on the tested microorganisms when compared to aqueous extract.

OUTLINE G (Impact of Moringa aqueous extract on pathogenic bacteria and fungi in vitro).
Thesis Statement: Moringa plant extract as antimicrobial and impact on biofilm formation treated pathogenic
bacteria, fungi and yeasts.
I. Moringa aqueous extract played variable antifungal activity ranged from high, moderate and low.
A. Moringa extracts has shown an impact on the growth of bacteria on the Blood with inhibition
zone variable according to the type of bacteria.
B. The results indicated that, Moringa aqueous extract played variable antifungal activity ranged
from high, moderate and low.
C. Thus, the aqueous extract of Moringa leaves showed antimicrobial activity against tested
bacteria, fungi and yeasts at different concentrations.

II. The susceptibility of the bacteria to Moringa aqueous extract was estimated by measuring the
diameter of zone inhibition and values as average of three replicates according to Narms (2002).

III. In this regard, leaf extracts of M. oleifera have been reported to exhibit antioxidant activity both in
vitro and in vivo due to their abundance of phenolic acids and flavonoids.

OUTLINE H (Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Effects of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) and Azadirachta indica
(Neem) Methanolic Extracts against Strains of Enterococcus faecalis).
Thesis Statement: The Methanolic extracts for A. indica and M. oleifera had an antibacterial effect against E.
faecalis during the first 24 and 48 hours. They could be considered as alternative antimicrobial agents to use in
the root canal therapy.
I. The methanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera were prepared in vitro.

II. The antibacterial effect of the extracts against Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated using the agar
diffusion technique.

III. Antimicrobial Activity of the Natural Extracts

A. After the first 24 hours, the methanolic A. indica extract generated a growth inhibition zone of
33.16 mm and the extract of M. oleifera generated a 35.5 mm zone.
B. At 48 hours, the growth inhibition zones were 38.83 mm and 44.83 mm, respectively.

IV. We also found the MIC of the extracts and concluded that no antibacterial effect was evidenced at
low concentrations.
V. Moreover, Lakshmi et al. mentioned that the active compound responsible for the antibacterial
efficacy of A. indica is azadirachtin, a cellular membrane synthesis inhibitor

OUTLINE I (The antimicrobial properties of Moringa oleifera Lam. for water treatment: a systematic review).
Thesis Statement: The source of clean and safe water nowadays is decreasing, because of this, lots of people are
suffering from various diseases by taking in unsafe water. It was rather more of a survival matter than a choice.
The properties of Moringa Oleifera is said to be of used as a water treatment strategy.
I. Plant extracts have been used as alternatives to the conventional chemical water treatment.
A. Findings suggest an effective procedure to use Moringa, reinforcing its importance as an
environmentally friendly alternative for water treatment in areas lacking a water supply system.

II. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), contaminated drinking water is estimated to
cause 502 000 diarrhea deaths each year.
A. More than 2 billion people lack access to safe drinking water and more than double that number
lack access to safe sanitation.
B. Since the 1990s, water pollution has worsened in almost all rivers in Africa, Asia, and Latin
America.
C. Access to piped water is usually limited in low- and middle-income countries due to the poor
performances of supply infrastructures and to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, even
in piped water.

III. Globally, the most commonly occurring diseases (and agents) transmitted through drinking of unsafe
water are: infectious hepatitis (A, B and C viruses), cholera (Vibrio cholerae), bacillary dysentery
(Shigella spp.), typhoid (Salmonella enterica), paratyphoid (Salmonella paratyphi), salmonellosis
(Salmonella spp.), colibacillosis (Escherichia coli), giardiasis (Giardia lamblia), cryptosporidiosis
(Cryptosporidium spp.) and amoebiasis (Entamoeba group)

IV. The Antimicrobial effect of MO can be used as a water treatment strategy. Even though there is not
one methodology for all pathogens,
A. leaf extracts obtained from 95% EE and DWE extraction methods, at a concentration of 30 mg
mL−1, presented effective results for critical groups of pathogens including the most common
ones in contaminated water, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter ssp.
and, possibly, Vibrio cholerae.
OUTLINE J (Antibacterial Activity of Moringa ovalifolia and Moringa oleifera Methanol, N-Hexane and Water
Seeds and Bark Extracts against Pathogens That Are Implicated in Water Borne Diseases)
Thesis Statement: M. oleifera seeds and bark powder extracted with methanol has a greater antibacterial activity
than M. ovalifolia seeds and bark powder extracted with the same solvent. The seeds of Moringa Oleifera have
been found to be effective in removing turbidity, heavy metals and bacteria from water in a sustainable and
environmentally friendly way.
I. The causative agents of common bacterial infections that are thought to cause water-borne diseases,
namely, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus cereus were chosen for the study.

II. The Moringa oleifera extracts showed more inhibitory effect than those of Moringa ovolifolia.

III. Due to unavailability and high costs of water treatment chemicals, households in developing
countries, such as Namibia use unpurified water leading to increased cases of water borne diseases
A. due to factors such as cost, unreliable or insufficient clean water supplies, long distances to clean
water supply points, etc.
B. As a result, most people in these areas are exposed to many water-related diseases since polluted
water is normally an important vehicle for the spread of disease.

IV. Antimicrobial Assay

A. Preliminary screening for antibacterial activity was carried out using the disc diffusion method of
Barry and Brown.
B. Stock solution of each plant extract was prepared by dispersing crude extract of each plant
extract in less than 5 mL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
1. Serial doubling dilution was carried out by adding 1 mL of DMSO at each dilution.
C. Nutrient agar was prepared and taken in plastic petri dishes, and 1 mL of each culture was spread
on different plates.
D. The extracts impregnated the discs and the reference antibiotic Ampicilin was placed on the
inoculated nutrient agar of each petri dish and incubated at 37˚C.\
E. After 12 - 16 hours of incubation, the zones of inhibitions of bacterial growth around the discs
were measured.
V. Powder extracted with n-hexane and water was consistent but M. oleifera n-hexane and water
extracts gave the highest inhibition zones than M. ovalifolia n-hexane and water extracts.

REFERENCE:
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/2022/9984308/?
utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=HDW_MRKT_GBL_SUB_ADWO_PAI_DYNA_JO
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Format: Times New Roman, Font size: 12, Spacing: 1, Long bond paper, Deadline: September 27, 2022