AGOSTO - DICIEMBRE 2022

M.S. SANDRA DOMÍNGUEZ

TECNOLOGIA DE
FERMENTACIONES
1
 Class Info
FINAL GRADE
•25% - 1 st term exam (Sep 13th)

•25% - 2 nd term exam (Oct 25 )

th

•50% - Final (Nov 29 )

th

sdominguezs@up.edu.mx
 Class Info
FINAL
1st & 2nd TERMS
•20% - Lab reports and HW
•20% - Written final project

•10% - Good practices in lab •10%

- Final project
………. presentation
•70% - Exam
•70% - Written exam
Lab reports
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusion
 Microbiology
• Microorganisms – living organisms
• Can be beneficial, neutral or harmful to humans
• Too small to be visible with naked eye
• Algae
• Protozoa
• Virus
• Bacteria
• Fungi
ü Yeast
ü Mold
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 Microbiology
• Louis Pasteur in France, Robert
Koch in Germany and others in late
1800s established importance of
microbes
• Germ theories for diseases and
fermentation
• Began mostly with bacteria
• Bacteriology à microbiology
• Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
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 bacteria

• Prokaryotes
• 0.5 – 5 µm
• Unicellular but often in pairs,
chains, tetrads, or clusters
• Flagella, capsules, spores
• Gram stain positive or negative
• Archaea are very similar

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 Algae

• Eukaryote
• Contain chlorophyll
• Rigid cell walls
• Moist soil & aquatic environment
• Unicellular and microscopic or
multicellular and up to 120m

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 fungi
• Eukaryote
• Molds – multicellular
• Yeasts – unicellular
• Absorb dissolved nutrients from
environment
• Can be microscopic or larger like
mushrooms growing in soil or on
damp logs

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 protozoa
• Eukaryote
• Unicellular
• 1 µm – 2 mm
• No cell walls
• Similar to animal cells
• Some ingest food and others
can perform photosynthesis
• Some can swim thanks to cilia
• Amoebas - pseudopod

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 virus

• Borderline of living organisms

• Obligate parasites
• Central core of nucleic acid
• Surrounded by protein coat
called capsid
• 20 – 300 nm
• Only by electron microscopy

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 Microbial growth

• All microbes have a very particular morphology (shape)

• Autotroph vs heterotroph
• Aerobes vs anaerobes vs facultative
• Psychrophiles (<20°C), mesophiles (20-40°C), thermophiles (>40°C)
• pH
• Osmotic pressure
• hydrostatic pressure

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 Microbes
Metabolism
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 Aerobic metabolism
• Creating energy through the combustion of carbohydrates, amino
acids, and fats in the presence of oxygen
• Cellular respiration
• Purpose: ATP production
• Waste products: CO2 and water
• Mitochondria
• Main metabolic process
1. Glycolysis
2. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)
3. Oxidative phosphorylation
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 glycolysis

• Creating energy (ATP)

• 10 step (chemical reactions)
metabolic pathway
• Glucose à pyruvate
• NAD à NADH
+

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 TCA cycle
• Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle
• Catabolism of organic fuel
molecules
• 8-step cycle
• CO2 is released as waste
product

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 phosphorylation

• Major mechanism to make

energy available to the cell
• Electron transportation

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 anAerobic metabolism

• Creating energy in the absence of oxygen

• Faster energy release but much less
• Known as fermentation
• Performed by some bacteria and yeast

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 fermentation
• Process in which
glucose is broken
down anaerobically
• Waste products: CO2
and ethanol
• Only produces 2 ATP
molecules
• 1 step is glycolysis
st

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