AT 9e ISM 00

Chapter R
Review
Section R.1 16. C = {0, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9}
1. rational
17. A ∩ B = {1, 3, 4, 5, 9} ∩ {2, 4, 6, 7, 8}
2. 4 + 5 ⋅ 6 − 3 = 4 + 30 − 3 = 31
= {4} = {0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
3. Distributive
18. B ∪ C = {2, 4, 6, 7, 8} ∪ {1, 3, 4, 6}
4. 5 ( x + 3) = 6
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8} = {0, 5, 9}
5. True
19. A ∪ B = {0, 2, 6, 7, 8} ∪ {0, 1, 3, 5, 9}
6. False; The Zero-Product Property states that if a
= {0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
product equals 0, then at least one of the factors
must equal 0.
20. B ∩ C = {0, 1, 3, 5, 9} ∩ {0, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9}
7. False; 6 is the Greatest Common Factor of 12
and 18. The Least Common Multiple is the = {0, 5, 9}
smallest value that both numbers will divide
evenly. The LCM for 12 and 18 is 36. 21. a. {2,5}
8. True b. {−6, 2,5}
9. A ∪ B = {1, 3, 4,5, 9} ∪ {2, 4, 6, 7,8}
= {1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9}
c. { 1
−6, , −1.333... = −1.3, 2,5
2 }
d. {π }
10. A ∪ C = {1, 3, 4,5, 9} ∪ {1, 3, 4, 6}
= {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9} e. { 1
−6, , −1.333... = −1.3, π , 2,5
2 }
11. A ∩ B = {1, 3, 4,5, 9} ∩ {2, 4, 6, 7,8} = {4}
22. a. {1}
12. A ∩ C = {1, 3, 4,5, 9} ∩ {1, 3, 4, 6} = {1, 3, 4} b. {0,1}
13. ( A ∪ B) ∩ C
= ({1, 3, 4,5, 9} ∪ {2, 4, 6, 7,8} ) ∩ {1,3, 4, 6}
c. { 5
− , 2.060606... = 2.06,1.25, 0,1
3 }
= {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9} ∩ {1,3, 4, 6} d. { 5}
= {1, 3, 4,6}
14. ( A ∩ B) ∪ C
e. { 5
− , 2.060606... = 2.06,1.25, 0,1, 5
3 }
= ({1, 3, 4,5, 9} ∩ {2, 4, 6, 7,8} ) ∪ {1,3, 4, 6} 23. a. {1}
= {4} ∪ {1, 3, 4, 6} b. {0,1}
= {1,3, 4, 6}
15. A = {0, 2, 6, 7, 8}
c. { 1 1 1
0,1, , ,
2 3 4 }
1
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Chapter R: Review
d. None 37. a. 34.733 b. 34.733
e. { 1 1 1
0,1, , ,
2 3 4 } 38. a. 16.200 b. 16.200
39. 3 + 2 = 5
24. a. None
40. 5 ⋅ 2 = 10
b. {−1}
41. x + 2 = 3 ⋅ 4
c. {−1.3, −1.2, −1.1, −1}
42. 3 + y = 2 + 2
d. None
e. {−1.3, −1.2, −1.1, −1} 43. 3 y = 1 + 2
25. a. None 44. 2 x = 4 ⋅ 6

b. None
45. x − 2 = 6
c. None
46. 2 − y = 6
d. { 2, π , 2 + 1, π +
1
2 } x
47. =6
{ }
1 2
e. 2, π , 2 + 1, π +
2
2
48. =6
x
26. a. None
b. None 49. 9 − 4 + 2 = 5 + 2 = 7
c. { 1
2 }
+ 10.3 50. 6 − 4 + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5
51. −6 + 4 ⋅ 3 = −6 + 12 = 6
d. {− 2, π + 2 }
52. 8 − 4 ⋅ 2 = 8 − 8 = 0
e. { 1
− 2, π + 2, + 10.3
2 } 53. 4 + 5 − 8 = 9 − 8 = 1
27. a. 18.953 b. 18.952 54. 8 − 3 − 4 = 5 − 4 = 1
28. a. 25.861 b. 25.861 1 12 + 1 13

55. 4 + = =
3 3 3
29. a. 28.653 b. 28.653
1 4 −1 3
30. a. 99.052 b. 99.052 56. 2 − = =
2 2 2
31. a. 0.063 b. 0.062
57. 6 − 3 ⋅ 5 + 2 ⋅ ( 3 − 2 )  = 6 − 15 + 2 ⋅ (1) 
32. a. 0.054 b. 0.053 = 6 − 17
33. a. 9.999 b. 9.998 = −11
34. a. 1.001 b. 1.000
35. a. 0.429 b. 0.428
36. a. 0.556 b. 0.555

Section R.1: Real Numbers
58. 2 ⋅ 8 − 3 ⋅ ( 4 + 2 )  − 3 = 2 ⋅ 8 − 3 ⋅ ( 6 )  − 3 6 10 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2 4

69. ⋅ = = =
= 2 ⋅ [8 − 18] − 3 25 27 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 9 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 9 45
= 2 ⋅ [ −10] − 3
21 100 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 25 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 25
= −20 − 3 70. ⋅ = = = 28
25 3 25 ⋅ 3 25 ⋅ 3
= −23
3 2 15 + 8 23
59. 2 ⋅ ( 3 − 5 ) + 8 ⋅ 2 − 1 = 2 ⋅ ( −2 ) + 16 − 1 71. + = =
4 5 20 20
= −4 + 16 − 1
= 12 − 1 4 1 8 + 3 11
72. + = =
3 2 6 6
= 11
5 9 25 + 54 79
60. 1 − ( 4 ⋅ 3 − 2 + 2 ) = 1 − (12 − 2 + 2 ) 73. + = =
6 5 30 30
= 1 − 12
= −11 8 15 16 + 135 151
74. + = =
9 2 18 18
61. 10 − 6 − 2 ⋅ 2 + ( 8 − 3)  ⋅ 2 = 10 − [ 6 − 4 + 5] ⋅ 2
5 1 10 + 3 13
= 10 − [ 2 + 5] ⋅ 2 75. + = =
18 12 36 36
= 10 − [ 7] ⋅ 2
2 8 6 + 40 46
= 10 − 14 76. + = =
15 9 45 45
= −4
1 7 3 − 35 32 16
62. 2 − 5 ⋅ 4 − 6 ⋅ ( 3 − 4 )  = 2 − 20 −  6 ⋅ ( −1)  77. − = =− =−
30 18 90 90 45
= −18 − [ −6]
3 2 9−4 5
= −18 + 6 78. − = =
14 21 42 42
= −12
3 2 9−8 1
1 1 79. − = =
63. ( 5 − 3) 2
= (2) = 1
2
20 15 60 60
6 3 12 − 15 3
1 1 80. − = =−
64. (5 + 4) 3 = (9) 3 = 3 35 14 70 70
5
4 + 8 12  18 
= =6 5 27 5 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 3 5 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 3 15
81.   = ⋅
65.
5−3 2 = = =
 11  18 11 9 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 11 9 ⋅ 2 ⋅11 22
 27 
2 − 4 −2  
66. = = −1
5−3 2
 5
 21 
5 35 5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 5 5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 5 25
67.
3 10 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 2
⋅ = = = 82.   = ⋅ = = =
5 21 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7 7  2  21 2 7 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 7 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 6
 35 
 
5 3 5⋅3 5⋅3 1
68. ⋅ = = = 1 3 7 3 7 3 + 7 10
9 10 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2 6 83. ⋅ + = + = = =1
2 5 10 10 10 10 10

Chapter R: Review
84.
2 4 1 2
+ ⋅ = +
2⋅2 2
= +
2⋅ 2 2 2
= +
96. ( x − 4 )( x + 1) = x 2 + x − 4 x − 4
3 5 6 3 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 3 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 3 15
= x 2 − 3x − 4
2 5 2 10 2 10 + 2 12
= ⋅ + = + = =
3 5 15 15 15 15 15 97. ( x − 8 )( x − 2 ) = x 2 − 2 x − 8 x + 16
4⋅3 4⋅ 3 4
= = = = x 2 − 10 x + 16
5⋅3 5⋅ 3 5
3 3 2 3 3 6 3 6 2 3
98. ( x − 4 )( x − 2 ) = x 2 − 2 x − 4 x + 8
85. 2 ⋅ + = ⋅ + = + = ⋅ +
4 8 1 4 8 4 8 4 2 8 = x2 − 6 x + 8
12 3 12 + 3 15
= + = = 99. 2 x + 3x = 2 ⋅ x + 3 ⋅ x
8 8 8 8
= ( 2 + 3) ⋅ x
5 1 3 5 1 3⋅5 1 3 ⋅5 1 = ( 5) ⋅ x
86. 3 ⋅ − = ⋅ − = − = −
6 2 1 6 2 3⋅ 2 2 3 ⋅ 2 2 = 5x
5 1 5 −1 4
= − = = =2 100. 2 + 3 ⋅ 4 = 2 + 12 = 14
2 2 2 2
since multiplication comes before addition in the
87. 6 ( x + 4 ) = 6 x + 24 order of operations for real numbers.
( 2 + 3) ⋅ 4 = 5 ⋅ 4 = 20
88. 4 ( 2 x − 1) = 8 x − 4 since operations inside parentheses come before
multiplication in the order of operations for real
89. x ( x − 4 ) = x 2 − 4 x numbers.
101. 2 ( 3 ⋅ 4 ) = 2 (12 ) = 24
90. 4 x ( x + 3) = 4 x 2 + 12 x
( 2 ⋅ 3) ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ 4 ) = ( 6 )(8 ) = 48
3 1 3 1 2 ⋅ 3x 2
91. 2  x −  = 2 ⋅ x − 2 ⋅ = − 4+3 7
4 2 4 2 2⋅2 2 102. = = 1 , but
2+5 7
2 ⋅ 3x 2 3
= − = x −1 4 3 4 ⋅ 5 + 3 ⋅ 2 20 + 6 26 13
2 ⋅2 2 2 + = = = = = 2.6
2 5 10 10 10 5
2 1 2 1 3 ⋅ 2x 3 103. Subtraction is not commutative; for
92. 3  x +  = 3 ⋅ x + 3 ⋅ = +
3 6 3 6 3 3⋅ 2 example: 2 − 3 = −1 ≠ 1 = 3 − 2 .
3 ⋅ 2x 3 1
= + = 2x + 104. Subtraction is not associative; for
3 3 ⋅2 2
example: ( 5 − 2 ) − 1 = 2 ≠ 4 = 5 − ( 2 − 1) .
93. ( x + 2 )( x + 4 ) = x 2 + 4 x + 2 x + 8 105. Division is not commutative; for example:
= x2 + 6 x + 8 2 3
≠ .
3 2
94. ( x + 5 )( x + 1) = x2 + x + 5 x + 5
106. Division is not associative; for
= x2 + 6 x + 5
example: (12 ÷ 2 ) ÷ 2 = 6 ÷ 2 = 3 , but
95. ( x − 2 )( x + 1) = x 2 + x − 2 x − 2 12 ÷ ( 2 ÷ 2 ) = 12 ÷ 1 = 12 .
= x2 − x − 2
107. The Symmetric Property implies that if 2 = x,
then x = 2.

Section R.2: Algebra Essentials
108. From the principle of substitution, if x = 5 , then 7. True

( x )( x ) = ( 5)( 5 ) 8. False; the absolute value of a real number is
 x 2 = 25 nonnegative. 0 = 0 which is not a positive
 x 2 + x = 25 + 5 number.
 x + x = 30
2
9. False; a number in scientific notation is
expressed as the product of a number, x,
109. There are no real numbers that are both rational
1 ≤ x < 10 or −10 < x ≤ −1 , and a power of 10.
and irrational, since an irrational number, by
definition, is a number that cannot be expressed
10. False; to multiply two expressions with the same
as the ratio of two integers; that is, not a rational
base, retain the base and add the exponents.
number
Every real number is either a rational number or 11. 0.25 3
an irrational number, since the decimal form of a 4
real number either involves an infinitely
repeating pattern of digits or an infinite, non- −2.5 −1 0 1 5
2
repeating string of digits.
110. The sum of an irrational number and a rational 12. 1 2

3 3
number must be irrational. Otherwise, the
irrational number would then be the difference of
two rational numbers, and therefore would have −2 −1.5 0 3 2
2
to be rational.
1
111. Answers will vary. 13. >0
2
112. Since 1 day = 24 hours, we compute
12997 14. 5 < 6
= 541.5416 .
24
15. −1 > −2
Now we only need to consider the decimal part
of the answer in terms of a 24 hour day. That is, 5
( 0.5416) ( 24) ≈ 13 hours. So it must be 13 hours 16. −3 < −
2
later than 12 noon, which makes the time 1 AM
17. π > 3.14
CST.
113. Answers will vary. 18. 2 > 1.41
1
19. = 0.5
2
Section R.2
1
1. variable 20. > 0.33
3
2. origin
2
21. < 0.67
3. strict 3
4. base; exponent (or power) 1

22. = 0.25
4
5. 1.2345678 ×103
23. x > 0
6. True.

Chapter R: Review
24. z < 0 3 x + 2 y 3(− 2) + 2(3) − 6 + 6 0

45. = = = =0
2+ y 2+3 5 5
25. x < 2
2 x − 3 2(− 2) − 3 − 4 − 3 7
26. y > −5 46. = = =−
y 3 3 3
27. x ≤ 1
47. x + y = 3 + (− 2) = 1 = 1
28. x ≥ 2
48. x − y = 3 − (− 2) = 5 = 5
29. Graph on the number line: x ≥ −2
−2 0 49. x + y = 3 + −2 = 3+ 2 = 5
30. Graph on the number line: x < 4 50. x − y = 3 − −2 = 3− 2 =1
0 4
x 3 3
51. = = =1
31. Graph on the number line: x > −1 x 3 3
−1 0 y −2 2
52. = = = −1
y −2 −2
32. Graph on the number line: x ≤ 7
0 7 53. 4 x − 5 y = 4(3) − 5(− 2)

= 12 + 10
33. d (C , D ) = d (0,1) = 1 − 0 = 1 = 1
= 22
34. d (C , A) = d (0, −3) = − 3 − 0 = − 3 = 3 = 22
54. 3x + 2 y = 3(3) + 2(− 2) = 9 − 4 = 5 = 5

35. d ( D, E ) = d (1,3) = 3 − 1 = 2 = 2
36. d (C , E ) = d (0,3) = 3 − 0 = 3 = 3 55. 4 x − 5 y = 4(3) − 5(− 2)

= 12 − − 10
37. d ( A, E ) = d (−3,3) = 3 − (−3) = 6 = 6 = 12 − 10
= 2
38. d ( D, B) = d (1, −1) = − 1 − 1 = − 2 = 2
=2
39. x + 2 y = − 2 + 2 ⋅ 3 = − 2 + 6 = 4
56. 3 x + 2 y = 3 3 + 2 − 2
40. 3x + y = 3(− 2) + 3 = − 6 + 3 = −3 = 3⋅3 + 2 ⋅ 2
= 9+4
41. 5 xy + 2 = 5(− 2)(3) + 2 = −30 + 2 = − 28 = 13
42. − 2 x + xy = − 2(− 2) + (− 2)(3) = 4 − 6 = − 2 x2 −1
57.
x
2x 2(− 2) − 4 4
43. = = = Part (c) must be excluded. The value x = 0 must
x − y − 2 − 3 −5 5 be excluded from the domain because it causes
division by 0.
x + y −2+3 1 1
44. = = =−
x − y − 2 − 3 −5 5

x2 + 1 −6
58. 66.
x x+4
Part (c) must be excluded. The value x = 0 must x = −4 must be excluded sine it makes the
be excluded from the domain because it causes denominator equal 0.
division by 0. Domain = { x x ≠ −4}
x x
59. = x
x 2 − 9 ( x − 3)( x + 3) 67.
x+4
Part (a) must be excluded. The values x = −4 must be excluded sine it makes the
x = −3 and x = 3 must be excluded from the
denominator equal 0.
domain because they cause division by 0.
Domain = { x x ≠ −4}
x
60.
x +9
2 x−2
68.
None of the given values are excluded. The x−6
domain is all real numbers. x = 6 must be excluded sine it makes the
denominator equal 0.
61.
x2 Domain = { x x ≠ 6}
x +1
2
None of the given values are excluded. The 5 5 5

domain is all real numbers. 69. C = ( F − 32) = (32 − 32) = (0) = 0°C
9 9 9
x3 x3 5 5 5
62. = 70. C = ( F − 32) = (212 − 32) = (180) = 100°C
x 2 − 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1) 9 9 9
Parts (b) and (d) must be excluded. The values
x = 1, and x = −1 must be excluded from the 5 5 5
71. C = ( F − 32) = (77 − 32) = (45) = 25°C
9 9 9
domain because they cause division by 0.
5 5
x 2 + 5 x − 10 x 2 + 5 x − 10 72. C = ( F − 32) = (− 4 − 32)
63. = 9 9
x −x
3 x( x − 1)( x + 1) 5
Parts (b), (c), and (d) must be excluded. The = (−36)
9
values x = 0, x = 1, and x = −1 must be excluded = − 20°C
from the domain because they cause division by
0. 73. (− 4) 2 = (− 4)(− 4) = 16
−9 x 2 − x + 1 −9 x 2 − x + 1 74. − 42 = −(4)2 = −16

64. =
x3 + x x ( x 2 + 1)
Part (c) must be excluded. The value x = 0 must 75. 4−2 =
1
=
1
be excluded from the domain because it causes 42 16
division by 0.
1 1
76. − 4−2 = − 2
=−
4 4 16
65.
x−5
x = 5 must be exluded because it makes the 1 1
77. 3−6 ⋅ 34 = 3−6 + 4 = 3−2 = =
denominator equal 0. 32 9
Domain = { x x ≠ 5}
78. 4 −2 ⋅ 43 = 4 −2 + 3 = 41 = 4
79. (3 )
−2 −1
= 3( )( ) = 32 = 9
−2 −1

Chapter R: Review
80. (2 ) −1 −3
= 2( )( ) = 23 = 8
−1 −3
 3 x −1 
93.  −1 
−2
 3y 
= 
−2
 4x  42 x 2 16 x 2
=  = 2 2 =
2
 4y   4x   3y  3 y 9 y2
81. 25 = 52 = 5
−3 −3 3
 5 x −2   5 y2   6 x2 
82. 36 = 6 = 6 2 94.  −2  = 2  = 2 
 6y   6x   5y 
( )
3
83. ( −4 )2 = −4 = 4 63 x 2 216 x 6
= =
5 (y ) 3 2 3 125 y 6
84. ( −3) 2
= −3 = 3
2x 2 (2)
(8 x )3 2
( ) 95. 2 xy −1 =
2
= 82 x 3 = 64 x 6 = = −4
85. y ( −1)
86. ( −4 x ) 2 −1
=
1
−4 x 2
1
=− 2
96. −3x −1 y =
−3 y −3 ( −1) 3
= =
4x x ( 2) 2
x4
87. (x 2 −1 2
y ) = ( x ) ⋅( y )
2 2 −1 2
= x 4 y −2 =
y2 97. x 2 + y 2 = ( 2 ) + ( −1) = 4 + 1 = 5
2 2
y3 98. x 2 y 2 = ( 2 ) ( −1) = 4 ⋅1 = 4
2 2
( x y) = ( x )
−1 3 −1 3
88. ⋅ y 3 = x −3 y 3 =
x3
( xy )2 = ( 2 ⋅ ( −1) ) = ( −2 ) = 4
2 2
99.
x2 y3 x
89. 4
= x 2 −1 y 3− 4 = x1 y −1 =
xy y
( x + y )2 = ( 2 + ( −1) ) = (1) = 1
2 2
100.
x −2 y 1
90. 2
= x −2 −1 y1− 2 = x −3 y −1 =
xy x3 y 101. x2 = x = 2 = 2
(− 2)3 x 4 ( y z ) 2 − 8x4 y2 z 2
( x)
2
91. 2 3
= 3 102. =x=2
3 xy z 9x y z
− 8 4 −1 2 −3 2 −1
= x y z
9 103. x2 + y2 = ( 2 )2 + ( −1)2 = 4 +1 = 5
− 8 3 −1 1
= x y z
9 104. x 2 + y 2 = x + y = 2 + −1 = 2 + 1 = 3
8 x3 z
=−
9y 1
105. x y = 2−1 =
2
4 x −2 ( y z ) −1 4 x −2 y −1 z −1
92. =
106. y x = ( −1) = 1
2
23 x 4 y 8x4 y
4
= x −2 − 4 y −1−1 z −1
8
1
= x −6 y −2 z −1
2
1
= 6 2
2x y z

107. If x = 2, 119. 454.2 = 4.542 × 102

2 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 5 x − 4 = 2 ⋅ 23 − 3 ⋅ 2 2 + 5 ⋅ 2 − 4
120. 32.14 = 3.214 × 101
= 16 − 12 + 10 − 4
= 10
121. 0.013 = 1.3 × 10−2
If x = 1,
122. 0.00421 = 4.21×10−3
2 x3 − 3x 2 + 5 x − 4 = 2 ⋅13 − 3 ⋅12 + 5 ⋅1 − 4
= 2−3+5−4 123. 32,155 = 3.2155 × 104
=0
124. 21, 210 = 2.121× 104
108. If x = 1,
4 x3 + 3x 2 − x + 2 = 4 ⋅13 + 3 ⋅12 − 1 + 2 125. 0.000423 = 4.23 × 10−4
= 4 + 3 −1 + 2
126. 0.0514 = 5.14 × 10−2
=8
127. 6.15 × 104 = 61,500
If x = 2,
4 x 3 + 3 x 2 − x + 2 = 4 ⋅ 23 + 3 ⋅ 2 2 − 2 + 2 128. 9.7 × 103 = 9700
= 32 + 12 − 2 + 2
= 44 129. 1.214 × 10−3 = 0.001214
(666) 4  666 
4
130. 9.88 ×10−4 = 0.000988
109. =  = 3 = 81
4
(222) 4
 222 
131. 1.1× 108 = 110, 000, 000
3
1 
110. (0.1)3 (20)3 =   ⋅ ( 2 ⋅10 )
3
132. 4.112 × 102 = 411.2
 10 
1 133. 8.1× 10−2 = 0.081
= 3 ⋅ 23 ⋅103
10
= 23 = 8 134. 6.453 × 10−1 = 0.6453
111. (8.2)6 ≈ 304, 006.671 135. A = lw
112. (3.7)5 ≈ 693.440 136. P = 2 ( l + w )
137. C = π d
113. (6.1) −3 ≈ 0.004
1
114. (2.2) −5 ≈ 0.019 138. A = bh
2
115. (− 2.8)6 ≈ 481.890 3 2

139. A = x
4
116. − (2.8)6 ≈ − 481.890
140. P = 3x
−4
117. (− 8.11) ≈ 0.000 4
141. V = π r 3
3
118. − (8.11)−4 ≈ −0.000
142. S = 4π r 2

Chapter R: Review
143. V = x3 b. x − 220 = 209 − 220 = − 11 = 11 > 8

209 volts is not acceptable.
144. S = 6 x 2
151. a. x − 3 = 2.999 − 3
145. a. If x = 1000,
= − 0.001
C = 4000 + 2 x
= 0.001 ≤ 0.01
= 4000 + 2(1000)
A radius of 2.999 centimeters is acceptable.
= 4000 + 2000
= $6000 b. x − 3 = 2.89 − 3
The cost of producing 1000 watches is = − 0.11
$6000.
= 0.11 ≤/ 0.01
b. If x = 2000, A radius of 2.89 centimeters is not
C = 4000 + 2 x acceptable.
= 4000 + 2(2000) 152. a. x − 98.6 = 97 − 98.6
= 4000 + 4000
= − 1.6
= $8000
= 1.6 ≥ 1.5
The cost of producing 2000 watches is
$8000. 97˚F is unhealthy.
146. 210 + 80 − 120 + 25 − 60 − 32 − 5 = $98 b. x − 98.6 = 100 − 98.6

His balance at the end of the month was $98. = 1.4
147. We want the difference between x and 4 to be at = 1.4 < 1.5

least 6 units. Since we don’t care whether the 100˚F is not unhealthy.
value for x is larger or smaller than 4, we take
153. The distance from Earth to the Moon is about
the absolute value of the difference. We want the
inequality to be non-strict since we are dealing 4 × 108 = 400, 000, 000 meters.
with an ‘at least’ situation. Thus, we have
x−4 ≥ 6 154. The height of Mt. Everest is about
8848 = 8.848 ×103 meters.
148. We want the difference between x and 2 to be
more than 5 units. Since we don’t care whether 155. The wavelength of visible light is about
the value for x is larger or smaller than 2, we 5 × 10−7 = 0.0000005 meters.
take the absolute value of the difference. We
want the inequality to be strict since we are 156. The diameter of an atom is about
dealing with a ‘more than’ situation. Thus, we 1×10−10 = 0.0000000001 meters.
have
x−2 >5 157. The smallest commercial copper wire has a
diameter of about 0.0005 = 5 × 10−4 inches.
149. a. x − 110 = 108 − 110 = − 2 = 2 ≤ 5
158. The smallest motor ever made is less than
108 volts is acceptable.
0.05 = 5 × 10−2 centimeters wide.
b. x − 110 = 104 − 110 = − 6 = 6 > 5
104 volts is not acceptable.
150. a. x − 220 = 214 − 220 = − 6 = 6 ≤ 8

214 volts is acceptable.
10

Section R.3: Geometry Essentials
159. 186, 000 ⋅ 60 ⋅ 60 ⋅ 24 ⋅ 365 5. True.
( )(
= 1.86 × 105 6 × 10 ) ( 2.4 × 10 )( 3.65 × 10 )
1 2 1 2
6. True. 62 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 100 = 102
= 586.5696 × 1010 = 5.865696 ×1012
7. False; the volume of a sphere of radius r is given
There are about 5.9 × 1012 miles in one light- 4
year. by V = π r 3 .
3
93, 000, 000 9.3 × 107 8. True. The lengths of the corresponding sides are
160. = = 5 × 102
186, 000 1.86 ×105 equal.
= 500 seconds ≈ 8 min. 20 sec.
It takes about 8 minutes 20 seconds for a beam 9. True. Two corresponding angles are equal.
of light to reach Earth from the Sun. 10. False. The sides are not proportional.
1 11. a = 5, b = 12,
161. = 0.333333 ... > 0.333
3
c2 = a2 + b2
1
is larger by approximately 0.0003333 ...
3 = 52 + 122
= 25 + 144
162. 2 = 0.666666 ... > 0.666
3 = 169  c = 13
2 is larger by approximately 0.0006666 ...
3 12. a = 6, b = 8,
163. No. For any positive number a, the value

a
is c 2 = a 2 + b2
2
= 62 + 82
smaller and therefore closer to 0.
= 36 + 64
164. We are given that 1 < x 2 < 10 . This implies that = 100  c = 10
1 < x < 10 . Since x < 10 ≈ 3.162 and
x > π ≈ 3.142 , the number could be 3.15 or 3.16 13. a = 10, b = 24,
(which are between 1 and 10 as required). The
c2 = a2 + b2
number could also be 3.14 since numbers such as
3.146 which lie between π and 10 would = 102 + 242
equal 3.14 when truncated to two decimal places. = 100 + 576
165. Answers will vary. = 676  c = 26
166. Answers will vary. 14. a = 4, b = 3,

5 < 8 is a true statement because 5 is further to c 2 = a 2 + b2
the left than 8 on a real number line.
= 42 + 32
= 16 + 9
Section R.3 = 25  c = 5
1. right; hypotenuse 15. a = 7, b = 24,

c2 = a2 + b2
1
2. A = bh = 7 2 + 242
2
= 49 + 576
3. C = 2π r
= 625  c = 25
4. similar
11

Chapter R: Review
16. a = 14, b = 48, 24. 7 2 = 52 + 42

c2 = a2 + b2 49 = 25 + 16
= 14 + 48
2 2 49 = 41 false
= 196 + 2304 The given triangle is not a right triangle.
= 2500  c = 50 25. A = l ⋅ w = 4 ⋅ 2 = 8 in 2
17. 52 = 32 + 42 26. A = l ⋅ w = 9 ⋅ 4 = 36 cm 2
25 = 9 + 16
25 = 25 1 1
27. A = b ⋅ h = (2)(4) = 4 in 2
The given triangle is a right triangle. The 2 2
hypotenuse is 5.
1 1
28. A = b ⋅ h = (4)(9) = 18 cm 2
18. 102 = 62 + 82 2 2
100 = 36 + 64 29. A = π r 2 = π (5) 2 = 25π m 2
100 = 100 C = 2π r = 2π (5) = 10π m
The given triangle is a right triangle. The
hypotenuse is 10.
30. A = π r 2 = π (2)2 = 4π ft 2
19. 62 = 42 + 52 C = 2π r = 2π (2) = 4π ft
36 = 16 + 25
36 = 41 false 31. V = l w h = 8 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 7 = 224 ft 3
The given triangle is not a right triangle. S = 2lw + 2lh + 2 wh
= 2 ( 8)( 4 ) + 2 ( 8)( 7 ) + 2 ( 4 )( 7 )
20. 32 = 22 + 22
= 64 + 112 + 56
9 = 4+4
= 232 ft 2
9 = 8 false
The given triangle is not a right triangle. 32. V = l w h = 9 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 8 = 288 in 3
21. 252 = 7 2 + 242 S = 2lw + 2lh + 2 wh
625 = 49 + 576 = 2 ( 9 )( 4 ) + 2 ( 9 )( 8 ) + 2 ( 4 )( 8 )
625 = 625 = 72 + 144 + 64
The given triangle is a right triangle. The = 280 in 2
hypotenuse is 25.
4 3 4 256
33. V = π r = π⋅ 43 = π cm3
22. 262 = 102 + 242 3 3 3
676 = 100 + 576 S = 4π r 2 = 4π ⋅ 42 = 64π cm 2
676 = 676
The given triangle is a right triangle. The 4 3 4
34. V = π r = π⋅ 33 = 36π ft 3
hypotenuse is 26. 3 3
S = 4π r 2 = 4π ⋅ 32 = 36π ft 2
23. 62 = 32 + 42
36 = 9 + 16
36 = 25 false
The given triangle is not a right triangle.
12

35. V = π r 2 h = π(9)2 (8) = 648π in 3 41. Since the triangles are similar, the lengths of
corresponding sides are proportional. Therefore,
S = 2π r 2 + 2π rh we get
= 2π ( 9 ) + 2π ( 9 )( 8 )
2
8 x
=
= 162π + 144π 4 2
8⋅ 2
= 306π in 2 =x
4
4=x
36. V = π r 2 h = π(8) 2 (9) = 576π in 3
In addition, corresponding angles must have the
S = 2π r 2 + 2π rh same angle measure. Therefore, we have
A = 90° , B = 60° , and C = 30° .
= 2π ( 8 ) + 2π ( 8)( 9 )
2
= 128π + 144π 42. Since the triangles are similar, the lengths of
= 272π in 2 we get
6 x
37. The diameter of the circle is 2, so its radius is 1. =
12 16
A = π r 2 = π(1) 2 = π square units
6 ⋅16
=x
38. The diameter of the circle is 2, so its radius is 1. 12
8= x
A = 22 − π(1)2 = 4 − π square units
same angle measure. Therefore, we have
39. The diameter of the circle is the length of the
A = 30° , B = 75° , and C = 75° .
diagonal of the square.
d 2 = 2 2 + 22 43. Since the triangles are similar, the lengths of
= 4+4 corresponding sides are proportional. Therefore,
we get
=8 30 x
=
d = 8=2 2 20 45
d 2 2 30 ⋅ 45
r== = 2 =x
2 2 20
The area of the circle is: 135
= x or x = 67.5
( 2)
2
A = π r2 = π = 2π square units 2
same angle measure. Therefore, we have
40. The diameter of the circle is the length of the A = 60° , B = 95° , and C = 25° .
diagonal of the square.
d 2 = 2 2 + 22 44. Since the triangles are similar, the lengths of
= 4+4 we get
=8 8 x
=
d = 8=2 2 10 50
8 ⋅ 50
r=
d 2 2
= = 2 =x
2 2 10
The area is: 40 = x
( 2)
2
A=π − 22 = 2π − 4 square units same angle measure. Therefore, we have
A = 50° , B = 125° , and C = 5° .
13

Chapter R: Review
45. The total distance traveled is 4 times the 52. Let x = the approximate distance from San Juan
circumference of the wheel. to Hamilton and y = the approximate distance
Total Distance = 4C = 4( π d ) = 4π ⋅16 from Hamilton to Fort Lauderdale. Using similar
= 64π ≈ 201.1 inches ≈ 16.8 feet triangles, we get
1046 x 1046 y
46. The distance traveled in one revolution is the = =
circumference of the disk 4π . 58 53.5 58 57
1046 ⋅ 53.5 1046 ⋅ 57
The number of revolutions = =x =y
dist. traveled 20 5 58 58
= = ≈ 1.6 revolutions 964.8 ≈ x 1028.0 ≈ y
circumference 4π π
The approximate distance between San Juan and
47. Area of the border = area of EFGH – area of Hamilton is 965 miles and the approximate
ABCD = 102 − 62 = 100 − 36 = 64 ft 2 distance between Hamilton and Fort Lauderdale
is 1028 miles.
48. FG = 4 feet; BG = 4 feet and BC = 10 feet, so
CG= 6 feet. The area of the triangle CGF is: 53. Convert 20 feet to miles, and solve the
1 Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance:
A = ⋅ (4)(6) = 12 ft 2
2 1 mile
20 feet = 20 feet ⋅ = 0.003788 miles
49. Area of the window = area of the rectangle + 5280 feet
area of the semicircle. d 2 = (3960 + 0.003788) 2 − 39602 = 30 sq. miles
1
A = (6)(4) + ⋅ π⋅ 22 = 24 + 2π ≈ 30.28 ft 2 d ≈ 5.477 miles
2 d
Perimeter of the window = 2 heights + width + 20 ft
one-half the circumference.
1
P = 2(6) + 4 + ⋅ π (4) = 12 + 4 + 2π 3960
2 3960
= 16 + 2π ≈ 22.28 feet
50. Area of the deck = area of the pool and deck –
area of the pool.
A = π(13)2 − π(10)2 = 169π − 100π 54. Convert 6 feet to miles, and solve the
Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance:
= 69π ft 2 ≈ 216.77 ft 2 1 mile
6 feet = 6 feet ⋅ = 0.001136 miles
The amount of fence is the circumference of the 5280 feet
circle with radius 13 feet. d 2 = (3960 + 0.001136) 2 − 39602 = 9 sq. miles
C = 2π(13) = 26π ft ≈ 81.68 ft
d ≈ 3 miles
51. We can form similar triangles using the Great d
6 ft
Pyramid’s height/shadow and Thales’
height/shadow:
3960
3960
h
{
{
126 114 2
240 3
This allows us to write
h 2
=
240 3
2 ⋅ 240
h= = 160
3
The height of the Great Pyramid is 160 paces.
14

55. Convert 100 feet to miles, and solve the  500  5002
2
Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance: A = π r2 = π   = ≈ 79577.47 ft 2
 π  π
1 mile
100 feet = 100 feet ⋅ = 0.018939 miles Thus, a circular pool will enclose the most area.
5280 feet
58. Consider the diagram showing the lighthouse at
d 2 = (3960 + 0.018939) 2 − 39602 ≈ 150 sq. miles point L, relative to the center of Earth, using the
d ≈ 12.2 miles radius of Earth as 3960 miles. Let P refer to the
Convert 150 feet to miles, and solve the furthest point on the horizon from which the
Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance: light is visible. Note also that
1 mile 362
150 feet = 150 feet ⋅ = 0.028409 miles 362 feet = miles.
5280 feet 5280
d 2 = (3960 + 0.028409) 2 − 39602 ≈ 225 sq. miles
d ≈ 15.0 miles
56. Given m > 0, n > 0 and m > n ,

if a = m 2 − n 2 , b = 2mn and c = m 2 + n 2 , then
( )
2
+ ( 2mn )
2
a 2 + b2 = m2 − n2
= m 4 − 2m 2 n 2 + n 4 + 4m 2 n 2
= m 4 + 2m 2 n 2 + n 4
( )
2
and c = m + n = m 4 + 2m 2 n 2 + n 4
2 2 2
Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to ΔCPL :
∴ a 2 + b 2 = c 2 → a, b and c represent the sides 2
( 3960 )2 + ( d1 )2 =  3960 + 5280 
362
of a right triangle.
 
57. Let l = length of the rectangle
( )
2
and w = width of the rectangle. ( d1 ) 2
= 3960 + 362
5280
− ( 3960 )
2
Notice that
(3960 + 5280 )
2
362 − ( 3960 ) ≈ 23.30 mi.
2
(l + w) 2 − (l − w) 2 d1 =
= [(l + w) + (l − w)][(l + w) − (l − w)] Therefore, the light from the lighthouse can be
= (2l )(2w) = 4lw = 4 A seen at point P on the horizon, where point P is
approximately 23.30 miles away from the
1
So A = [(l + w) 2 − (l − w) 2 ] lighthouse. Brochure information is slightly
4
overstated.
Since (l − w)2 ≥ 0 , the largest area will occur
when l – w = 0 or l = w; that is, when the Verify the ship information:
rectangle is a square. But Let S refer to the ship’s location, and let x equal
1000 = 2l + 2 w = 2(l + w) the height, in feet, of the ship.
500 = l + w = 2l We need d1 + d 2 ≥ 40 .
250 = l = w Since d1 ≈ 23.30 miles we need
The largest possible area is 250 = 62500 sq ft.
2 d 2 ≥ 40 − 23.30=16.70 miles.
A circular pool with circumference = 1000 feet
500
yields the equation: 2π r = 1000  r =
π
The area enclosed by the circular pool is:
15

Chapter R: Review
Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to ΔCPS : Section R.4

( 3960 ) + (16.7 ) = ( 3960 + x )
2 2 2
1. 4; 3
( 3960 ) 2
+ (16.7 ) = 3960 + x
2
2. x 4 − 16
( 3960 ) 2
+ (16.7 ) − 3960 = x
2
x ≈ 0.035 miles 3. x3 − 8
x ≈ 185.93 feet. 4. False; monomials cannot have negative degrees.
The ship would have to be at least 186 feet tall to
see the lighthouse from 40 miles away. 5. True
Verify the airplane information:
(
6. False; x3 + a3 = ( x + a ) x 2 − ax + a 2 )
7. 2x 3 Monomial; Variable: x ;
Coefficient: 2; Degree: 3
8. − 4x 2 Monomial; Variable: x ; Coefficient:

–4; Degree: 2
8
9. = 8x −1 Not a monomial; when written in
Let A refer to the airplane’s location. The x
distance from the plane to point P is d 2 . the form ax k , the variable has a negative
exponent.
We want to show that d1 + d 2 ≥ 120 .
Assume the altitude of the airplane is
10. − 2x −3 Not a monomial; when written in the
10000
10,000 feet = miles. k
form ax , the variable has a negative exponent.
5280
Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to ΔCPA :
2
11. − 2xy 2 Monomial; Variable: x, y ;
( 3960 )2 + ( d 2 )2 =  3960 +
10000  Coefficient: –2; Degree: 3
 5280 
2 12. 5x 2 y 3 Monomial; Variable: x, y ;
( d 2 )2 =  3960 +
10000 
− ( 3960 )
2
 5280  Coefficient: 5; Degree: 5

2
 10000  8x
− ( 3960 ) = 8 xy −1
2
d 2 =  3960 +
5280 
13. Not a monomial; when written
 y
≈ 122.49 miles. in the form ax n y m , the exponent on the variable
Therefore, y is negative.
d1 + d 2 ≈ 23.30 + 122.49 = 145.79 ≥ 120.
The brochure information is slightly understated. 2 x2
Note that a plane at an altitude of 6233 feet 14. − 3
= −2 x 2 y −3 Not a monomial; when
y
could see the lighthouse from 120 miles away.
written in the form ax n y m , the exponent on the
variable y is negative.
15. x 2 + y 2 Not a monomial; the expression

contains more than one term. This expression is
a binomial.
16

Section R.4: Polynomials
16. 3x 2 + 4 Not a monomial; the expression 30. ( x 2 − 3x − 4) − ( x3 − 3 x 2 + x + 5)

contains more than one term. This expression is = x 2 − 3x − 4 − x3 + 3 x 2 − x − 5
a binomial.
= − x3 + ( x 2 + 3x 2 ) + (−3x − x) + (− 4 − 5)
17. 3x 2 − 5 Polynomial; Degree: 2 = − x3 + 4 x 2 − 4 x − 9
18. 1 − 4x Polynomial; Degree: 1 31. (6x 5

) (
+ x3 + x + 5 x 4 − x3 + 3x 2 )
19. 5 Polynomial; Degree: 0 = 6 x5 + 5 x 4 + 3x 2 + x
20. –π Polynomial; Degree: 0 32. (10x 5

) (
− 8 x 2 + 3x3 − 2 x 2 + 6 )
5 = 10 x5 + 3x3 − 10 x 2 + 6
21. 3x 2 − Not a polynomial; the variable in the
x
denominator results in an exponent that is not a 33. ( x 2 − 3x + 1) + 2(3x 2 + x − 4)
nonnegative integer. = x 2 − 3x + 1 + 6 x 2 + 2 x − 8
3 = 7 x2 − x − 7
22. +2 Not a polynomial; the variable in the
x
denominator results in an exponent that is not a 34. − 2( x 2 + x + 1) + (−5 x 2 − x + 2)
nonnegative integer. = − 2 x2 − 2 x − 2 − 5x2 − x + 2
23. 2 y 3 − 2 Polynomial; Degree: 3 = −7 x 2 − 3 x
24. 10z 2 + z Polynomial; Degree: 2 35. 6( x 3 + x 2 − 3) − 4(2 x3 − 3x 2 )

= 6 x3 + 6 x 2 − 18 − 8 x3 + 12 x 2
x +5
2
25. Not a polynomial; the polynomial in = − 2 x3 + 18 x 2 − 18
x3 − 1
the denominator has a degree greater than 0.
36. 8(4 x3 − 3x 2 − 1) − 6(4 x3 + 8 x − 2)
3 x3 + 2 x − 1 = 32 x3 − 24 x 2 − 8 − 24 x3 − 48 x + 12
26. Not a polynomial; the
x2 + x + 1 = 8 x3 − 24 x 2 − 48 x + 4
polynomial in the denominator has a degree
greater than 0. 37. (x 2
) (
− x + 2 + 2 x2 − 3x + 5 − x2 + 1 ) ( )
27. ( x 2 + 4 x + 5) + (3x − 3) = x 2 − x + 2 + 2 x 2 − 3x + 5 − x 2 − 1
= x 2 + (4 x + 3 x) + (5 − 3) = 2 x2 − 4x + 6
= x2 + 7 x + 2 38. (x 2
) ( ) (
+ 1 − 4 x2 + 5 + x2 + x − 2 )
28. ( x + 3 x + 2) + ( x − 4 x + 4)
3 2 2
= x2 + 1 − 4 x2 − 5 + x2 + x − 2
= x3 + (3 x 2 + x 2 ) + (− 4 x) + (2 + 4) = −2 x 2 + x − 6
= x3 + 4 x 2 − 4 x + 6
39. (
9 y2 − 3y + 4 − 6 1 − y2 ) ( )
29. ( x − 2 x + 5 x + 10) − (2 x − 4 x + 3)
3 2 2
= 9 y − 27 y + 36 − 6 + 6 y
2 2
= x − 2 x + 5 x + 10 − 2 x + 4 x − 3
3 2 2
= 15 y 2 − 27 y + 30
= x + (− 2 x − 2 x ) + (5 x + 4 x) + (10 − 3)
3 2 2
= x3 − 4 x 2 + 9 x + 7
40. ( ) (
8 1 − y3 + 4 1 + y + y 2 + y3 )
= 8 − 8 y + 4 + 4 y + 4 y + 4 y3
3 2
= −4 y 3 + 4 y 2 + 4 y + 12
17

Chapter R: Review
41. x( x 2 + x − 4) = x3 + x 2 − 4 x 56. (2 x − 4)(3x + 1) = 6 x 2 + 2 x − 12 x − 4

= 6 x 2 − 10 x − 4
42. 4 x 2 ( x3 − x + 2) = 4 x5 − 4 x3 + 8 x 2
57. (− 2 x + 3)( x − 4) = − 2 x 2 + 8 x + 3x − 12
43. −2 x 2 (4 x3 + 5) = −8 x5 − 10 x 2
= − 2 x 2 + 11x − 12
44. 5 x3 (3x − 4) = 15 x 4 − 20 x3
58. (− 3x − 1)( x + 1) = − 3x 2 − 3x − x − 1
45. ( x + 1)( x 2 + 2 x − 4) = − 3x 2 − 4 x − 1
= x( x 2 + 2 x − 4) + 1( x 2 + 2 x − 4) 59. (− x − 2)(−2 x − 4) = 2 x 2 + 4 x + 4 x + 8
= x + 2x − 4x + x + 2x − 4
3 2 2
= 2 x2 + 8x + 8
= x3 + 3x 2 − 2 x − 4
60. (− 2 x − 3)(3 − x) = −6 x + 2 x 2 − 9 + 3x
46. (2 x − 3)( x + x + 1)
2
= 2 x2 − 3x − 9
= 2 x( x 2 + x + 1) − 3( x 2 + x + 1)
61. ( x − 2 y )( x + y ) = x 2 + xy − 2 xy − 2 y 2
= 2 x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x − 3x 2 − 3x − 3
= x 2 − xy − 2 y 2
= 2 x3 − x 2 − x − 3
62. (2 x + 3 y )( x − y ) = 2 x 2 − 2 xy + 3 xy − 3 y 2
47. ( x + 2)( x + 4) = x 2 + 4 x + 2 x + 8
= 2 x 2 + xy − 3 y 2
= x + 6x + 8
2
63. ( − 2 x − 3 y )(3 x + 2 y ) = −6 x 2 − 4 xy − 9 xy − 6 y 2
48. ( x + 3)( x + 5) = x + 5 x + 3x + 15
2
2 2
= −6 x − 13 xy − 6 y
= x + 8 x + 15
2
64. ( x − 3 y )(−2 x + y ) = −2 x 2 + xy + 6 xy − 3 y 2
49. (2 x + 5)( x + 2) = 2 x + 4 x + 5 x + 10
2
= −2 x 2 + 7 xy − 3 y 2
= 2 x 2 + 9 x + 10
65. ( x − 7)( x + 7) = x 2 − 7 2 = x 2 − 49
50. (3 x + 1)(2 x + 1) = 6 x 2 + 3x + 2 x + 1
66. ( x − 1)( x + 1) = x 2 − 12 = x 2 − 1
= 6 x2 + 5x + 1
67. (2 x + 3)(2 x − 3) = (2 x) 2 − 32 = 4 x 2 − 9
51. ( x − 4)( x + 2) = x 2 + 2 x − 4 x − 8
= x2 − 2 x − 8 68. (3 x + 2)(3 x − 2) = (3x)2 − 22 = 9 x 2 − 4
52. ( x + 4)( x − 2) = x 2 − 2 x + 4 x − 8 69. ( x + 4)2 = x 2 + 2 ⋅ x ⋅ 4 + 42 = x 2 + 8 x + 16

= x2 + 2 x − 8
70. ( x + 5)2 = x 2 + 2 ⋅ x ⋅ 5 + 52 = x 2 + 10 x + 25
53. ( x − 3)( x − 2) = x 2 − 2 x − 3x + 6 71. ( x − 4)2 = x 2 − 2 ⋅ x ⋅ 4 + 42 = x 2 − 8 x + 16
= x2 − 5x + 6
72. ( x − 5)2 = x 2 − 2 ⋅ x ⋅ 5 + 52 = x 2 − 10 x + 25
54. ( x − 5)( x − 1) = x 2 − x − 5 x + 5
73. (3 x + 4)(3x − 4) = (3x) 2 − 42 = 9 x 2 − 16
= x2 − 6 x + 5
74. (5 x − 3)(5 x + 3) = (5 x)2 − 32 = 25 x 2 − 9
55. (2 x + 3)( x − 2) = 2 x 2 − 4 x + 3x − 6
= 2 x2 − x − 6
18

75. (2 x − 3) 2 = (2 x)2 − 2(2 x)(3) + 32 Check:

= 4 x 2 − 12 x + 9 ( x + 2)(4 x 2 − 11x + 23) + (− 45)
= 4 x3 − 11x 2 + 23 x + 8 x 2 − 22 x + 46 − 45
76. (3 x − 4) 2 = (3 x)2 − 2(3x)(4) + 42
= 4 x3 − 3 x 2 + x + 1
= 9 x 2 − 24 x + 16
The quotient is 4 x 2 − 11x + 23 ; the remainder
77. ( x + y )( x − y ) = ( x) 2 − ( y ) = x 2 − y 2
2 is –45.
78. ( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y ) = ( x)2 − ( 3 y ) = x 2 − 9 y 2
2 3 x 2 − 7 x + 15
90. x + 2 3x3 − x 2 + x−2
79. (3 x + y )(3x − y ) = (3 x) − ( y ) = 9 x − y
2 2 2 2
3x + 6 x
3 2
80. (3 x + 4 y )(3x − 4 y ) = (3x) − ( 4 y ) = 9 x − 16 y − 7 x2 +

2 2 2 2
x
− 7 x 2 − 14 x
81. ( x + y )2 = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2
15 x − 2
82. ( x − y ) 2 = x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 15 x + 30
83. ( x − 2 y ) 2 = x 2 + 2 ( x ⋅ ( −2 y ) ) + ( 2 y )
2 − 32
= x 2 − 4 xy + 4 y 2 Check:
( x + 2)(3x 2 − 7 x + 15) + (− 32)
84. (2 x + 3 y )2 = ( 2 x ) + 2 ( 2 x ⋅ 3 y ) + ( 3 y )
2 2
= 3 x3 − 7 x 2 + 15 x + 6 x 2 − 14 x + 30 − 32
= 4 x 2 + 12 xy + 9 y 2
= 3 x3 − x 2 + x − 2
85. ( x − 2) = x − 3 ⋅ x ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ x ⋅ 2 − 2
3 3 2 2 3
The quotient is 3x 2 − 7 x + 15 ; the remainder is
= x3 − 6 x 2 + 12 x − 8 –32.
86. ( x + 1)3 = x3 + 3 ⋅ x 2 ⋅1 + 3 ⋅ x ⋅12 + 13 4x − 3

= x3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1 91. x
2
4 x3 − 3x 2 + x + 1
87. (2 x + 1)3 = (2 x)3 + 3(2 x)2 (1) + 3(2 x) ⋅12 + 13

4 x3
= 8 x3 + 12 x 2 + 6 x + 1 − 3x 2 + x + 1
88. (3 x − 2)3 = (3x)3 − 3(3 x)2 (2) + 3(3 x) ⋅ 22 − 23 −3 x 2

= 27 x 3 − 54 x 2 + 36 x − 8 x+ 1
4 x 2 − 11x + 23 Check:
89. x + 2 4 x3 − 3x 2 + x+ 1 ( x 2 )(4 x − 3) + ( x + 1) = 4 x3 − 3x 2 + x + 1
4 x3 + 8 x 2 The quotient is 4 x − 3 ; the remainder is x + 1 .
− 11x 2 + x
−11x 2 − 22 x
23 x + 1
23 x + 46
− 45
19

Chapter R: Review
3x − 1 2 x2
92. x 2 3x3 − x 2 + x − 2 95. 2 x3 − 1 4 x5 + 0 x 4 + 0 x3 − 3 x 2 + x + 1
3x3 4 x5 − 2x2
−x + x−2 2
− x2 + x + 1
− x2 Check:
x− 2 ( 2 x − 1)( 2 x ) + ( − x
3 2 2
+ x +1 )
Check: = 4 x − 2 x − x + x + 1 = 4 x − 3x 2 + x + 1
5 2 2 5
( x 2 )(3 x − 1) + ( x − 2) = 3 x3 − x 2 + x − 2 The quotient is 2x 2 ; the remainder is

The quotient is 3x − 1 ; the remainder is x − 2 . − x2 + x + 1 .
5 x 2 − 13 x2
96. 3x − 1 3 x + 0 x + 0 x − x + x − 2
3 5 4 3 2
93. x + 2 5 x 4 + 0 x3 − 3x 2 + x + 1
2
5x4 + 10 x 2 3 x5 − x2
− 13x 2 + x + 1 x−2
Check:
−13 x 2 − 26
x + 27 (3x − 1)( x ) + ( x − 2) = 3x
3 2 5
− x2 + x − 2
The quotient is x 2 ; the remainder is x − 2 .
Check:
(x 2
)( )
+ 2 5 x 2 − 13 + ( x + 27 ) x 2 − 2 x + 12
= 5 x 4 + 10 x 2 − 13 x 2 − 26 + x + 27 97. 2 x 2 + x + 1 2 x 4 − 3x3 + 0 x 2 + x + 1
= 5 x 4 − 3x 2 + x + 1
2 x 4 + x3 + x 2
The quotient is 5 x 2 − 13 ; the remainder is
x + 27 . − 4 x3 − x 2 + x
−4 x3 − 2 x 2 − 2 x
5 x − 11 2
x 2 + 3x + 1
94. x + 2 5 x 4 + 0 x3 − x 2 + x − 2
2
1 1
x2 + x+
5x 4
+ 10 x 2 2 2
− 11x 2 + x − 2 5 1
x+
2 2
−11x 2 − 22 Check:
x + 20 (2x )(
+ x + 1 x2 − 2 x + 1 + 5 x + 1
2
2 2 )2
Check: = 2x − 4x + x + x − 2x + x
4 3 2 3 2 1
(x 2
)( )
+ 2 5 x 2 − 11 + ( x + 20 )
1
+ x − 2x + + x +
2 5 1
2
2 2 2
= 5 x 4 + 10 x 2 − 11x 2 − 22 + x + 20
= 2 x − 3x + x + 1
4 3
= 5x4 − x2 + x − 2
The quotient is x − 2 x + 12 ; the remainder is
2
The quotient is 5 x 2 − 11 ; the remainder is
5x+ 1 .
x + 20 . 2 2
20

x2 − 2 x − 1 − 3 x3 − 3x 2 − 3 x − 5
3 9
98. 3x 2 + x + 1 3 x 4 − x3 + 0 x 2 + x − 2 100. x − 1 − 3 x 4 + 0 x3 + 0 x 2 − 2 x − 1
3 x 4 + x3 + x 2 − 3 x 4 + 3 x3
− 2 x3 − x 2 + x − 3 x3
−2 x3 − 2 x 2 − 2 x
3 3 −3 x3 + 3 x 2
− 1 x2 + 5 x − 2 − 3x 2 − 2 x
3 3
− x − x−1
1 2 1 −3 x 2 + 3 x
3 9 9
16 x − 17 − 5x −1
9 9 −5 x + 5
Check:
−6
(3x 2
)(
+ x + 1 x 2 − 23 x − 19 + 16
9
x − 17
9 ) ( )
Check:
= 3 x 4 + x3 + x 2 − 2 x3 − 23 x 2 − 23 x
( x − 1)(− 3 x3 − 3 x 2 − 3 x − 5) + (− 6)
− 13 x 2 − 91 x − 91 + 16
9
x − 17
9 = −3 x 4 − 3 x3 − 3 x 2 − 5 x + 3 x3 + 3 x 2
= 3x − x + x − 2
4 3
+ 3x + 5 − 6
The quotient is x − 2 x − 1 ; the remainder is
2
= −3 x 4 − 2 x − 1
3 9
16 17 The quotient is − 3 x3 − 3 x 2 − 3 x − 5 ; the
x− .
9 9 remainder is –6.
− 4 x 2 − 3x − 3 x2 − x − 1
99. x − 1 − 4 x + x + 0 x − 4
3 2
101. x 2 + x + 1 x 4 + 0 x3 − x 2 + 0 x + 1
− 4 x3 + 4 x 2 x 4 + x3 + x 2
− 3x 2 − x3 − 2 x 2
−3 x 2 + 3x − x3 − x 2 − x
− 3x − 4
− x2 + x + 1
−3 x + 3
− x2 − x − 1
−7
2x + 2
Check:
Check:
( x − 1)(− 4 x 2 − 3x − 3) + (− 7)
( x 2 + x + 1)( x 2 − x − 1) + 2 x + 2
= − 4 x − 3x − 3x + 4 x + 3x + 3 − 7
3 2 2
= x 4 + x3 + x 2 − x3 − x 2 − x − x 2 − x
= − 4x + x − 4 3 2
− 1 + 2x + 2
The quotient is − 4 x 2 − 3 x − 3 ; the remainder is
= x4 − x2 + 1
–7.
The quotient is x 2 − x − 1 ; the remainder is
2x + 2 .
21

Chapter R: Review
x2 + x − 1 x 4 + ax3 + a 2 x 2 + a3 x + a 4
102. x 2 − x + 1 x 4 + 0 x3 − x 2 + 0 x + 1 104. x − a x5 + 0 x 4 + 0 x3 + 0 x 2 + 0 x − a5
x 4 − x3 + x 2 x5 − ax 4
x3 − 2 x 2 ax 4
x3 − x 2 + x ax 4 − a 2 x3
− x2 − x + 1 a 2 x3
− x2 + x − 1 a 2 x3 − a3 x 2
− 2x + 2 a3 x 2
a3 x2 − a4 x
Check:
a 4 x − a5
( x − x + 1)( x + x − 1) + (− 2 x + 2)
2 2
a4 x − a5
= x +x −x −x −x +x+x +x
4 3 2 3 2 2
0
−1 − 2x + 2
Check:
= x 4 − x2 + 1
( x − a)( x 4 + ax3 + a 2 x 2 + a3 x + a 4 ) + 0
The quotient is x 2 + x − 1 ; the remainder is
− 2x + 2 . = x5 + ax 4 + a 2 x3 + a3 x 2 + a 4 x − ax 4
− a 2 x3 − a3 x 2 − a 4 x − a5
x 2 + ax + a 2 = x5 − a5
103. x − a x3 + 0 x 2 + 0 x − a3 The quotient is x 4 + ax3 + a 2 x 2 + a3 x + a 4 ; the
x3 − ax 2 remainder is 0.
ax 2 105. When we multiply polynomials p1 ( x ) and

ax − a x p2 ( x ) , each term of p1 ( x ) will be multiplied
2 2
a x−a by each term of p2 ( x ) . So when the highest-

2 3
a x−a powered term of p1 ( x ) multiplies by the highest

2 3
0 powered term of p2 ( x ) , the exponents on the

variables in those terms will add according to the
Check:
basic rules of exponents. Therefore, the highest
( x − a)( x 2 + ax + a 2 ) + 0 powered term of the product polynomial will
have degree equal to the sum of the degrees of
= x3 + ax 2 + a 2 x − ax 2 − a 2 x − a3
p1 ( x ) and p2 ( x ) .
= x3 − a3
The quotient is x 2 + ax + a 2 ; the remainder is 0. 106. When we add two polynomials p1 ( x ) and
p2 ( x ) , where the degree of p1 ( x ) ≠ the degree
of p2 ( x ) , each term of p1 ( x ) will be added to
each term of p2 ( x ) . Since only the terms with
equal degrees will combine via addition, the
degree of the sum polynomial will be the degree
of the highest powered term overall, that is, the
degree of the polynomial that had the higher
degree.
22

Section R.5: Factoring Polynomials
107. When we add two polynomials p1 ( x ) and 18. 9 x 2 − 1 = (3x) 2 − 1 2 = (3 x − 1)(3 x + 1)

p2 ( x ) , where the degree of p1 ( x ) = the degree
19. x 2 − 16 = x 2 − 42 = ( x − 4)( x + 4)
of p2 ( x ) , the new polynomial will have degree
≤ the degree of p1 ( x ) and p2 ( x ) . 20. x 2 − 25 = x 2 − 52 = ( x − 5)( x + 5)
108. Answers will vary.

21. 25 x 2 − 4 = (5 x − 2)(5 x + 2)
( )
22. 36 x 2 − 9 = 9 4 x 2 − 1 = 9(2 x − 1)(2 x + 1)
Section R.5 23. x 2 + 2 x + 1 = ( x + 1)2
1. 3x ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) 24. x 2 − 4 x + 4 = ( x − 2)2
2. prime 25. x 2 + 4 x + 4 = ( x + 2) 2
3. True; x 2 + 4 is prime over the set of real

26. x 2 − 2 x + 1 = ( x − 1)2
numbers.
(
4. False; 3x3 − 2 x 2 − 6 x + 4 = ( 3x − 2 ) x 2 − 2 ) 27. x 2 − 10 x + 25 = ( x − 5)2
28. x 2 + 10 x + 25 = ( x + 5) 2
5. 3x + 6 = 3( x + 2)
6. 7 x − 14 = 7( x − 2) 29. 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1 = (2 x + 1)2
7. ax 2 + a = a( x 2 + 1) 30. 9 x 2 + 6 x + 1 = (3x + 1)2
8. ax − a = a ( x − 1) 31. 16 x 2 + 8 x + 1 = (4 x + 1)2
9. x3 + x 2 + x = x( x 2 + x + 1) 32. 25 x 2 + 10 x + 1 = (5 x + 1)2
10. x3 − x 2 + x = x ( x 2 − x + 1) 33. x3 − 27 = x3 − 33 = ( x − 3)( x 2 + 3x + 9)
11. 2 x 2 − 2 x = 2 x( x − 1) 34. x3 + 125 = x3 + 53 = ( x + 5)( x 2 − 5 x + 25)
12. 3x 2 − 3x = 3 x( x − 1) 35. x3 + 27 = x3 + 33 = ( x + 3)( x 2 − 3x + 9)
13. 3x 2 y − 6 xy 2 + 12 xy = 3xy ( x − 2 y + 4) 36. 27 − 8 x3 = 33 − (2 x)3

= (3 − 2 x)(9 + 6 x + 4 x 2 )
14. 60 x y − 48 xy + 72 x y = 12 xy (5 x − 4 y + 6 x )
( )
2 2 3 2
= − ( 2 x − 3) 4 x 2 + 6 x + 9
15. x − 1 = x − 1 = ( x − 1)( x + 1)
2 2 2
37. 8 x3 + 27 = (2 x)3 + 33
16. x 2 − 4 = x 2 − 22 = ( x − 2)( x + 2) = (2 x + 3)(4 x 2 − 6 x + 9)
17. 4 x 2 − 1 = (2 x)2 − 1 2 = (2 x − 1)(2 x + 1)
23

Chapter R: Review
38. 64 − 27 x3 = 43 − (3 x)3 56. 9 x 2 − 6 x + 3x − 2 = 3x ( 3x − 2 ) + 1( 3x − 2 )

= (4 − 3 x)(16 + 12 x + 9 x 2 ) = ( 3 x − 2 )( 3x + 1)
(
= − ( 3x − 4 ) 9 x 2 + 12 x + 16 ) 57. 3x 2 + 4 x + 1 = (3x + 1)( x + 1)
39. x 2 + 5 x + 6 = ( x + 2)( x + 3)
58. 2 x 2 + 3x + 1 = (2 x + 1)( x + 1)
40. x 2 + 6 x + 8 = ( x + 2)( x + 4)
59. 2 z 2 + 5 z + 3 = (2 z + 3)( z + 1)
41. x 2 + 7 x + 6 = ( x + 6)( x + 1)
60. 6 z 2 + 5 z + 1 = (3z + 1)(2 z + 1)
42. x 2 + 9 x + 8 = ( x + 8)( x + 1)
61. 3x 2 + 2 x − 8 = (3x − 4)( x + 2)
43. x 2 + 7 x + 10 = ( x + 2)( x + 5)
62. 3x 2 + 10 x + 8 = (3 x + 4)( x + 2)
44. x 2 + 11x + 10 = ( x + 10)( x + 1)

63. 3x 2 − 2 x − 8 = (3 x + 4)( x − 2)
45. x 2 − 10 x + 16 = ( x − 2)( x − 8)
64. 3x 2 − 10 x + 8 = (3x − 4)( x − 2)
46. x 2 − 17 x + 16 = ( x − 16)( x − 1)
65. 3x 2 + 14 x + 8 = (3 x + 2)( x + 4)
47. x 2 − 7 x − 8 = ( x + 1)( x − 8)
66. 3x 2 − 14 x + 8 = (3x − 2)( x − 4)
48. x 2 − 2 x − 8 = ( x + 2)( x − 4)
67. 3x 2 + 10 x − 8 = (3x − 2)( x + 4)
49. x 2 + 7 x − 8 = ( x + 8)( x − 1)
68. 3x 2 − 10 x − 8 = (3x + 2)( x − 4)
50. x 2 + 2 x − 8 = ( x + 4)( x − 2) 69. Since B is 10 then we need half of 10 squared to

be the last term in our trinomial. Thus
51. 2 x 2 + 4 x + 3x + 6 = 2 x( x + 2) + 3( x + 2) 1
(10) = 5; (5) 2 = 25
2
= ( x + 2)(2 x + 3)
x 2 + 10 x + 25 = ( x + 5) 2
52. 3x 2 − 3x + 2 x − 2 = 3x( x − 1) + 2( x − 1) 70. Since B is 14 then we need half of 14 squared to

= ( x − 1)(3x + 2) be the last term in our trinomial. Thus
1
2
(14) = 7; (7) 2 = 49
53. 2 x 2 − 4 x + x − 2 = 2 x( x − 2) + 1( x − 2)
p 2 + 14 p + 49 = ( p + 7)2
= ( x − 2)(2 x + 1)
71. Since B is -6 then we need half of -6 squared to
54. 3x + 6 x − x − 2 = 3x( x + 2) − 1( x + 2)
2 be the last term in our trinomial. Thus
= ( x + 2)(3x − 1)
1
2
(−6) = −3; (−3) 2 = 9
y 2 − 6 y + 9 = ( y − 3) 2
55. 6 x 2 + 9 x + 4 x + 6 = 3x(2 x + 3) + 2(2 x + 3)
= (2 x + 3)(3x + 2)
24

72. Since B is -4 then we need half of -4 squared to 88. 14 + 6 x − x 2 = − ( x 2 − 6 x − 14) is prime over the
integers because there are no factors of –14
1
2
(−4) = −2; (−2) 2 = 4 whose sum is –6.
x 2 − 4 x + 4 = ( x − 2)2
89. 3x 2 − 12 x − 36 = 3( x 2 − 4 x − 12)
73. Since B is − 12 then we need half of − 12 squared = 3( x − 6)( x + 2)
to be the last term in our trinomial. Thus
1
(− 12 ) = − 14 ; (− 14 )2 = 161 90. x3 + 8 x 2 − 20 x = x( x 2 + 8 x − 20)
2
= x( x + 10)( x − 2)
x 2 − 12 x + 161 = ( x − 14 )2
1 1
91. y 4 + 11y 3 + 30 y 2 = y 2 ( y 2 + 11y + 30)
74. Since B is then we need half of squared to
= y 2 ( y + 5)( y + 6)
3 3
( ) = 61 ; ( 61 ) 2 = 36
1 1 1
2 3 92. 3 y 3 − 18 y 2 − 48 y = 3 y ( y 2 − 6 y − 16)
x 2 + 13 x + 36
1
= ( x + 16 ) 2 = 3 y ( y + 2)( y − 8)
75. x 2 − 36 = ( x − 6)( x + 6) 93. 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9 = (2 x + 3) 2
76. x 2 − 9 = ( x − 3)( x + 3) 94. 9 x 2 − 12 x + 4 = (3x − 2)2
77. 2 − 8 x 2 = 2(1 − 4 x 2 ) = 2 (1 − 2 x )(1 + 2 x ) (

95. 6 x 2 + 8 x + 2 = 2 3x 2 + 4 x + 1 )
= 2 ( 3x + 1)( x + 1)
78. 3 − 27 x 2 = 3(1 − 9 x 2 ) = 3 (1 − 3 x )(1 + 3 x )
79. x 2 + 11x + 10 = ( x + 1)( x + 10) (

96. 8 x 2 + 6 x − 2 = 2 4 x 2 + 3x − 1 )
= 2 ( 4 x − 1)( x + 1)
80. x + 5 x + 4 = ( x + 4)( x + 1)
2
( )
2
97. x 4 − 81 = x 2 − 92 = ( x 2 − 9)( x 2 + 9)
81. x − 10 x + 21 = ( x − 7 )( x − 3)
2
= ( x − 3)( x + 3)( x 2 + 9)
82. x 2 − 6 x + 8 = ( x − 2)( x − 4)
( )
2
98. x 4 − 1 = x 2 − 12 = ( x 2 − 1)( x 2 + 1)
(
83. 4 x 2 − 8 x + 32 = 4 x 2 − 2 x + 8 ) = ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)
(
84. 3x 2 − 12 x + 15 = 3 x 2 − 4 x + 5 ) 99. x 6 − 2 x3 + 1 = ( x3 − 1) 2
2
= ( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1) 
85. x + 4 x + 16 is prime over the reals because
2
there are no factors of 16 whose sum is 4. = ( x − 1) 2 ( x 2 + x + 1)2
86. x 2 + 12 x + 36 = ( x + 6) 2 100. x 6 + 2 x3 + 1 = ( x3 + 1)2

2
=  ( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1) 
87. 15 + 2 x − x = − ( x − 2 x − 15) = −( x − 5)( x + 3)
2 2
= ( x + 1)2 ( x 2 − x + 1)2
101. x 7 − x5 = x5 ( x 2 − 1) = x5 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
25

Chapter R: Review
102. x8 − x5 = x5 ( x3 − 1) = x5 ( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1) 116. ( 5 x + 1)3 − 1

= ( 5 x + 1) − 13
3
103. 16 x 2 + 24 x + 9 = ( 4 x + 3)
2
= ( 5 x + 1) − 1 ( 5 x + 1) + (1)( 5 x + 1) + 1

2
 
104. 9 x 2 − 24 x + 16 = ( 3x − 4 )
2
(
= 5 x 25 x 2 + 10 x + 1 + 5 x + 1 + 1 )
105. 5 + 16 x − 16 x 2 = −(16 x 2 − 16 x − 5) = 5 x ( 25 x 2
+ 15 x + 3 )
= −(4 x − 5)(4 x + 1)
( )
117. 3 x 2 + 10 x + 25 − 4 ( x + 5 )
106. 5 + 11x − 16 x = −(16 x − 11x − 5)
2 2
= 3 ( x + 5 ) − 4 ( x + 5)
2
= −(16 x + 5)( x − 1)
= ( x + 5 ) 3 ( x + 5 ) − 4 
107. 4 y 2 − 16 y + 15 = (2 y − 5)(2 y − 3) = ( x + 5 )( 3x + 15 − 4 )
= ( x + 5 )( 3x + 11)
108. 9 y 2 + 9 y − 4 = (3 y + 4)(3 y − 1)
118. ( )
7 x 2 − 6 x + 9 + 5 ( x − 3)
109. 1 − 8 x 2 − 9 x 4 = −(9 x 4 + 8 x 2 − 1)
= 7 ( x − 3) + 5 ( x − 3)
2
= −(9 x 2 − 1)( x 2 + 1)
= ( x − 3)  7 ( x − 3) + 5
= −(3x − 1)(3x + 1)( x 2 + 1)
= ( x − 3)( 7 x − 21 + 5 )
110. 4 − 14 x − 8 x = − 2(4 x + 7 x − 2)
2 4 4 2
= ( x − 3)( 7 x − 16 )
= − 2(4 x − 1)( x + 2)
2 2
119. x3 + 2 x 2 − x − 2 = x 2 ( x + 2) − 1( x + 2 )
= − 2(2 x − 1)(2 x + 1)( x 2 + 2)
= ( x + 2)( x 2 − 1)
111. x( x + 3) − 6( x + 3) = ( x + 3)( x − 6) = ( x + 2)( x − 1)( x + 1)
112. 5(3 x − 7) + x(3x − 7) = (3x − 7)( x + 5) 120. x3 − 3x 2 − x + 3 = x 2 ( x − 3) − 1( x − 3)

= ( x − 3)( x 2 − 1)
113. ( x + 2) − 5( x + 2) = ( x + 2) [ ( x + 2) − 5]
2
= ( x − 3)( x − 1)( x + 1)
= ( x + 2)( x − 3)
121. x 4 − x3 + x − 1 = x3 ( x − 1) + 1( x − 1)
114. ( x − 1)2 − 2( x − 1) = ( x − 1) [ ( x − 1) − 2] = ( x − 1)( x3 + 1)
= ( x − 1)( x − 3) = ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1)
115. ( 3x − 2 )3 − 27 122. x 4 + x3 + x + 1 = x3 ( x + 1) + 1( x + 1)
= ( 3x − 2 ) − 33
3
= ( x + 1)( x3 + 1)
= ( 3x − 2 ) − 3 ( 3x − 2 ) + 3 ( 3x − 2 ) + 9 
2
= ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1)
 
(
= ( 3x − 5 ) 9 x 2 − 12 x + 4 + 9 x − 6 + 9 ) = ( x + 1) 2 ( x 2 − x + 1)
= ( 3x − 5 ) ( 9 x 2
− 3x + 7 )
26

123. 2 ( 3x + 4 ) + ( 2 x + 3) ⋅ 2 ( 3x + 4 ) ⋅ 3 130. 3x 2 ( 3 x + 4 ) + x3 ⋅ 2 ( 3x + 4 ) ⋅ 3
2 2
= 2 ( 3 x + 4 ) ( ( 3 x + 4 ) + ( 2 x + 3 ) ⋅ 3) = 3 x 2 ( 3x + 4 ) ( ( 3 x + 4 ) + 2 x )
= 2 ( 3 x + 4 )( 3x + 4 + 6 x + 9 ) = 3 x 2 ( 3x + 4 )( 3x + 4 + 2 x )
= 2 ( 3 x + 4 )( 9 x + 13) = 3 x 2 ( 3x + 4 )( 5 x + 4 )
124. 5 ( 2 x + 1) + ( 5 x − 6 ) ⋅ 2 ( 2 x + 1) ⋅ 2 131. 2 ( 3x − 5 ) ⋅ 3 ( 2 x + 1) + ( 3x − 5) ⋅ 3 ( 2 x + 1) ⋅ 2
2 3 2 2
= ( 2 x + 1) ( 5 ( 2 x + 1) + ( 5 x − 6 ) ⋅ 4 ) = 6 ( 3x − 5)( 2 x + 1)
2
( ( 2 x + 1) + ( 3x − 5) )
= ( 2 x + 1)(10 x + 5 + 20 x − 24 ) = 6 ( 3x − 5)( 2 x + 1) ( 2 x + 1 + 3x − 5 )
2
= ( 2 x + 1)( 30 x − 19 )
= 6 ( 3x − 5)( 2 x + 1) ( 5 x − 4 )
2
125. 2 x ( 2 x + 5 ) + x 2 ⋅ 2 = 2 x ( ( 2 x + 5 ) + x ) 132. 3 ( 4 x + 5) ⋅ 4 ( 5 x + 1) + ( 4 x + 5 ) ⋅ 2 ( 5 x + 1) ⋅ 5
2 2 3
= 2x ( 2x + 5 + x )
= 2 ( 4 x + 5 ) ( 5 x + 1) ( 6 ( 5 x + 1) + 5 ( 4 x + 5 ) )
2
= 2 x ( 3x + 5 )
= 2 ( 4 x + 5 ) ( 5 x + 1)( 30 x + 6 + 20 x + 25 )
2
126. 3x 2 ( 8 x − 3) + x3 ⋅ 8 = x 2 ( 3 ( 8 x − 3) + 8 x ) = 2 ( 4 x + 5 ) ( 5 x + 1)( 50 x + 31)

2
= x 2 ( 24 x − 9 + 8 x ) 133. Factors of 4: 1, 4 2, 2 –1, –4 –2, –2

= x ( 32 x − 9 )
2 Sum: 5 4 –5 –4
None of the sums of the factors is 0, so
x 2 + 4 is prime.
127. 2 ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) + ( x + 3) ⋅ 3 ( x − 2 )
3 2 2
Alternatively, the possibilities are

= ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
2
( 2 ( x − 2 ) + ( x + 3 ) ⋅ 3) ( x ± 1)( x ± 4 ) = x 2 ± 5 x + 4 or
= ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ( 2 x − 4 + 3x + 9 )
2
( x ± 2 )( x ± 2 ) = x 2 ± 4 x + 4 , none of which
= ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ( 5 x + 5 )
2
equals x 2 + 4 .
= 5 ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ( x + 1)
2
134. Factors of 1: 1, 1 –1, –1
Sum: 2 –2
128. 4 ( x + 5 ) ( x − 1) + ( x + 5 ) ⋅ 2 ( x − 1) None of the sums of the factors is 1, so
3 2 4
x 2 + x + 1 is prime.
= 2 ( x + 5)
3
( x − 1) ( 2 ( x − 1) + ( x + 5 ) ) Alternatively, the possibilities are
= 2 ( x + 5) ( x − 1)( 2 x − 2 + x + 5 )
3
( x ± 1)
2
= x 2 ± 2 x + 1 , neither of which equals
= 2 ( x + 5) ( x − 1)( 3x + 3)
3
x2 + x + 1 .
= 2 ⋅ 3 ( x + 5 ) ( x − 1)( x + 1)
3
= 6 ( x + 5 ) ( x − 1)( x + 1)
3
129. ( 4 x − 3 )2 + x ⋅ 2 ( 4 x − 3 ) ⋅ 4
= ( 4 x − 3) ( ( 4 x − 3) + 8 x )
= ( 4 x − 3)( 4 x − 3 + 8 x )
= ( 4 x − 3)(12 x − 3)
= 3 ( 4 x − 3)( 4 x − 1)
27

Chapter R: Review
Section R.6 11. 1 4 0 −3 0 1 0 5

4 4 1 1 2 2
1. quotient; divisor; remainder
4 4 1 1 2 2 7
2. −3 2 0 − 5 1 Quotient: 4 x + 4 x + x + x 2 + 2 x + 2
5 4 3
Remainder: 7
3. True
4. True 12. −1 1 0 5 0 0 − 10
−1 1 − 6 6 − 6
5. 2 1 − 1 2 4
1 − 1 6 − 6 6 − 16
2 2 8
Quotient: x 4 − x3 + 6 x 2 − 6 x + 6
1 1 4 12 Remainder: –16
Quotient: x 2 + x + 4
Remainder: 12 13. −1.1 0.1 0 0.2 0
− 0.11 0.121 − 0.3531
6. −1 1 2 −3 1
0.1 − 0.11 0.321 − 0.3531
−1 −1 4
Quotient: 0.1x 2 − 0.11x + 0.321
1 1 −4 5 Remainder: –0.3531
Quotient: x 2 + x − 4
Remainder: 5 14. − 2.1 0.1 0 − 0.2
− 0.21 0.441
7. 3 3 2 −1 3
0.1 − 0.21 0.241
9 33 96
Quotient: 0.1x − 0.21
3 11 32 99 Remainder: 0.241
Quotient: 3x + 11x + 32
2
Remainder: 99 15. 1 1 0 0 0 0 − 1
1 1 1 1 1
8. − 2 − 4 2 −1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
8 − 20 42
Quotient: x 4 + x3 + x 2 + x + 1
− 4 10 − 21 43 Remainder: 0
Quotient: − 4 x 2 + 10 x − 21
Remainder: 43 16. −1 1 0 0 0 0 1
−1 1 −1 1 −1
9. −3 1 0 −4 0 1 0
1 −1 1 −1 1 0
−3 9 − 15 45 − 138
Quotient: x − x + x − x + 1
4 3 2
1 −3 5 − 15 46 − 138 Remainder: 0
Quotient: x 4 − 3 x3 + 5 x 2 − 15 x + 46
Remainder: − 138 17. 2 4 −3 −8 4
8 10 4
10. 2 1 0 1 0 2 4 5 2 8
2 4 10 20 Remainder = 8 ≠ 0. Therefore, x − 2 is not a
1 2 5 10 22 factor of 4 x3 − 3x 2 − 8 x + 4 .
Quotient: x3 + 2 x 2 + 5 x + 10
Remainder: 22
28

Section R.7: Rational Expressions
18. −3 − 4 5 0 8 24. − 4 1 0 − 16 0 1 0 − 16
12 − 51 153 −4 16 0 0 − 4 16
− 4 17 − 51 161 1 −4 0 0 1 −4 0
Remainder = 161 ≠ 0. Therefore, x + 3 is not a Remainder = 0. Therefore, x + 4 is a factor
factor of −4 x3 + 5 x 2 + 8 . x 6 − 16 x 4 + x 2 − 16 .
19. 2 3 − 6 0 −5 10 25.
1
2 −1 0 2 −1
6 0 0 − 10 2
1 0 0 1
3 0 0 −5 0 2 0 0 2 0
Remainder = 0. Therefore, x − 2 is a factor of
Remainder = 0; therefore x − 12 is a factor of
3x 4 − 6 x3 − 5 x + 10 .
2 x 4 − x3 + 2 x − 1 .
20. 2 4 0 − 15 0 − 4
1
8 16 2 4 26. − 3 1 0 −3 1
3
4 8 1 2 0 −1 0 0 1
Remainder = 0. Therefore, x − 2 is a factor of 3 0 0 −3 2
4 x 4 − 15 x 2 − 4 . Remainder = 2 ≠ 0 ; therefore x + 13 is not a
21. −3 3 0 0 82 0 0 27 factor of 3x 4 + x3 − 3x + 1 .
− 9 27 − 81 − 3 9 − 27
27. − 2 1 − 2 3 5
3 − 9 27 1 −3 9 0 −2 8 − 22
Remainder = 0. Therefore, x + 3 is a factor of
1 − 4 11 − 17
3x 6 + 82 x3 + 27 .
x − 2 x2 + 3x + 5
3
−17
= x 2 − 4 x + 11 +
22. −3 2 0 − 18 0 1 0 −9 x+2 x+2
a + b + c + d = 1 − 4 + 11 − 17 = −9
−6 18 0 0 − 3 9
2 −6 0 0 1 −3 0 28. Answers will vary.
Remainder = 0. Therefore, x + 3 is a factor of
2 x 6 − 18 x 4 + x 2 − 9 .
23. − 4 4 0 − 64 0 1 0 − 15
− 16 64 0 0 − 4 16
4 − 16 0 0 1 −4 1
Remainder = 1 ≠ 0. Therefore, x + 3 is not a
factor of 4 x 6 − 64 x 4 + x 2 − 15 .
Section R.7
1. lowest terms
3. True;
2 x3 − 4 x 2 x x − 2
=
2
( )
2. Least Common Multiple x−2 x−2
29

Chapter R: Review
4. False; 2 x 2 + 5 x − 3 (2 x − 1)( x + 3)
16. = = −( x + 3) = − x − 3
2 x3 + 6 x 2 = 2 x 2 ( x + 3) 1 − 2x −1(2 x − 1)
6 x 4 + 4 x3 = 2 x3 ( 3x + 2 )
3x + 6 x 3( x + 2) x
LCM = 2 x3 ( x + 3)( 3x + 2 ) 17. ⋅ 2 = ⋅
5x 2
x −4 5x2 ( x − 2)( x + 2)
3
3x + 9 3( x + 3) 3 =
5. = = 5 x( x − 2)
x − 9 ( x − 3)( x + 3) x − 3
2
3 x2 3 x 3x
4 x 2 + 8 x 4 x( x + 2) x 18. ⋅ = ⋅ =
6. = = 2 x 6 x + 10 2 2(3x + 5) 4(3 x + 5)
12 x + 24 12( x + 2) 3
4 x 2 x3 − 64
x 2 − 2 x x( x − 2) x 19. ⋅
7. = = x 2 − 16 2x
3x − 6 3( x − 2) 3
=
4 x2
⋅
(
( x − 4 ) x2 + 4 x + 16 )
15 x + 24 x 3 x(5 x + 8) 5 x + 8
2 ( x − 4)( x + 4) 2x
8. = =
3x 2 3x 2 x
=
(
2 x ⋅ 2 x ( x − 4 ) x 2 + 4 x + 16 )
2 x ( x − 4 )( x + 4 )
24 x 2 24 x 2 4x
= =
9.
12 x − 6 x
2 6 x (2 x − 1) 2 x −1
=
(
2 x x + 4 x + 16
2
)
x+4
x 2 + 4 x + 4 ( x + 2) ( x + 2 ) x + 2
10. = =
x2 − 4 ( x − 2)( x + 2) x − 2 12 x3 + 1 12 ( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1)
20. ⋅ = ⋅
x 2 + x 4 x − 2 x( x + 1) 2(2 x − 1)
y 2 − 25 ( y + 5 )( y − 5 ) (
2 ⋅ 6 ( x + 1) x 2 − x + 1 )
11. =
(
2 y − 8 y − 10 2 y 2 − 4 y − 5
2
) =
2 x ( x + 1)( 2 x − 1)
( y + 5 )( y − 5) (
6 x2 − x + 1 )
=
2 ( y − 5 )( y + 1) =
x ( 2 x − 1)
y+5
=
2 ( y + 1) 4 ( x − 2)
4 x − 8 12 12
21. ⋅ = ⋅
−3 x 12 − 6 x −3 x 6(2 − x)
3 y 2 − y − 2 ( 3 y + 2 )( y − 1) y − 1
12. = = 4 ( x − 2)
3 y 2 + 5 y + 2 ( 3 y + 2 )( y + 1) y + 1
2
= ⋅
−3 x ( )( x − 2 )
− 1
x 2 + 4 x − 5 ( x + 5)( x − 1) x + 5 =
8
13. = = 3x
x 2 − 2 x + 1 ( x − 1)( x − 1) x − 1
6 x − 27 2 3( 2x − 9) 2 3
x − x2 − x( x − 1) −x x 22. ⋅ = ⋅ =
14. 2 =
+ −
=
+
=−
+
5x 4 x − 18 5x 2 ( 2 x − 9 ) 5x
x + x−2 ( x 2)( x 1) x 2 x 2
x 2 + 5 x − 14 ( x + 7 )( x − 2 ) x 2 − 3 x − 10 x 2 + 4 x − 21
15. = 23. ⋅
2−x 2−x x 2 + 2 x − 35 x 2 + 9 x + 14
( x + 7 )( x − 2 ) ( x − 5)( x + 2 ) ( x + 7 )( x − 3)
= = ⋅
−1 ( x − 2 ) ( x + 7 )( x − 5) ( x + 7 )( x + 2 )
= − ( x + 7) x−3
=
x+7
= −x − 7
30

x2 + x − 6 x 2 − 25 4− x
24. ⋅ 4 + x = 4 − x ⋅ x − 16
2
x 2 + 4 x − 5 x 2 + 2 x − 15 29.
4x 4+ x 4x
( x − 2 )( x + 3) ( x + 5 )( x − 5 )
= ⋅ x − 16
2
( x + 5 )( x − 1) ( x + 5 )( x − 3)
4 − x ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
( x − 2 )( x + 3)( x − 5 ) = ⋅
= 4+ x 4x
( x + 5 )( x − 1)( x − 3) ( 4 − x )( x − 4 )
=
4x
6x
2
− 4 = 6x ⋅ 2x + 4
( x − 4 )2
25. x =−
3x − 9 x 2 − 4 3x − 9 4x
2x + 4
3+ x
6x 2( x + 2)
3 − x = 3 + x ⋅ 9x
3
= ⋅
( x − 2)( x + 2) 3( x − 3) 30.
x −9 3− x x −9
2 2
4x
= 9 x3
( x − 2)( x − 3)
3+ x 9 x3
= ⋅
12 x 3 − x ( x + 3)( x − 3)
+ 20 = 12 x ⋅ x − 16
2
26. 5 x 9 x3
4 x2 5 x + 20 4 x 2 =
( 3 − x )( x − 3)
x 2 − 16
9 x3
12 x ( x + 4)( x − 4) =
= ⋅ − ( x − 3)
2
5( x + 4) 4 x2
3( x − 4) 9 x3
= =−
5x ( x − 3 )2
8x
x 2 + 7 x + 12
27. x2 − 1 = 8x ⋅ x + 1
x 2 − 7 x + 12 = x + 7 x + 12 ⋅ x − x − 12
2 2
10 x x 2 − 1 10 x 31.
x +1 x 2 + x − 12 x 2 − 7 x + 12 x 2 + x − 12
8x x +1 x − x − 12
2
= ⋅
( x − 1)( x + 1) x10
=
( x + 3)( x + 4) ( x − 4)( x + 3)
⋅
4 ( x − 3)( x − 4) ( x + 4)( x − 3)
=
5 ( x − 1) ( x + 3)2
=
( x − 3) 2
x−2
4x x−2 12 x
28. = ⋅ 2 x2 + 7 x + 6
x − 4x + 4
2 4 x x − 4x + 4
x2 + x − 6 = x + 7 x + 6 ⋅ x + 5x + 6
2 2
12 x 32.
x2 + 5x − 6 x2 + x − 6 x2 + 5x − 6
x−2 12 x
= ⋅ x2 + 5x + 6
4 x ( x − 2 )( x − 2 )
( x + 6)( x + 1) ( x + 2)( x + 3)
3 = ⋅
= ( x + 3)( x − 2) ( x + 6)( x − 1)
x−2
( x + 1)( x + 2)
=
( x − 2)( x − 1)
31

Chapter R: Review
2 x 2 − x − 28 5 x − 4 x + 1 (5 x − 4) − ( x + 1)
42. − =
2 x 2 − x − 28 3 x 2 + 11x + 6 3 x + 4 3x + 4 3x + 4
33. 3 x2 − x − 2 =
2
⋅ 5x − 4 − x − 1
4 x + 16 x + 7 3x 2 − x − 2 4 x 2 + 16 x + 7 =
3x + 4
3 x 2 + 11x + 6
4x − 5
(2 x + 7)( x − 4) (3x + 2)( x + 3) =
= ⋅ 3x + 4
(3x + 2)( x − 1) (2 x + 7)(2 x + 1)
( x − 4)( x + 3) 4 x 4 x 4− x
= 43. + = − =
( x − 1)(2 x + 1) x−2 2− x x−2 x−2 x−2
9 x2 + 3x − 2 6 x 6 x x+6
44. − = + =
9 x 2 + 3 x − 2 8 x 2 − 10 x − 3 x −1 1− x x −1 x −1 x −1
34. 12 x2 + 5 x − 2 =
2
⋅
9 x − 6 x + 1 12 x 2 + 5 x − 2 9 x 2 − 6 x + 1
4 2 4( x + 2) 2( x − 1)
8 x 2 − 10 x − 3 45. − = −
x − 1 x + 2 ( x − 1)( x + 2) ( x + 2)( x − 1)
(3x + 2)(3x − 1) (4 x + 1)(2 x − 3)
= ⋅ 4x + 8 − 2x + 2
(3x + 2)(4 x − 1) (3 x − 1)(3 x − 1) =
( x + 2)( x − 1)
(4 x + 1)(2 x − 3)
= 2 x + 10
(4 x − 1)(3x − 1) =
( x + 2)( x − 1)
x 5 x+5 2( x + 5)
35. + = =
2 2 2 ( x + 2)( x − 1)
3 6 3 − 6 −3 3 2 5 2( x − 5) 5( x + 5)
36. − = = =− 46. − = −
x x x x x x + 5 x − 5 ( x + 5)( x − 5) ( x + 5)( x − 5)
2 x − 10 − 5 x − 25
x2 4 x 2 − 4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) =
( x + 5)( x − 5)
37. − = =
2x − 3 2x − 3 2x − 3 2x − 3
−3x − 35
=
( x + 5)( x − 5)
38.
3x 2
−
9
=
3x 2 − 9 3 x − 3
=
2
( ) 3 x + 35
2x − 1 2x − 1 2x −1 2x −1 =−
( x + 5)( x − 5)
x + 1 2 x − 3 x + 1 + 2 x − 3 3x − 2 2x − 3 x( x − 1) (2 x − 3)( x + 1)
39. + = = x
+ = +
x−3 x −3 x−3 x−3 47.
x + 1 x − 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1)
2 x − 5 x + 4 2 x − 5 + x + 4 3x − 1 x2 − x + 2 x2 − x − 3
40. + = = =
3 x + 2 3x + 2 3x + 2 3x + 2 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
3x 2 − 2 x − 3
3 x + 5 2 x − 4 (3x + 5) − (2 x − 4) =
41. − = ( x − 1)( x + 1)
2x −1 2x −1 2x −1
3x + 5 − 2 x + 4 3 x( x + 3) 2 x ( x − 4)
= 3x
+
2x
= +
2x −1 48.
x − 4 x + 3 ( x − 4)( x + 3) ( x − 4)( x + 3)
x+9
= 3x2 + 9 x + 2 x2 − 8 x
2x −1 =
( x − 4)( x + 3)
5 x2 + x
=
( x − 4)( x + 3)
x ( 5 x + 1)
=
( x − 4)( x + 3)
32

49.
x − 3 x + 4 ( x − 3)( x − 2) ( x + 4)( x + 2)
− = −
x + 2 x − 2 ( x + 2)( x − 2) ( x − 2)( x + 2)
( )
55. x3 − x = x x 2 − 1 = x ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x − x = x ( x − 1)
2
x 2 − 5 x + 6 − ( x 2 + 6 x + 8)
= Therefore, LCM = x ( x + 1)( x − 1) .
( x + 2)( x − 2)
x − 5x + 6 − x − 6x − 8
2 2
=
( x + 2)( x − 2) (
56. 3x 2 − 27 = 3 x 2 − 9 = 3 ( x + 3)( x − 3))
−11x − 2 −(11x + 2) 2 x − x − 15 = ( 2 x + 5)( x − 3)
2
= or
( x + 2)( x − 2) ( x + 2)( x − 2) Therefore, LCM = 3 ( 2 x + 5)( x − 3)( x + 3) .
2 x − 3 2 x + 1 (2 x − 3)( x + 1) (2 x + 1)( x − 1)
50.
x −1
−
x +1
=
( x − 1)( x + 1)
−
( x + 1)( x − 1) (
57. 4 x3 − 4 x 2 + x = x 4 x 2 − 4 x + 1 )
2 x 2 − x − 3 − (2 x 2 − x − 1) = x ( 2 x − 1)( 2 x − 1)
=
( x + 1)( x − 1) 2 x − x = x ( 2 x − 1)
3 2 2
2x − x − 3 − 2x + x + 1
2 2
x3
=
( x + 1)( x − 1)
Therefore, LCM = x3 ( 2 x − 1) .
2
−2
=
( x + 1)( x − 1) 58. x − 3
2
=− x 2 + 3x = x ( x + 3)
( x + 1)( x − 1)
( )
x3 − 9 x = x x 2 − 9 = x ( x + 3)( x − 3)
x 1 x2 + x 2 − 4
51. 2 + = Therefore, LCM = x ( x + 3)( x − 3) .
x −4 x x x2 − 4 ( )
=
2 x2 − 4 ( )
59. x3 − x = x x 2 − 1 = x ( x + 1)( x − 1)
(
x x −4 2
) x − 2 x + x = x ( x − 2 x + 1) = x ( x − 1)
3 2 2 2
=
(
2 x2 − 2 ) x − 1 = ( x − 1) ( x + x + 1)
3 2
x ( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
Therefore, LCM = x ( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + x + 1) .
2 2
x −1
+
x
=
(
( x − 1) x2 + 1 + x 4 )
52. 60. x 2 + 4 x + 4 = ( x + 2 )
2
x3 x2 + 1 x3 x 2 + 1 ( )
x3 + 2 x 2 = x 2 ( x + 2 )
x3 − x 2 + x − 1 + x 4
=
(
x3 x 2 + 1 ) ( x + 2 )3
Therefore, LCM = x 2 ( x + 2 ) .
3
x 4 + x3 − x 2 + x − 1
=
(
x3 x 2 + 1 ) x x
61. −
x 2 − 7 x + 6 x 2 − 2 x − 24
53. x 2 − 4 = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) x x
= −
x 2 − x − 2 = ( x + 1)( x − 2 ) ( x − 6)( x − 1) ( x − 6)( x + 4)
Therefore, LCM = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )( x + 1) . x( x + 4) x( x − 1)
= −
( x − 6)( x − 1)( x + 4) ( x − 6)( x + 4)( x − 1)
54. x 2 − x − 12 = ( x + 3)( x − 4 ) x2 + 4 x − x2 + x 5x
= =
x 2 − 8 x + 16 = ( x − 4 )( x − 4 ) ( x − 6)( x + 4)( x − 1) ( x − 6)( x + 4)( x − 1)
Therefore, LCM = ( x + 3 )( x − 4 ) .
2
33

Chapter R: Review
x x +1 2 6
62. − 66. −
x − 3 x 2 + 5 x − 24 ( x + 2) 2
( x − 1) ( x + 2 )( x − 1) 2
x x +1
= − 2 ( x − 1) − 6 ( x + 2 )
( x − 3) ( x − 3)( x + 8) =
x( x + 8) x +1 ( x + 2 )2 ( x − 1)2
= − 2 x − 2 − 6 x − 12
( x − 3)( x + 8) ( x − 3)( x + 8) =
x2 + 8x − x − 1 x2 + 7 x − 1 ( x + 2 )2 ( x − 1)2
= =
( x − 3)( x + 8) ( x − 3)( x + 8) −4 x − 14
=
( x + 2 )2 ( x − 1)2
4x 2
63. − 2 −2 ( 2 x + 7 )
x −4 x + x−6
2
=
4x 2 ( x + 2 )2 ( x − 1)2
= −
( x − 2)( x + 2) ( x + 3)( x − 2)
4 x( x + 3) 2( x + 2) x+4 2x + 3
= − 67. −
( x − 2)( x + 2)( x + 3) ( x + 3)( x − 2)( x + 2) x2 − x − 2 x2 + 2x − 8
x+4 2x + 3
4 x 2 + 12 x − 2 x − 4 = −
= ( x − 2)( x + 1) ( x + 4)( x − 2)
( x − 2)( x + 2)( x + 3)
( x + 4)( x + 4) (2 x + 3)( x + 1)
4 x 2 + 10 x − 4 = −
= ( x − 2)( x + 1)( x + 4) ( x + 4)( x − 2)( x + 1)
( x − 2)( x + 2)( x + 3)
x 2 + 8 x + 16 − (2 x 2 + 5 x + 3)
2(2 x 2 + 5 x − 2) =
= ( x − 2)( x + 1)( x + 4)
( x − 2)( x + 2)( x + 3)
− x 2 + 3x + 13
=
3x x−4 3x x−4 ( x − 2)( x + 1)( x + 4)
64. − = −
x − 1 x 2 − 2 x + 1 ( x − 1) ( x − 1)2
2x − 3 x−2
3x( x − 1) x−4 68. −
= − x 2 + 8 x + 7 ( x + 1)2
( x − 1)( x − 1) ( x − 1)2
2x − 3 x−2
= −
3x 2 − 3 x − x + 4 ( x + 1)( x + 7) ( x + 1)2
=
( x − 1)2 (2 x − 3)( x + 1) ( x − 2)( x + 7)
= −
3x 2 − 4 x + 4 ( x + 1)( x + 7)( x + 1) ( x + 1)2 ( x + 7)
=
( x − 1)2 2 x 2 − x − 3 − ( x 2 + 5 x − 14)
=
( x + 1) 2 ( x + 7)
3 2
65. +
x 2 − 6 x + 11
( x − 1) 2
( x + 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1) 2
=
( x + 1) 2 ( x + 7)
3 ( x + 1) + 2 ( x − 1)
=
( x − 1)2 ( x + 1)2
3x + 3 + 2 x − 2
=
( x − 1)2 ( x + 1)2
5x + 1
=
( x − 1)2 ( x + 1)2
34

69.
1
−
2
+
3 1 1 1 
x x 2 + x x3 − x 2 72.  − 
h  ( x + h) 2 x 2 
1 2 3
= − + 1  1⋅ x2 1( x + h) 2 
x x ( x + 1) x 2 ( x − 1) =  − 
h  ( x + h) 2 x 2 x 2 ( x + h) 2 
x ( x + 1)( x − 1) − 2 x ( x − 1) + 3 ( x + 1)
= 1  x 2 − ( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 ) 
x 2 ( x + 1)( x − 1) =  
h x 2 ( x + h) 2 
=
( )
x x2 − 1 − 2 x2 + 2 x + 3x + 3
− 2 x h − h2
x 2
( x + 1)( x − 1) =
hx 2 ( x + h)2
x3 − x − 2 x 2 + 5x + 3 h( − 2 x − h)
= = 2
x 2 ( x + 1)( x − 1) hx ( x + h)2
x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x + 3 − 2x − h
= = 2
x 2 ( x + 1)( x − 1) x ( x + h) 2
2x + h
=− 2
x 2 x +1 x ( x + h) 2
70. + −
( x − 1) 2 x x3 − x 2
x 2 x +1 1  x + 1   x +1
= + − 1+    
( x − 1) 2 x x 2 ( x − 1) 73. x =  x x  =  x  = x +1 ⋅ x = x +1
1  x 1   x −1  x x −1 x −1
1− −
x 3 + 2 x ( x − 1) − ( x + 1)( x − 1) x  x x   x 
2
=
x 2 ( x − 1)
2
 4 x2 1   4 x2 + 1 
=
(
x3 + 2 x x 2 − 2 x + 1 − x 2 − 1 ) ( ) 4+
1
 2 + 2 
x2 =  x x   x2 

74. =
x 2 ( x − 1)
2
3 − 2  3x − 1   3x − 1 
1 2 2
x 3 + 2 x3 − 4 x 2 + 2 x − x 2 + 1 x  x
2
x   x2 
2
=
x 2 ( x − 1)
2
4 x2 + 1 x2
= ⋅ 2
3x3 − 5 x 2 + 2 x + 1 x2 3x − 1
=
x 2 ( x − 1)
2 4x + 1
2
= 2
3x − 1
1 1 1  1  1⋅ x 1( x + h) 
 − =  −
h  x + h x  h  ( x + h) x x( x + h)  x +1 2x x + 1 2x − x −1
71.
2− −
75. x = x x = x
1 x−x−h x − 1 3 ( x + 1) x − 1 3x + 3 + x − 1
=  3+
h  x( x + h)  x +1 x +1
+
x +1 x +1
−h x −1
=
hx( x + h) x −1 x +1
= x = ⋅
−1 4x + 2 x 2 ( 2 x + 1)
= x +1
x ( x + h)
( x − 1)( x + 1)
=
2 x ( 2 x + 1)
35

Chapter R: Review
x  x +1 − x   1  x − 2 x −1
1−  x +1 x +1   x +1  +
+ 2 x +1
= = 
x + 1 79. x
76. x 2x − 3
x −1  −
2 x x − 1   x + 1  −
2−  x
x  x   x 
 
x +1 x
 ( x − 2)( x + 1) ( x − 1)( x + 2) 
=
1
⋅
x  ( x + 2)( x + 1) + ( x + 1)( x + 2) 
x +1 x +1 = 
x  x2 (2 x − 3)( x + 1) 
=  ( x + 1)( x) − x( x + 1) 
( x + 1)2 
 x2 − x − 2 + x2 + x − 2 
x + 4 x −3  ( x + 2)( x + 1) 
−  
77. x − 2 x + 1 =
x +1  x − (2 x − x − 3) 
2 2
 x( x + 1) 
 ( x + 4)( x + 1) ( x − 3)( x − 2)   
 ( x − 2)( x + 1) − ( x + 1)( x − 2) 
=   2 x2 − 4 
 ( x + 2)( x + 1) 
x +1
 x 2 + 5 x + 4 − ( x 2 − 5 x + 6)  = 
   − x2 + x + 3 
( x − 2)( x + 1)  x( x + 1) 
=   
x +1
10 x − 2 2( x 2 − 2) x( x + 1)
= ⋅
1 = ⋅
( x − 2)( x + 1) x + 1 ( x + 2)( x + 1) −( x 2 − x − 3)
2(5 x − 1) 2 x( x 2 − 2)
= =
( x − 2)( x + 1) 2 −( x + 2)( x 2 − x − 3)
−2 x( x 2 − 2)
x−2 x =
− ( x + 2)( x 2 − x − 3)
78. x + 1 x − 2
x+3
 ( x − 2)( x − 2) x( x + 1) 
 ( x + 1)( x − 2) − ( x − 2)( x + 1) 
= 
x+3
 x 2 − 4 x + 4 − ( x 2 + x) 
 ( x − 2)( x + 1) 
= 
x+3
−5 x + 4 1
= ⋅
( x − 2)( x + 1) x + 3
−5 x + 4
=
( x − 2)( x + 1)( x + 3)
− ( 5x − 4)
=
( x − 2)( x + 1)( x + 3)
36

2x + 5 x 2 2 3 ( x − 1)
− −1 +3 +
80. x x − 3 2 ( x − 1) + 3 x − 1 x − 1 x −1
83. = =
x2
−
( x + 1)2 −1
3 ( x − 1) + 2 3
+2 3
+
2 ( x − 1)
x −3 x+3 x −1 x −1 x −1
 (2 x + 5)( x − 3) x( x)  2 + 3 ( x − 1)
 −
 x( x − 3) x( x − 3) 
= = x −1
 x 2 ( x + 3) ( x − 3)( x + 1)2  3 + 2 ( x − 1)
 ( x − 3)( x + 3) − ( x − 3)( x + 3) 
  x −1
 2 x − x − 15 − x 
2 2 2 + 3 ( x − 1) x −1
  = ⋅
 x( x − 3)  x −1 3 + 2 ( x − 1)
=
 x3 + 3 x 2 − ( x3 − x 2 − 5 x − 3)  2 + 3 ( x − 1) 2 + 3x − 3
  = =
 ( x − 3)( x + 3)  3 + 2 ( x − 1) 3 + 2x − 2
 x 2 − x − 15  3x − 1
=
 x( x − 3)  2x + 1
=  
 4 x2 + 5x + 3 
 ( x − 3)( x + 3)  4 4 3( x + 2)
 
−1
4 ( x + 2) − 3 −3 −
84. = x+2 = x+2 x+2
=
x 2 − x − 15 ( x − 3)( x + 3)
⋅
−1
3( x + 2) − 1 3
−1 3
−
1 ( x + 2)
x( x − 3) 4 x 2 + 5 x + 3 x+2 x+2 x+2
( x 2 − x − 15)( x + 3) 4 − 3( x + 2)
=
x(4 x 2 + 5 x + 3) = x+2
3 − ( x + 2)
1 1 x+2
81. 1 − = 1−
1 x −1 4 − 3( x + 2) x+2
1− = ⋅
x x x+2 3 − ( x + 2)
x
= 1− 4 − 3( x + 2) 4 − 3x − 6
x −1 = =
x −1 − x 3 − ( x + 2) 3− x − 2
=
x −1 −3x − 2 3x + 2
= =
−1 −x +1 x −1
=
x −1
( 2 x + 3) ⋅ 3 − ( 3x − 5 ) ⋅ 2 6 x + 9 − 6 x + 10
1 1 1 85. =
82. 1 −
1
= 1−
1− x −1
= 1−
−x ( 3x − 5)2 ( 3 x − 5 )2
1−
1− x 1− x 1− x =
19
= 1−
1− x
= 1+
1− x ( 3 x − 5 )2
−x x
x +1− x ( 4 x + 1) ⋅ 5 − ( 5 x − 2 ) ⋅ 4 20 x + 5 − 20 x + 8
= 86. =
x
1
( 5 x − 2 )2 ( 5x − 2 )2
= 13
x =
( 5x − 2 )2
37

Chapter R: Review
87.
(
x ⋅ 2 x − x 2 + 1 ⋅1 ) =
2 x2 − x2 − 1
92.
(x 2
)
+ 9 ⋅ 2 − ( 2 x − 5) ⋅ 2 x
=
2 x 2 + 18 − 4 x 2 + 10 x
(x ) (x ) (x ) (x )
2 2 2 2
2
+1 2
+1 2
+9 2
+9
x2 − 1 −2 x 2 + 10 x + 18
= =
(x ) (x )
2 2
2
+1 2
+9
( x − 1)( x + 1) −2 ( x 2
− 5x − 9 )
= =
(x )
2
+1
(x )
2 2
2
+9
(
x ⋅ 2 x − x 2 − 4 ⋅1 ) =
2 x2 − x2 + 4
=
x2 + 4 1  1
= (n − 1)  +
1 
88. 93. 
(x ) (x ) (x )  1 2 
2 2 2 f R R
2
−4 2
−4 2
−4
1  R + R1 
x +42 = (n − 1)  2 
= f  R1 ⋅ R2 
( x + 2) 2
( x − 2 )2 R1 ⋅ R2
= (n − 1) ( R2 + R1 )
f
( 3x + 1) ⋅ 2 x − x2 ⋅ 3 6 x 2 + 2 x − 3 x2
89. = f
=
1
( 3x + 1)2 ( 3x + 1)2 R1 ⋅ R2 (n − 1) ( R2 + R1 )
3x 2 + 2 x R1 ⋅ R2
= f =
( 3x + 1) 2
(n − 1) ( R2 + R1 )
x ( 3x + 2 ) f =
0.1(0.2)
= (1.5 − 1)(0.2 + 0.1)
( 3x + 1)2
0.02 0.02 2
= = = meters
0.5(0.3) 0.15 15
( 2 x − 5 ) ⋅ 3x 2 − x3 ⋅ 2 6 x3 − 15 x 2 − 2 x3
90. =
( 2 x − 5)2 ( 2 x − 5 )2 94.
1
=
1
+
1
+
1 R R + R1 R3 + R1 R2
= 2 3
R R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
4 x3 − 15 x 2
= R1 R2 R3
( 2 x − 5)2 R=
R2 R3 + R1 R3 + R1 R2
x 2 ( 4 x − 15 )
= 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅10
=
( 2 x − 5 )2 4 ⋅10 + 5 ⋅10 + 5 ⋅ 4
200 20
= = ohms
91.
(x 2
)
+ 1 ⋅ 3 − (3x + 4) ⋅ 2 x
=
3x 2 + 3 − 6 x 2 − 8 x
110 11
(x ) (x )
2 2
2
+1 2
+1
−3 x 2 − 8 x + 3
=
( x + 1) 2 2
− ( 3 x + 8 x − 3) 2
=
( x + 1) 2 2
( 3x − 1)( x + 3)
=−
(x )
2
2
+1
38

Section R.8: nth Roots; Rational Exponents
1 x +1
95. 1 +
x
=
x
 a = 1, b = 1, c = 0 6. False; 4
( −3)4 = −3 = 3
1 1 x
1+ = 1+ = 1+
1  x + 1  x +1 7. 3
27 = 3 33 = 3
1+  x 
x  
x +1 + x 2x +1 8. 4
16 = 4 24 = 2
= =
x +1 x +1
 a = 2, b = 1, c = 1 9. 3
−8 = 3
( −2 )3 = −2
1 1 x +1
1+ = 1+ = 1+ 10. 3
−1 = 3
( −1)3 = −1
1  2x +1  2x + 1
1+  x +1 
1+
1  
x 11. 8 = 4⋅2 = 2 2
2 x + 1 + x + 1 3x + 2
= =
2x +1 2x +1 12. 3
54 = 3 27 ⋅ 2 = 3 3 2
 a = 3, b = 2, c = 1
3
13. −8 x 4 = 3 −8 x3 ⋅ x = −2 x 3 x
1 1 2x +1
1+ = 1+ = 1+
1  3x + 2  3x + 2
1+  2x + 1  14. 4
48 x5 = 4 16 x 4 ⋅ 3x = 2 x 4 3 x
1+
1  
1
1+
x
3x + 2 + 2 x + 1 5 x + 3
15. 4
x12 y8 = 4
(x ) ( y )
3 4 2 4
= x3 y 2
= =
3x + 2 3x + 2
 a = 5, b = 3, c = 2 16. 5
x10 y 5 = 5
(x )
2 5
y5 = x 2 y
If we continue this process, the values of a, b and
c produce the following sequences:
a :1, 2,3,5,8,13, 21,.... x9 y 7 4 8 4
17. 4 = x y = x2 y
b :1,1, 2,3,5,8,13, 21,..... xy 3
c : 0,1,1, 2,3,5,8,13, 21,.....
In each case we have a Fibonacci Sequence, 3xy 2 1 3
1 1
where the next value in the list is obtained from 18. 3
4 2
=3 3
= =
81x y 27 x 3
27 x 3 3 x
the sum of the previous 2 values in the list.
96. Answers will vary. 19. 36 x = 6 x
97. Answers will vary. 20. 9 x5 = 3 x 4 ⋅ x = 3 x 2 x
21. 3 x 2 12 x = 36 x 2 ⋅ x = 6 x x
Section R.8
22. 5 x 20 x3 = 100 x 4 = 10 x 2
1. 9; −9
( ) = ( 5) ( 9)
2 2 2
2. 4; −4 = 4 23. 539 3
= 5 ⋅ 3 92 = 5 3 81 = 5 ⋅ 3 3 3 = 15 3 3
3. index
( ) = ( 3 ) ( 10 )
4 4 4
4. True 24. 3
3 10 3
5. cube root = 3 34 ⋅102 = 3 3 3 ⋅100 = 300 3 3
39

Chapter R: Review
25. ( 3 6 )( 2 2 ) = 6 12 = 6 4 ⋅ 3 = 12 3 36. ( x+ 5 ) = ( x)
2 2
+2 ( x )( 5 ) + ( 5 )
2
= x + 2 5x + 5
26. ( 5 8 )( −3 3 ) = −15 24 = −30 6
3
37. 16 x 4 − 3 2 x = 3 8 x3 ⋅ 2 x − 3 2 x
27. 3 2 + 4 2 = ( 3 + 4 ) 2 = 7 2
= 2x 3 2x − 3 2x
28. 6 5 − 4 5 = ( 6 − 4 ) 5 = 2 5 = ( 2 x − 1) 3 2 x
29. − 18 + 2 8 = − 9 ⋅ 2 + 2 4 ⋅ 2 38. 4
32 x + 4 2 x5 = 4 16 ⋅ 2 x + 4 x 4 ⋅ 2 x
= −3 2 + 4 2 = 2 4 2x + x 4 2x
= ( −3 + 4 ) 2 = ( 2 + x ) 4 2 x or ( x + 2) 4 2x
= 2
39. 8 x3 − 3 50 x = 4 x 2 ⋅ 2 x − 3 25 ⋅ 2 x
30. 2 12 − 3 27 = 2 4 ⋅ 3 − 3 9 ⋅ 3 = 2 x 2 x − 15 2 x
= 4 3 −9 3 = ( 2 x − 15) 2 x
= ( 4 − 9) 3
40. 3x 9 y + 4 25 y = 9 x y + 20 y
= −5 3
= ( 9 x + 20 ) y
( )( ) ( 3)
2
31. 3 +3 3 −1 = +3 3 − 3 −3
41. 3
16 x 4 y − 3x 3 2 xy + 5 3 −2 xy 4
= 3+ 2 3 −3
= 3 8 x3 ⋅ 2 xy − 3x 3 2 xy + 5 3 − y 3 ⋅ 2 xy
=2 3
= 2 x 3 2 xy − 3 x 3 2 xy − 5 y 3 2 xy
( )( ) ( 5)
2
32. 5−2 5 +3 = −2 5 +3 5 −6 = ( 2 x − 3x − 5 y ) 3 2 xy
= 5+ 5 −6 = ( − x − 5 y ) 3 2 xy or − ( x + 5 y ) 3 2 xy
= 5 −1
42. 8 xy − 25 x 2 y 2 + 3 8 x3 y 3 = 8 xy − 5 xy + 2 xy
33. 5 3 2 − 2 3 54 = 5 3 2 − 2 ⋅ 3 3 2 = ( 8 − 5 + 2 ) xy
= 53 2 −63 2 = 5 xy
= (5 − 6) 23
1 1 2 2
= −3 2 43. = ⋅ =
2 2 2 2
34. 9 3 24 − 3 81 = 9 ⋅ 2 3 3 − 3 3 3
2 2 3 2 3
44. = ⋅ =
= 18 3 3 − 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
= (18 − 3) 3 3
− 3 − 3 5 − 15
= 15 3 3 45. = ⋅ =
5 5 5 5
( ) = ( x)
2 2
35. x −1 − 2 x +1 − 3 − 3 − 3 2 − 6 − 6
46. = = ⋅ = =
= x − 2 x +1 8 2 2 2 2 2 2⋅2 4
40

3 5+ 2
3 x+h + x−h
47. = ⋅ 54.
5− 2 5− 2 5+ 2 x+h − x−h
=
(
3 5+ 2 ) =
x+h + x−h x+h + x−h
⋅
25 − 2 x+h − x−h x+h + x−h
=
(
3 5+ 2 ) 5 3+ 6 =
( x + h ) + 2 ( x − h )( x + h ) + ( x − h )
23
or
23 ( x + h) − ( x − h)
x + h + 2 x2 − h2 + x − h
2 2 7 −2 =
48. = ⋅ x+h−x+h
7 +2 7 +2 7 −2
2x + 2 x2 − h2
=
2 ( 7 −2 ) =
2h
7−4 x + x2 − h2
=
=
2 ( 7 −2 ) or
14 − 2 2 h
3 3
( 8)
2
55. 82 / 3 = 3
= 22 = 4
2− 5 2− 5 2−3 5
49. = ⋅
2+3 5 2+3 5 2−3 5
( 4)
3
56. 43/ 2 = = 23 = 8
4 − 2 5 − 6 5 + 15
=
4 − 45
19 − 8 5 8 5 − 19
57. ( −27 )1/ 3 = 3 −27 = −3
= =
−41 41
( 16 )
3
58. 163/ 4 = 4
= 23 = 8
3 −1 3 −1 2 3 − 3
50. = ⋅
2 3 +3 2 3 +3 2 3 −3
( 16 )
3
59. 163/ 2 = = 43 = 64
6−2 3 −3 3 +3 9−5 3
= =
12 − 9 3
( )
3
60. 253/ 2 = 25 = 53 = 125
3 3
5 5 4 5 4
51. 3
= ⋅ =
2 32 34 2 1 1 1 1
61. 9−3/ 2 = = = =
93 / 2
( 9)
3
33 27
−2 −2 3 3 −2 3 3
52. = ⋅ =
3
9 39 33 3
1 1 1 1
62. 16−3/ 2 = = = =
163/ 2
( 16 )
3 3 64
x+h − x x+h − x x+h − x 4
53. = ⋅
x+h + x x+h + x x+h − x
3
( x + h) − 2 x ( x + h) + x
3
9
3/ 2
 9  3  33
= 63.   =  =  =
( x + h) − x 8
( )
3
 8 2 2 23 2
x + h − 2 x 2 + xh + x
= =
27
=
27
=
27
⋅
2
x+h−x
8 ⋅ 2 2 16 2 16 2 2
2 x + h − 2 x 2 + xh
= =
27 2
h 32
2
 27 
2/3
 27   3 2 9
64.   =3  =  =
 8   8  2 4
41

Chapter R: Review
(16 x y ) ( ) (y )
−3/ 2 3
3/ 2
 9  3 
3 2 −1/ 3 3/ 4 3/ 4 −1/ 3 3/ 4
8 9 163/ 4 x 2
65.   =  =  =  73. =
9 8  8 2 2
33 27 27
( xy ) 2 1/ 4
x (y ) 1/ 4 2 1/ 4
= = =
( 16 ) x y
3
3/ 2 −1/ 4
( )
4
2 3
2
3
8 ⋅ 2 2 16 2
=
x1/ 4 y1/ 2
27 2 27 2
= ⋅ = = 23 x3/ 2 −1/ 4 y −1/ 4 −1/ 2
16 2 2 32
= 8 x5 / 4 y −3/ 4
−2 / 3 2
 8   27 
2/3
 27  3
2
9 8 x5 / 4
66.   =  =3  =  = =
 27   8   8   
2 4 y 3/ 4
67. x3/ 4 x1/ 3 x −1/ 2 = x3 4 +1/ 3 −1/ 2 = x 7 /12

( 4x )
−1 1/ 3 3/ 2
( ) (y )
3/ 2 1/ 3 3/ 2
y 43/ 2 x −1
74. =
68. x 2 / 3 x1/ 2 x −1/ 4 = x 2 / 3 +1/ 2 −1/ 4 = x11/12 ( xy )3/ 2 x3/ 2 y 3/ 2
( 4)
3
x −3/ 2 y1/ 2
69. (x y )
3 6 1/ 3
( ) (y )
= x 3 1/ 3 6 1/ 3
= xy 2
=
x3/ 2 y 3 / 2
= 23 x −3/ 2 −3/ 2 y1/ 2 −3/ 2
(x y )
4 8 3/ 4
( ) (y )
3/ 4 8 3/ 4
70. = x4 = x3 y 6
= 8 x −3 y −1
( x y ) ( xy ) (x ) ( y )1/ 3 ( x )2 / 3 ( y 2 )
1/ 3 2 2/3 2 1/ 3 2/3 8
2 =
71. = x3 y
x2 / 3 y2 / 3 x2 / 3 y2 / 3
x + 2 (1 + x ) (1 + x )
1/ 2 1/ 2
x 2 / 3 y1/ 3 x 2 / 3 y 4 / 3 x
= + 2 (1 + x ) =
1/ 2
75.
x2 / 3 y2 / 3 (1 + x)1/ 2
(1 + x)1/ 2
= x 2 / 3 + 2 / 3− 2 / 3 y1/ 3 + 4 / 3− 2 / 3 x + 2 (1 + x )
=
=x 2/3 1
y =x 2/3
y (1 + x)1/ 2
x + 2 + 2x
=
( xy )1/ 4 ( x2 y 2 ) ( ) (y )
1/ 2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
x1/ 4 y1/ 4 x 2 (1 + x)1/ 2
72. = 3x + 2
( ) (x ) y
3/ 4 2 3/ 4
x2 y 3/ 4 =
(1 + x)1/ 2
x1/ 4 y1/ 4 xy
=
x3/ 2 y 3 / 4 1+ x 1 + x + x1/ 2 ⋅ 2 x1/ 2
76. 1/ 2
+ x1/ 2 =
= x1/ 4 +1−3/ 2 y1/ 4 +1−3/ 4 2x 2 x1/ 2
1 + x + 2 x 3x + 1
y1/ 2 = = 1/ 2
= x −1/ 4 y1/ 2 = 2 x1/ 2 2x
x1/ 4
42

( ) ( )
−1/ 2
77. 2 x x 2 + 1
1/ 2
+ x2 ⋅
1 2
x +1 ⋅ 2x
3
8x + 1 3
x−2 1
2 80. + , x ≠ 2, x ≠ −
8
x3
3 3
( x − 2) 2
24 3
( 8 x + 1) 2
( )
1/ 2
= 2x x + 1 2
+
(x ) 8 3 8 x + 1 ⋅ 3 ( 8 x + 1) + 3 x − 2 ⋅ 3 ( x − 2 )
1/ 2 2 2
2
+1
=
(
2x x2 + 1) ⋅ ( x + 1) + x
1/ 2 2 1/ 2 3 24 3
( x − 2 )2 ⋅ 3 (8 x + 1)2
=
( x + 1) 2 1/ 2 8 3
( 8 x + 1)3 + 3 ( x − 2 )3
=
( x − 2 )2 ⋅ 3 ( 8 x + 1)2
3
2 x ( x + 1) 2x ( x )
1/ 2 +1/ 2 1 24
2
+x 3 2
+1 + x 3
= = 8 ( 8 x +1) + x − 2
( x + 1) (x + 1) =
2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
24 3 ( x − 2 ) ( 8 x + 1)
2 2
2 x 3 + 2 x + x3 3 x3 + 2 x 64 x + 8 + x − 2
= = =
( x + 1) (x )
1/ 2 1/ 2
2 2
+1 24 3
( x − 2 )2 ( 8 x + 1)2
x ( 3x + 2 ) 2
65 x + 6
= =
( x + 1)
2 1/ 2
24 3
( x − 2 )2 ( 8 x + 1)2
1  1   x 
78. ( x + 1)1/ 3 + x ⋅ 3 ( x + 1)−2 / 3 , x ≠ −1  1+ x − x ⋅
+
  1+ x − 
+x
81.  =
2 1 x 2 1
x 1+ x 1+ x
= ( x + 1)
1/ 3
+
3 ( x + 1)
2/3  2 1+ x 1+ x − x 
 
 2 1+ x 
3 ( x + 1) ( x + 1)1/ 3 + x
2/3
=
= 1+ x
3 ( x + 1)
2/3
2(1 + x) − x 1
= ⋅
3 ( x + 1)
2 / 3+1/ 3
+ x 3 ( x + 1) + x
1
2(1 + x)1/ 2 1 + x
= =
3 ( x + 1)
2/3
3 ( x + 1)
2/3 2+ x
=
2(1 + x)3/ 2
3x + 3 + x 4x + 3
= =
3 ( x + 1) 3 ( x + 1)
2/3 2/3
 2 2x 
 x + 1 − x ⋅ 
1 1  2 x2 + 1 
79. 4x + 3 ⋅ + x−5⋅ ,x >5 82.
2 x−5 5 4x + 3 x2 + 1
4x + 3 x −5  2 x2 
= +  x + 1 − 
2 x − 5 5 4x + 3  x2 + 1 
=
4x + 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4x + 3 + x − 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x − 5 x2 + 1
=
10 x − 5 4 x + 3  2 x2 + 1 x2 
 x +1⋅ − 
5 ( 4 x + 3) + 2 ( x − 5)  x2 + 1 x 2 + 1 
= = 
10 ( x − 5 )( 4 x + 3) x2 + 1
20 x + 15 + 2 x − 10  x 2 + 1 − x2 
=  
10 ( x − 5 )( 4 x + 3) x2 + 1
= = 1 1
⋅
22 x + 5 x2 + 1 x +1 x +1
2 2
=
10 ( x − 5 )( 4 x + 3) 1
=
(x )
3/ 2
2
+1
43

Chapter R: Review
( x + 4 )1/ 2 − 2 x ( x + 4 )−1/ 2 x2
− x2 − 1( )
1/ 2
83.
(x )
1/ 2
x+4 2
−1
  85. , x < −1 or x > 1
 ( x + 4) −
1/ 2 2x
 x2
 ( x + 4 ) 
1/ 2
= 
x+4
 (
 x 2 − x 2 − 1 1/ 2 ⋅ x 2 − 1 1/ 2
) ( ) 

 
( )
1/ 2
   x2 − 1 
1/ 2 ( x + 4 )  
1/ 2
2x =
 ( x + 4) ⋅ − 
 ( x + 4)1/ 2
( x + 4 ) 
1/ 2 x2
= 
) ⋅( x ( )
1/ 2 1/ 2
x+4 x2 − x2 − 1 2
−1 1
= ⋅
 x + 4 − 2x 
( x − 1)
1/ 2
2 x2
 
 ( x + 4 )1/ 2 
=  x − ( x − 1) 1
2 2
x+4 = ⋅
( x − 1) x
1/ 2 2
−x + 4 1 2
= ⋅
1/ 2 x + 4
( x + 4) x2 − x2 + 1 1
−x + 4 = ⋅ 2
( )
1/ 2
= x2 − 1 x
( x + 4 )3/ 2
1
4−x =
=
(x )
1/ 2
( x + 4 )3/ 2 x 2 2
−1
(x ) ( )
−1/ 2
(9 − x ) ( )
−1/ 2 1/ 2
2 1/ 2 2
+4 − x2 x2 + 4
+ x2 9 − x 2
84. , −3 < x < 3 86.
9 − x2 x2 + 4
 2 
 
( ) x2
1/ 2
 x +4 − 
( )
2
 9 − x2 1/ 2 x 
(x )
1/ 2
 +  2
+4 
2 1/ 2 


9− x( 
 ) =
x +42

9−x 2
 x2 + 4
( ) ( ) − x 2 
1/ 2 1/ 2
⋅ x2 + 4
 9 − x2
( ) ( ) + x  
1/ 2 2 1/ 2
 ⋅ 9− x 2
 
( )
1/ 2
   x2 + 4 

=
(9 − x ) 2 1/ 2

 =
x2 + 4

9 − x2
(x ) ⋅ ( x + 4)
1/ 2 1/ 2
2
+4 2
− x2
(9 − x ) ⋅ (9 − x )
2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
+x 2
1 = ⋅
1
( x + 4) x2 + 4
1/ 2
= ⋅ 2
(9 − x ) 2 1/ 2 9 − x2
x2 + 4 − x2 1 4
9 − x2 + x2 1 = ⋅ =
(x ) x +4
( )
1/ 2 2 3/ 2
= ⋅ 2
+4 x +4
2
(9 − x )
2 1/ 2 9 − x2
9
=
(9 − x ) 2 3/ 2
44

1 + x2 4
( x 2 + 4) 4 / 3 + x ⋅ ( x 2 + 4)1/ 3 ⋅ 2 x
− 2x x 90.
2 x 3
87. ,x > 0
1/ 3  2 8 
( )
2
1 + x2 = ( x + 4)  x + 4 + x 2 
2
 3 
 1 + x2 − 2 x 2 x x 
 ( )( )  11
= ( x 2 + 4)1/ 3  x 2 + 4 

 2 x   3 
 
= 1 2
( ) ( )
1/ 3
= x +4 11x 2 + 12
1+ x ( )
2 2 3
1 + x2 − ( 2 x )( 2 x x ) 1 ( )
91. 6 x1/ 2 x 2 + x − 8 x3/ 2 − 8 x1/ 2
= ⋅
2 x (1 + x ) 2 2
(
= 2 x1/ 2 3( x 2 + x) − 4 x − 4 )
1 + x − 4x 1 − 3x ( 3x )
2 2 2
1 = 2 x1/ 2 2
−x−4
= ⋅ =
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 x 1 + x2 2 x 1+ x
= 2x 1/ 2
(3x − 4)( x + 1)
( ) + 23 x (1 − x ) 2 −2 / 3 92. 6 x1/ 2 ( 2 x + 3) + x3/ 2 ⋅ 8

1/ 3
2 x 1 − x2 3
88. , x ≠ −1, x ≠ 1
= 2 x1/ 2 ( 3(2 x + 3) + 4 x )
(1 − x ) 2 2/3
= 2 x1/ 2 (10 x + 9 )
 
( )
3
1/ 3 2x
 2x 1 − x +
2

( )
2 / 3
 3 1 − x2 
( ) + x ⋅ 4 ( x + 4) ⋅ 2x
4/3 1/ 3
93. 3 x 2 + 4 2
= 
(1 − x ) 2 2/3
= ( x + 4 ) 3 ( x + 4 ) + 8 x 
2

1/ 3

2 2
 ( ) 3 (1 − x ) + 2 x
 2x 1 − x 2 1/ 3 2 2/3 
= ( x + 4 ) 3x + 12 + 8 x 
3 1/ 3
 2 2 2
 
 3 (1 − x ) 2 2/3

= ( x + 4 ) (11x + 12 )
1/ 3
=  2 2
(1 − x ) 2 2/3
94. 2 x ( 3x + 4 ) + x 2 ⋅ 4 ( 3x + 4 )
4/3 1/ 3
6 x (1 − x ) 2 1/ 3+ 2 / 3
+ 2x 1
3
= ⋅ = 2 x ( 3x + 4 ) ( 3x + 4 ) + 2 x 
1/ 3
3 (1 − x ) (1 − x )
2 2/3 2 2/3
= 2 x ( 3x + 4 ) ( 5x + 4 )
1/ 3
6 x (1 − x ) + 2 x2
6x − 6x + 2x
3
3 3
= = 95. 4 ( 3x + 5) ( 2 x + 3)3/ 2 + 3 ( 3x + 5)4 / 3 ( 2 x + 3)1/ 2
1/ 3
3 (1 − x ) 3 (1 − x )
2 2 / 3+ 2 / 3 2 4/3
= ( 3x + 5 ) ( 2 x + 3)  4 ( 2 x + 3) + 3 ( 3x + 5) 
1/ 3 1/ 2
6x − 4x 2x (3 − 2x )
3
2
= = = ( 3x + 5 ) ( 2 x + 3)1/ 2 (8 x + 12 + 9 x + 15)
1/ 3
3 (1 − x ) 2 4/3
3 (1 − x ) 2 4/3
= ( 3x + 5 ) ( 2 x + 3) (17 x + 27 )
1/ 3 1/ 2
3 3
89. ( x + 1)3/ 2 + x ⋅ ( x + 1)1/ 2 where x ≥ − .
2 2
 3 
= ( x + 1)1/ 2  x + 1 + x 
 2 
5 
= ( x + 1)1/ 2  x + 1
2 
1
= ( x + 1)1/ 2 ( 5 x + 2 )
2
45

Chapter R: Review
96. 6 ( 6 x + 1) ( 4 x − 3)3 / 2 + 6 ( 6 x + 1)4 / 3 ( 4 x − 3)1/ 2

1/ 3
2+ 3
103. ≈ 4.89
3− 5
= 6 ( 6 x + 1) ( 4 x − 3) ( 4 x − 3) + ( 6 x + 1) 
1/ 3 1/ 2
= 6 ( 6 x + 1) ( 4 x − 3)1/ 2 (10 x − 2 )
1/ 3
= 6 ( 6 x + 1) ( 4 x − 3) ( 2 )( 5 x − 1)
1/ 3 1/ 2
= 12 ( 6 x + 1) ( 4 x − 3) ( 5 x − 1)
1/ 3 1/ 2
where x ≥
3 5 −2
. 104. ≈ 0.04
4 2+4
3 1/ 2
97. 3x −1/ 2 + x ,x > 0
2
3 3
= 1/ 2 + x1/ 2
x 2
3 ⋅ 2 + 3x1/ 2 ⋅ x1/ 2 6 + 3x 3 ( x + 2 )
= = 1/ 2 =
2 x1/ 2 2x 2 x1/ 2 3 35− 2
105. ≈ 2.15
3
98. 8 x1/ 3 − 4 x −2 / 3 , x ≠ 0
4
= 8 x1/ 3 − 2 / 3
x
8 x1/ 3 ⋅ x 2 / 3 − 4 8 x − 4 4 ( 2 x − 1)
= = 2/3 =
x2 / 3 x x2 / 3
2 3− 3 4
99. 2 ≈ 1.41 106. ≈ 1.33
2
100. 7 ≈ 2.65
96
V = 40 (12 )
2
107. a. − 0.608
12
≈ 15, 660.4 gallons
96
V = 40 (1)
2
b. − 0.608 ≈ 390.7 gallons
1
101. 3
4 ≈ 1.59
108. a. v = 64 ⋅ 4 + 02 = 256
= 16 feet per second
b. v = 64 ⋅16 + 02 = 1024
102. 3
−5 ≈ −1.71
c. v = 64 ⋅ 2 + 42 = 144
64
109. T = 2π = 2π 2 ≈ 8.89 seconds
32
46

16 1 2π
110. T = 2π = 2π =
32 2 2
= π 2 ≈ 4.44 seconds
111. 8 inches = 8/12 = 2/3 feet

2
3  1 
T = 2π   = 2π
1
= 2π  
32 48 4 3
π π 3
= = ≈ 0.91 seconds
2 3 6
112. 4 inches = 4/12 = 1/3 feet

1
3  1 
T = 2π   = 2π
1
= 2π  
32 96 4 6
π π 6
= = ≈ 0.64 seconds
2 6 12
113. Answers may vary. One possibility follows: If

a = −5 , then a2 = ( −5 )2 = 25 = 5 ≠ a .
Since we use the principal square root, which is
always non-negative,
a if a ≥ 0
a2 = 
− a if a < 0
which is the definition of a , so a2 = a .
47

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Chapter R

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

d. None 37. a. 34.733 b. 34.733

25. a. None 44. 2 x = 4 ⋅ 6

27. a. 18.953 b. 18.952 54. 8 − 3 − 4 = 5 − 4 = 1

28. a. 25.861 b. 25.861 1 12 + 1 13

34. a. 1.001 b. 1.000

35. a. 0.429 b. 0.428

36. a. 0.556 b. 0.555

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

58. 2 ⋅ 8 − 3 ⋅ ( 4 + 2 )  − 3 = 2 ⋅ 8 − 3 ⋅ ( 6 )  − 3 6 10 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2 4

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

108. From the principle of substitution, if x = 5 , then 7. True

110. The sum of an irrational number and a rational 12. 1 2

113. Answers will vary. 18. 2 > 1.41

4. base; exponent (or power) 1

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

24. z < 0 3 x + 2 y 3(− 2) + 2(3) − 6 + 6 0

30. Graph on the number line: x < 4 50. x − y = 3 − −2 = 3− 2 =1

0 7 53. 4 x − 5 y = 4(3) − 5(− 2)

54. 3x + 2 y = 3(3) + 2(− 2) = 9 − 4 = 5 = 5

36. d (C , E ) = d (0,3) = 3 − 0 = 3 = 3 55. 4 x − 5 y = 4(3) − 5(− 2)

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

None of the given values are excluded. The 5 5 5

−9 x 2 − x + 1 −9 x 2 − x + 1 74. − 42 = −(4)2 = −16

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

107. If x = 2, 119. 454.2 = 4.542 × 102

111. (8.2)6 ≈ 304, 006.671 135. A = lw

112. (3.7)5 ≈ 693.440 136. P = 2 ( l + w )

115. (− 2.8)6 ≈ 481.890 3 2

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

143. V = x3 b. x − 220 = 209 − 220 = − 11 = 11 > 8

146. 210 + 80 − 120 + 25 − 60 − 32 − 5 = $98 b. x − 98.6 = 100 − 98.6

147. We want the difference between x and 4 to be at = 1.4 < 1.5

150. a. x − 220 = 214 − 220 = − 6 = 6 ≤ 8

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

159. 186, 000 ⋅ 60 ⋅ 60 ⋅ 24 ⋅ 365 5. True.

163. No. For any positive number a, the value

166. Answers will vary. 14. a = 4, b = 3,

1. right; hypotenuse 15. a = 7, b = 24,

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

16. a = 14, b = 48, 24. 7 2 = 52 + 42

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

56. Given m > 0, n > 0 and m > n ,

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to ΔCPS : Section R.4

8. − 4x 2 Monomial; Variable: x ; Coefficient:

 5280  Coefficient: 5; Degree: 5

15. x 2 + y 2 Not a monomial; the expression

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

16. 3x 2 + 4 Not a monomial; the expression 30. ( x 2 − 3x − 4) − ( x3 − 3 x 2 + x + 5)

18. 1 − 4x Polynomial; Degree: 1 31. (6x 5

20. –π Polynomial; Degree: 0 32. (10x 5

24. 10z 2 + z Polynomial; Degree: 2 35. 6( x 3 + x 2 − 3) − 4(2 x3 − 3x 2 )