Effects of secondhand smoke on the health of grade12 students of senior high school in

PHINMA-University of Iloilo.

Introduction: The term secondhand smoke refers to a complex mixture of particulate (or solid)
and gaseous components. The characteristics of secondhand smoke change over time,
particularly the components of side stream smoke that the smoldering cigarette releases. Side
stream smoke dilutes quickly and changes as the particles release volatile compounds and change
in size and composition as they age. Although few studies have made measurements, available
data indicate that the estimated median aerodynamic diameter of secondhand smoke particles is
0.4 micrometers (μm), a size range where particles tend to remain suspended in the air unless
removed by diffusion to or impaction with a surface, or by air cleaning (Hiller et al.
1982; Jenkins et al. 2000).

Those who are affected by secondhand smoke are most likely to have a disease and they are
more prone to the side effects of tobacco. Children breathe faster than adults and that results in
more harmful effects of secondhand smoking. In addition, people in the Philippines are most
likely to be prone esp. the students. Walking downtown in the streets, hundreds of people are
smoking, and also many ordinary people who are silently walking are considered to be
secondhand smokers.

The effects of rising food prices on consumption due to inflation.

Introduction: Inflation is one of the biggest problems that we encounter nowadays. People who
don’t have many privileges and encounter poverty are the most affected. Also, workers who
receive a minimum salary, tend to have shortages in their needs. Prices of food have been way
higher than before. The dollar exchange is extremely rising and that’s one of the ways we can
know that we are experiencing inflation.
The Philippines’ situation is most worrisome. Other than subsidies, it has limited tools at its
disposable in the short term to fight inflation. Ultimately, the new administration needs to
address this crisis by lifting domestic production, which is held back by a range of issues,
including limited infrastructure to link farmers and markets. Subsidies are just costly Band-Aids
that the country can ill afford and do not address the food insecurity issues that have plagued the
Philippines. While the global supply shock is beyond Marcos’s control, stopping the peso’s slide
is still within the central bank’s mandate, and improving food production to reduce exposure to
volatile global prices will be key to feeding his country’s rapidly growing population.
The grade 12 students of PHINMA-University of Iloilo choosing modality will be affected
by the demographic features

Introduction: The Covid 19 pandemic, a public health crisis of worldwide importance, was
announced by the World Health Organization (WHO) in January 2020 as an outbreak. It has
made distance learning education through the E-learning system as an urgent and irresponsible
requirement. Student’s willingness to participate in online learning has been an interesting topic
in the higher education context. This paper aims to examine students’ willingness to choose
online modality learning and identify the influencing factors related to their willingness.

The community of K-12 education has seen explosive growth over the last decade in distance
learning programs, defined as learning experiences in which students and instructors are
separated by space and/or time. Students have learned through the use of electronic distance
learning systems since the 1930s, and the development of online distance learning is a relatively
new phenomenon. Online virtual schools may be ideally suited to meet the needs of stakeholders
calling for school choice, high school reform, and workforce preparation in 21st-century skills.
The growth in the number of students learning online and the importance of online learning as a
solution to educational challenges have increased the need to study, more closely the factors that
affect students learning in virtual schooling environments.

A Study on Impact of Covid-19 on farmers towards agriculture production using data

mining techniques

Introduction: To the united nations food agriculture organization, the largest source of livelihood
in India is ‘agriculture ‘and its sector. Based on the record, 70 percent of its rural households still
depend on agriculture for their livelihood, with 82 percent of farmers being small and marginal’
on the other hand India is one of the major suppliers of food staples such as rice, wheat, paddy,
etc. in all over the world. the majority of the people depend on agriculture for their livelihood.
the farmers in India face risks such as price volatility, low rainfall, and rising debts every year.
Farmers are one of the most affected when the pandemic hits. The production of fruits and
vegetables may have been affected due to the lockdown and people are not allowed to go out.
Farmers have put a lot of effort to produce and provide our necessities. They have lost wages and
benefits from their farm. Farmers are also putting their self in danger. Despite the pandemic, they
are still producing fruits and vegetables for us.
The impact of the pandemic on the food vendors on the sidewalks of Iloilo City.
Introduction: Food vendors have been a way for us to easily buy food in the streets and it’s also
convenient for us. They are also our way when we are hungry, and we need food as fast as we
can. As the pandemic hits, food vendors were not allowed in the streets anymore. Food vendors
lost their daily income, and it has been tough for them to cover their daily necessities.

References:

https://www.bayer.com/en/news-stories/how-farmers-are-keeping-us-fed-through-the-global-
crisis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44322/#rpt-smokeexp.ch3.s1
https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/health_effects/
index.htm
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Background of The Study
The grade 12 students of PHINMA-University of Iloilo choosing modality will be affected
by the demographic features

Introduction: The Covid 19 pandemic, a public health crisis of worldwide importance, was
announced by the World Health Organization (WHO) in January 2020 as an outbreak. It has
made distance learning education through the E-learning system as an urgent and irresponsible
requirement. Student’s willingness to participate in online learning has been an interesting topic
in the higher education context. This paper aims to examine students’ willingness to choose
online modality learning and identify the influencing factors related to their willingness.

The community of K-12 education has seen explosive growth over the last decade in distance
learning programs, defined as learning experiences in which students and instructors are
separated by space and/or time. Students learned through the use of electronic distance learning
systems since the 1930s, and the development of online distance learning is a relatively new
phenomenon. Online virtual schools may be ideally suited to meet the needs of stakeholders
calling for school choice, high school reform, and workforce preparation in 21st-century skills.
The growth in the number of students learning online and the importance of online learning as a
solution to educational challenges have increased the need to study, more closely the factors that
affect students learning in virtual schooling environments.

ANALYSIS: The analysis shows that distance education can have the same effect on measures
of student academic achievement when compared to traditional instruction. Indicating no
significant difference in performance between students who participated in online programs and
those who were taught in face-to-face classrooms. No factors were found to be related to
significant positive or negative effects. The factors that were tested included academic content
area, grade level of the students, role of the distance learning program, role of the instructor,
length of the program, gadgets, internet connection/internet access, type of school, frequency of
the distance learning experience, pacing of instruction, the timing of instruction, instructor
preparation and experience in distance education, and the setting of the students.
This study aims to determine the students who participated in online modality education
programs and are attracted to virtual schooling because it offers advantages over classroom-
based programs. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
 1. Is online modality as effective, in terms of student achievements as classroom based
instructor?
2. To what extent are student outcomes related to the features of a distance learning system
(duration of use, frequency of use, role of the instructor, timing of interaction, and pacing of the
learning)?

3. What are the factors that the grade 12 students of PHINMA University of Iloilo will get in
choosing their online modality learning?

The theory of factors affecting online learning outcomes of students in particular and the
effectiveness of using technology, in general, is derived from the technology acceptance model
(TAM) proposed in. Davis proposed TAM to explain people’s attitudes and behaviors in
adopting technology in the presence of other external variables. Model is often applied in the
study of technology use behavior to understand the reasons for accepting or rejecting information
systems. Information technology plays a prominent role in teaching as it can encourage
innovation, provide new learning spaces, and transform teaching activities, all associated with
the ease of IT operations. Ease of operation, user experience convenience, and proficiency in
information technologies directly affect users’ perception and motivation to learn. Studies have
proven that factors in TAM such as perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness positively
impact student learning outcomes.

Perceived Ease of Use. Online learning platforms are designed for the purpose of knowledge
sharing and learning. Today, as we live in a globalized world, using technology to obtain
knowledge, acquiring information, and learning has become a daily need. These sources are easy
to use and accessible, facilitating knowledge-sharing processes. Many studies have shown that
ease of use, accessibility and transmission speed of online media and mobile devices are an
important part of the learning process. Increased online learning adaptability is due to easing
access, thus resulting in positive outcomes. Based on these rationales, the following hypothesis is
designed for this study. Perceived ease of use has a positive effect on students’ online learning
outcomes.

Perceived Usefulness. Perceived usefulness is the degree to which learners believe that the use of
online learning will help improve their performance. The usefulness of online learning is
demonstrated by helping learners save travel time and travel costs and access a variety of
methods. Many studies have shown that perceived usefulness positively impacts learners’
attitudes and motivation, thereby improving learning outcomes. Based on these rationales, the
following hypothesis is designed for this study. Perceived usefulness has a positive effect on
students’ online learning outcomes.
Faculty Capacity. The approach in the online learning process is learner-centered rather than
teacher-centered as in traditional education. Pedagogical methods, professional competence,
science and technology application level, the ability to form and combine different ideas, and
practices in developing online course contents in higher education help students achieve better
learning outcomes. Based on these rationales, the following hypothesis is designed for this study.
Faculty capacity has a positive effect on students’ online learning outcomes.

Course Content. Engaging course content attracts lots of participation and pro activeness among
students, thereby influencing learning outcomes. The E-learning content includes the structure
and content of chapters of learning materials. Besides, the E-learning content also includes
additional materials to help students understand more clearly and deeply about the knowledge.
This factor facilitates the improvement of student’s analytical and critical thinking and problem-
solving skills. Based on these rationales, the following hypothesis is designed for this study.
Course content has a positive effect on students’ online learning outcomes.

Course Design. E-learning course design includes structure, course design interface, testing and
evaluation methods, and exchange forums between lecturers and learners. A good course design
will attract and facilitate students to learn through online classes. The course design interface is
used to introduce course content, designed according to student’s competence and level of
understanding, and appropriate in terms of time and space to promote and support the self-study
process. Based on these rationales, the following hypothesis is designed for this study. The
course design has a positive effect on students’ online learning outcomes.

Learner Characteristics. Social interaction with lecturers and with co-learners is imperative to
achieve better online learning quality. (With rough strong interaction and consistent practice, the
effectiveness of online learning can be achieved. In addition, proactiveness, self-study ability,
and a sense of compliance are important requirements for achieving better learning outcomes
since regulations and requirements of online learning are more comfortable. The process is more
difficult to control than traditional methods. Based on these rationales, the following hypothesis
is designed for this study. Learner characteristics have an effect on students’ online learning
outcomes.