POST COLONIAL

MODERNISM
GROUP 1 HANDOUTS
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 RISING FROM THE RUINS

2 MODERNISM AND THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE

3 SUBURBIA AND THE BUNGALOW

4 SPACEAGE DESIGN

5 TROPICAL MODERNISM

6 THE MARCOS ERA

1 RISING FROM
THE RUINS
The war for the liberation of Manila in 1945 has led to
the need for the reconstruction of public buildings and
The loss of infrastructure and housing after the war
caused devastation and poverty among Filipinos. This
caused the abandonment of motifs
ornamentations, reducing the construction cost and
and

finding a way to efficiently complete these structures

in a shorter period (Lico, 2017). This meant taking a
residences brought about by the country’s freedom and different approach with a straightforward
independence from its colonization. Our independence proliferation of new building materials. Following
and the attempt to rise after the colonization period the characteristics of modern architecture, it
paved the way to liberation and modernism, which is demanded the importance of simplicity, structure,
reflected in structures built after the war. and form, as opposed to ornamentation and
complexity.
Modernism created opportunities for the emergence of
architectural forms that redefine architecture during the Features of modern architecture that enabled Filipino
post-colonial period. According to Cabalfin (2016), architects to produce modern architecture following
post-colonial and modern architecture can be new innovations and design:
distinguished in its own modernity and is identified as
a “hybrid modernity” that defines architecture found in Reinforced concrete
the Philippines after decolonization. The colonization Steel and glass
period, along with the influences of other countries, Cubic forms
has created a new ideology on how colonialism has Cartesian grids
made a massive impact on Philippine architecture. Geometric shapes
Thus, this exploration led to the widespread use of Absence of applied decoration
modern architecture reflected in the design created by
Filipino architects.

1
 The Church of Holy Sacrifice, 1955 (up) and San
Agustin Church, 1571 (down), highlighting the
difference between post-colonial and colonial
CHURCH OF HOLY SACRIFICE, 1955 architecture

Post-colonial modernism was reflected in the

Church of Holy Sacrifice with its construction of
a thin-shell concrete dome, which became the first
circular chapel and thin-shell concrete dome in
our country
It became a symbol for its revolutionary design in
post-colonial and modern architecture in the
Philippines

2
FOLDED PLATE

COMMERCIAL BANK AND TRUST

RIZAL THEATER, 1960
COMPANY, JOSE MARIA ZARAGOZA, 1960

3
BRISE SOLEI
“ Brise solei”- comes from the French word “Sun
Breaker” is a type of Solar shading system which
uses a different horizontal or Vertical blade and
controls the amount of sunlight and solar heat
entering inside a building.

In 1952, the of engineering and Architecture

department of Santo Tomas designed by Julio
Victor introduced the use of Brise- Soleil, which
resulted in many imitations of the sunshade. PABLO ANTONIO’S MAY
BUILDING, 1959

THE PHILIPPINE
GOVERNMENT IN THE 1950S
The old government edifices could no longer
support the country’s expanding bureaucracy and
WORLD HEALTH services, which concluded that a new government
ORGANIZATION building is needed.
BUILDING, 1958 The building program of the new republic
grew beyond the ability of the division of
Architecture of the bureau of public works to
handle which resulted in revising the policies in
1952 and allows which private practitioners to be
involved in government projects.

4
 Due to the revision of the policy, it created a
diversity in architectural expressions and design
ideologies to shape modern government structure:
hard-edge modern architecture

FREDERICO ILUSTRE, QUEZON MEMORIAL

MONUMENT, QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES,
1950-1978

FEDERICO ILUSTRE, GOVERNMENT

SERVICE INSURANCE SYSTEM (GSIS) BLDG.,
PASAY CITY, PHILIPPINES

5
2
MODERNISM AND
INTERNATIONAL
STYLE
Rejecting ornament and embracing minimalism,
Modernism became the single most important style
or philosophy of architecture design of the 20th
century. It was associated win an analytical approach
to the function of buildings, strictly rational use of
(often new) materials, structural innovation, and the
elimination of ornament.

It was also known as International Modernism or

International Style, after an exhibition of modernist
architecture in America in 1932 by the architect
Philip Johnson.

Architects Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier were

the pioneers of this “modern movement” that had a
profound impact in Britain.
Common characteristics of the Modern and International
style include a radical simplification of form, a rejection of
ornament, and adaption of glass, steel, and concrete as
preferred materials.

6
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Reinforced concrete (RC) is a composite material
in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength
and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of
reinforcement having higher tensile strength or
ductility
TRUSS
A truss is a structure that "consists of two-force
members only, where the members are organized so
that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single
object". A "two-force member" is a structural
component where force is applied to only two points.

CAST IRON
Cast-iron architecture is a form of architecture
developed through the use of cast iron. It was a
prominent style in the Industrial Revolution era
when cast iron became relatively cheap and
modern steel had not yet been developed.

STEEL CAGE
Steel cage is a type of construction, usually for high
buildings, in which the loads and stresses are
transmitted to the foundations by a steel
framework of beams and columns.

CANTILEVER
A cantilever is a rigid structural element, such as a
beam or a plate, anchored at only one end to a
(usually vertical) support from which it is
protruding.

7
 3RD GENERATION
ARCHITECT

MELCHOR HALL IN UP DILIMAN

It is a long horizontal, five-story reinforced

CESAR CONCIO SR. concrete buildings designed in planar forms
tempered with Filipino design expression.
He is the first architect of the Internal spaces flow rather than being
University of rigidly boxed
the Philippines
His famous architectures are the
Melchor
Hall & Church of the Risen Lord in UP
Diliman
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 ANGEL NAKPIL NATIONAL PRESS CLUB

• The National Press Club building was

• He was a charter member of the United
inaugurated on December 30, 1955 with
Architects of the Philippines, which was
President Magsaysay as sponsor, it became
founded in 1975
a historic monument to the ideals of press
• One of his architectures is the National
freedom and unity among colleagues in the
Press Club.
country

9

ALFREDO LUZ
• He is the brother of the National Artist for
Sculpture Arturo J. Luz.
• His body of work includes the Menzi
Building on Ayala Avenue, the Amon
Trading building on Buendia, the L & S
Building on Roxas Blvd., Dewey Blvd.,
Manila, and the FilOil Refinery Service
Building in Limay, Bataan.
RAMON MAGSAYSAY CENTER
• It is the first structure in the country to
sport a column-free structural concept. The
design used pre-cast and pre-stressed
beams like a tree rooted on the ground. The
exterior of the building was designed to
withstand the salty environment that
surrounds the building
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 NATIONAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
OTILIO ARELLANO HEADQUARTER

• •He rose into the Architectural Profession

during the 50s to 60s, becoming the one of
the architects representing the Philippines
in some International Expositions.
• He was also chosen by Imelda Marcos to
restore the Metropolitan Theater

11
 PHILIPPINE VETERANS BANK
FELIPE MENDOZA

• He is an architect and a physical • The concept of a bank for veterans of World

planner. War II was conceived in 1956, when a war
• One of his works is the Philippine reparations agreement was signed between
Veterans Japan and the Philippines.
Ban

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 CENTRAL BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES
GABRIEL FORMOSO

• He started his career in the 1950’s and by • It is a harmonious composition of massive

the 1960’s, he was already successful and concrete blocks relieved of their severity by
became the most popular architect of the continuous horizontal bands of windows
residences of the posh Makati villages.
• He was also one of the people selected in
1963 to the planning and working
committee for the future Pamantasan ng
Lungsod ng Maynila.

13
 PHILAM LIFE BUILDING

CARLOS ARGUELLES • The building was built in accordance with

the International Style of architecture. It
stands out on its own thanks to its unique
• He served as a professor in Design at the
design as its concrete exterior is wrapped
UST College of Architecture and Fine Arts.
around layers of aluminum “sheets” called
• His works include the Philam Life Building in
sun bristles or “brise soleil” which serve to
Ermita, Manila and the International Rice
illuminate by means of as well as to control
Research Institute in Laguna
the sunlight coming in

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 CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES

• t is an essence of original Filipino design

LEANDRO LOCSIN inspired by the various styles but most
generally International Style during that
the period when this structure was built.
• It features several brutalist structures
• He is known for his use of concrete, floating designed in the 1960s and 1970s
volume and simplistic design in his various
projects.
• He has proclaimed a National Artist of the
The Philippines for Architecture in 1990 by the
late President Corazon C. Aquino.

15
3 SUBURBIA
OR SUBURB
A suburb is a residential district located on the
outskirts of a city.
Suburbs are towns that are near a city. In a
suburban community, you would see houses, streets,
trees, parks, people, and sometimes stores and
restaurants.
What are the
Philippines?
suburbs in the

A residential area or a mixed-use area, either

existing as part of a city or an urban area separate
residential community within commuting distance
of a city

Suburb comes from Latin: sub means "below or near"

and Urbismeans "city."
What can you find in a suburban
community?

The districts of Binondo, Dilao, Ermita, Malate,

Pandacan, Quiapo, Sampaloc, San Miguel, Santa Ana,
Santa Cruz, and Tondo are often referred to as “pueblos”,
“arrabales” (“suburbs”) or “neighborhoods” of Manila.

16
Is Quezon City a suburb?
What are the benefits of living in the suburbs?
They provide families with the comfort of city life
and the peace of the country. Kids can play in gardens
and neighbors can chat with one another. At the same
time, suburban communities enjoy the benefits and
services of the same community organizations as
found in the city.
THE RISE OF THE
SUBURBIAINTHE PHILIPPINES
The urban history of the greater Manila area,
because it grew from a Spanish walled city to a
sprawling multi-city metropolis, forces us to reconsider
the standard periodization of Philippine history. Such a
periodization divides time in step with changes in
political regimes: the Spanish colonial period (1565–
1898), revolution (1896–1902), American colonial
period (1898–1946), Japanese occupation (1942–1945),
and the post-war era (1946 onwards). Aspects of this
chronological framework in Philippine historiography
are often traced as far back because of the late
nineteenth century when Spanish-educated Filipino
nationalists conceptualized a linear, tripartite version of
Philippine history that was divided into pre-colonial,
colonial, and post-colonial periods.
Quezon City was founded in 1939 as a planned city
and envisioned as the future capital of the Philippines,
which was anticipating its independence in a few
years. Led by President Manuel Quezon, Philippine
politicians conferred upon the city narratives of
nationhood and social justice to make it the best spatial
representation of a nation-in-waiting. However,
underneath these state-centric ideologies was the
authoritarianism of the Quezon regime, which used
urban politics to centralize power. But far from being a
symbol of the President's undisputed dominance,
Quezon City's inherent contradictions became weak
points in the city's official
Quezon City can be viewed today as an artifact that
gives us a glimpse of what early Filipino politicians,
and Manuel Quezon in particular, envisioned as an
ideal Filipino ‘imagined community once formal
colonial ties were finally severed. In discussing
nationalism, the capital city cannot be disregarded for
almost always, ‘It was at and from the center that the
nation was imagined’.Nonetheless, one has to go
beyond the wide avenues, celebratory monuments, and
modern urban plans to get a fuller view of the city.
Quezon City's early history shows how the façade of
nationalist symbols and the official narrative that they
support is undermined by the very contradictions
present in them.
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 The narrative spun by nationalist politicians, as
typified by Quezon's official pronouncements, hailed
Quezon City as a haven for the working class and a
model community. However, the predominance of
middle-class households, the concerns over cabarets
near UP, conflicts of interest in land ownership, and
resistance by the area's original farmer-settlers belie
Quezon's visions of grandeur. Quezon's social justice
thrust proved to be hollow in light of the city's
authoritarian and corrupt foundations. Quezon City
thus illustrates what one historian has argued
regardingQuezon in terms of the ‘glaring contrast
between what he said he desired and what he did.
Quezon City's emergence was not just a product of
Quezon's urban housekeeping; it helped solidify his
rule.
POST –WAR
Subdivision Development
Homelessness
Patterned after the American Suburbia
Automobile culture
Suburban community to the urban core
Based on planning concepts of the 20th century
“Garden City” by Ebenezer Howard
People’s Homesite Corporation (PHC)
First government housing agency
Created by Commonwealth President Manuel
Quezon
October 14, 1938
Created for the families with a low-income
bracket
The First resolution was the purchase of a tract of
land from Donya Teresa Tuazon for the Diliman
estate
Financed P2 million for the development of the
area.
National Housing Corporation (NHC)
Created seven years later, on 17 September 1945
Constructed Heroes Hill in 1947
First Housing project
Residential units for the officials
55 single detached residential structures
38.8 hectares
Bisected by a network of five asphalted
streets.
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People’s Homesite and Housing Corporation
(PHHC)
The PHC and the NHC were merged on
October 4, 1947
Designed and developed new and expansive
suburban communities
Mass fabrication of low–costbungalow units.
Housing projects:
1. The Kamuning Housing Project, 1940
2. Project 1, Roxas District, 1949
3. Project 2, Quirino District, 1951
4. another housing project in Projects3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
and 8, Quezon City
5. Project 16, Caloocan City
Boundaries of Quezon City
Q u ez o n C i t y wa s c a r v ed f r o m t h e
t o wn s o f C a l o o c a n , S a n J u a n ,
Mariquina, Pasig, Montalban and San Mateo.
Under Commonwealth Act No. 502, known as
“An Act to create Quezon City” specified the
boundaries of the new city: included in its 7,355
hectares –one-third of which were owned by the
government were the following places, the
barrios of Galas, La Loma, Sta. mesa Heights, San
Jose, Balintawak and Kaingin were taken from the
town of Caloocan he barrios of New Manila,
Cubao, San Francisco del Monte,Kamuning and
Roxas were taken from the
ttown of San Juan; the barrios of Jesus de Ka Pena,
lower Barranca, the U.P. site, Cruz Na Ligas, Balara
and Varsity Hills were taken from the town of
Mariquina; the barrios of Ugong Norte and Santolan
Libis were taken from the town of Mandaluyong.
Under Commonwealth Act No. 559, June 21, 19 41,
the area of Wack Wack Golf and Country club was
reverted to Mandaluyong, and the barrios of Jesus de
la Pena and lower Barranca were reverted to
Mariquina. On the other hand, the area of Camp
Crame was taken from the town of San Juan and
added to Quezon City.
Under Republic Act No. 333, July 17, 1948, the
Barrios of Baesa, Talipapa, San Bartolome, Pasong
Tamo, Novaliches, Banlat, Kabuyao, Pugad Lawin,
Bagbag, Pasong Putik, and others, with an area 8,000
hectares were taken from Caloocan.
Eight big estates were acquired in forming the new
city. These were the Diliman Estate with 15,732,189
square meters; Santa Mesa Estate with 8,617,883
square meters, Mandaluyong Estate with 7,813,602
square meters, Magdalena Estate with 7,644,823 square
meters, Piedad Estate with 7,438,369 square meters,
Maysilo Estate with 2,667,269 square meters, and the
San Francisco Del Monte Estate with 2,575,388 square
meters.
The open layoutof this developmentand the bounding
greenbelts were toEbenezer Howard’s concept of a
“Garden City” putting the economic and cultural
advantages of both city and country living.
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4 SPACE-AGE
DESIGN
Space Age design is a radical aesthetic movement
that emerged in the early 1950s, Space Age design
marked a real turning point in the design world thanks
to its futuristic utopian style marked by the conquest of
space.
In the aftermath of the Second World War, the
population felt threatened by nuclear power due to the
use of the atomic bomb. Aware of this threat, science
took a central place in society and gave birth to the
Space Age design, a movement that was unavoidable
because influenced by atomic science and the space
age.
Easily recognizable with its geometric, starry, and
galactic patterns but also because of the industrial
materials used, the Space Age marks a turning point in
society. With the demands of war, new innovative
materials such as fiberglass, plastic or molded plywood
were used for furniture. These materials were
extremely malleable and could be shaped to fit the
human body.
Space Architecture is also known as Googie
Architecture
It is the theory and practice of designing and
building inhabited environments in outer space.
Describe a futuristic, often flashy, building style
that evolved in the United States during the
1950s.
This style wasn’t just about futurism or
expressiveness; it was strategic.
Googie architecture was designed to stand out in
the cityscape, and architects used every trick in
the book to make their buildings appear more
prominent, starting with how they were shaped.
Googie Features
Reflecting high-tech space-age ideas
1. Flashing lights and neon signs
2. Boomerang and palette shapes
3. Starburst shapes
4. Atom motifs
5. Flying saucers shapes
6. Sharp angles and trapezoid shapes
7. Zig-zag roof
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 In 1950 the Space Age aesthetic and Soft Modernism
was witnessed in the Philippines, which experimented
with the sculptural plasticity of poured concrete to
come up with soft and sinuous organic forms with the
use of thin-shell technology.

SPACE AGE IN THE PHILIPPINES

UNION CHURCHOF MANILADESIGNED BY JOSE

MARIA ZARAGOZA

UP INTERNATIONAL CENTER DESIGNED BY

VICTOR TIOTUYCO

COMMERCIAL BANK & TRUST COMPANY, MANILA

20
 COMMERCIAL BANK & TRUST
BLDG, ROTUNDA, QUEZON CIT

Soft Modernismin the Philippines

It describes material qualities and new approaches to CHURCH OF THE RISEN LORDIN
design. UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
The most obvious associations with soft have been
material characteristics—yielding readily to touch or
The Church of the Risen Lord was designed to
pressure; deficient in hardness; smooth;
have an exterior shape similar to a parabola. This
pliable,malleable, or plastic. And this is the definition
kind of architectural design symbolizes the belief
of “soft” that came to define some of the most
that there are imperfections outside the Christian
exciting design motives of the 1960s and ‘70s.
world and that all of our aspirations to be perfect is
These new design approaches were skeptical of
useless.
modernism; soft was deemed to enabled uniqueness,
openness, and lawlessness.

21
 THE INSULAR LIFE BUILDING IN MAKATI CITY
ORIGINALLY DESIGNED BY CESAR CONCIO

CHURCH OF THE HOLY SACRIFICE IN

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN

Thin Concrete ShellThe majority of the thin NATIONAL PRESS CLUB BY ANGEL NAKPIL
concrete shell structures were constructed by
pouring wet concrete onto a rigid wooden
formwork often assembled from straight elements.
This construction process required many skilled
craftsmen

22
5 TROPICAL
MODERNISM
Tropical Modernism is known for its wide, open
spaces, increased ventilation, a focus on local resources,
and building materials with cooling factors. In 1947,
Palma Hall was designed by architect Cesar Concio
and was built in 1951. It was named after the fourth
UP president, Rafael Palma. It was one of the first
buildings to be constructed in the Diliman Campus
after the University of the Philippines administration
the Philippine government formed a core of architects: decided to move its flagship campus from the
Juan Arellano, Cesar Concio, Manuel Manosa, and Manila campus in 1939. Palma Hall houses the
Juan Nakpil. They formulated the master plan for the Anthropology, Geography History, Linguistics,
modern capital city of the Philippines getting Philosophy, Political Science, Psychology,
inspiration from the capital cities of the United States
of America and the Latin Americas. The works of
Oscar Niemeyer, an architect of South American
modernism became its paradigm

23
Sociology and Population Institute – departments
which were collectively known as the CSSP.
Melchor Hall, the current main building of the
University of the Philippines Diliman College of
Engineering is the work of Architect Cesar
Concio. The building is heavily influenced by the
Bauhaus school of design and the challenge of
building design without frills. It is a long
horizontal, five-story reinforced concrete building
designed in planar forms tempered with Filipino
design expression. Internal spaces flow rather than
being rigidly boxed.
The Church of the Risen Lord is a Protestant church
located at the University of the Philippines, Diliman,
Quezon City. It arose about 50 years ago through a
Protestant student group named the Christian Youth
Movement (CYM). It is also the work of Architect
Cesar Concio.
QUEZON CITY as the new Philippine capital In the
early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon
dreamt of a city that would become the future capital
of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his
earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his
vision. A group of government architects such as Juan
Arellano passed a detailed framework using the scheme
of Washington’s constitution hill for the city master
plan of Quezon City. In the plan, government
buildings would be located in an elevated part of the
city.
24
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
TROPICAL MODERNISM IN
PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
Light-colored exteriors. The first thing one
would notice about tropical-inspired houses is
that their exterior walls always come in pale
colors like white, gray or beige—a
characteristic that is reflected in Trava’s model
houses. That’s because colors on the lighter end
of the spectrum cause heat waves to bounce
away from a house’s walls. In contrast, dark-
colored walls absorb heat, giving way to rising
temperatures within a building.  openings should be positioned in a way that
External shading. Another distinctive feature of
the tropical architectural design is the shading
outside the house. Whether it’s in the form of
the brise-soleil (sunshades), overhangs, or plants
and trees, external shading also helps to lower
internal temperatures. Also, the brise-soleil, in
particular, adds a nice aesthetic touch to even
the simplest-looking residence.
Insulated building envelopes. Low-thermal
conductive materials (such as clay for roof tiles)
reduce heat gain, meaning the house will cool
faster and lessen the need for appliances such as
air conditioners. The insulating material can be
purchased separately, though there are houses
that already have it installed, to begin with. 
Long, wide eaves. “Eave” refers to the part of the
roof that sticks out beyond the wall and over the
house. The longer and wider it is, the more easily it
can protect a house from the elements. Luckily, this
is a common feature in tropical houses such as
Trava’s concept houses.
Open plan layout. Tropical homes are
characterized by open-plan layouts, though the
savvy homeowner would not necessarily want to
leave everything ajar. Aside from security
concerns, having too many open windows would
invite excess heat into a house. Instead, the
optimal airflow is achieved.
Optimal ventilation. A well-designed tropical
home lets airflow in such a way that, rain or shine,
its interior would remain comfortable. This is
achieved through strategically placed openings and
partitions that allow air to move throughout the
house at just the right velocity and temperature. 
Easy ventilation control. The beauty of houses with
a tropical architectural design is that the ventilation
can be adjusted depending on the time of the year
and what direction the wind is blowing from. For
example, if the wind is coming in from the north,
its velocity can be increased by simply opening the
window on the opposite side.
25
6 THE MARCOS
ERA
Background
For more than two decades, Ferdinand Marcos
(1965-1986) transformed the country, noted for his
initiative in building large-scale infrastructure
projects. His administration was known for its
imposing projects, which ranged from hospital
institutions to cultural edifices. Focusing on the
establishment of Filipino identity through
architecture in the form of nation-building.
However, according to the IBON Foundation, it
left the Philippines with an an$28.3 billion debt
The New Society
The New Society is a movement that aims
Filipinosto reach their full potential. In his
declaration of Martial Law, Marcos vows to fulfill his
vision of the New Society. A society free from
poverty, hunger,corruption, mass deception, and
violence. A time where heconsidershimself as a
“benevolent dictator” leadinga nation in need
ofguidance.Promoting such ideals by distributing
propaganda materials and building large
infrastructure,aimed to instill the idealsand goalsthat
embodiesthenew society.
Edifice ComplexThe edifice complex, according to
Lico (2019), is a syndrome that plagues a nation with
an obsession with building edifices relating to
“national prosperity”.A term used to describe the
desire of building massive infrastructure that gives
people an illusion of progress. A term used to
criticize the regime for building projects that are
deemed to be excessive, like the Cultural Center of
the Philippines and the Philippine Heart Center.
With its concrete façadeand theatrics,it dominated
the minds of the Filipinos, blinded from the
authoritarian rule. Creating a national style of
architecture by branding these edifices with distinct
Filipino characteristics. That,up to this day, is still
represented by surviving structures beyond that era,
example of these are the following:
Healthcare Facilities
Heart Center of the Philippines under Presidential
Decree No. 673, the Philippine Heart Center of
Asia, now known as the Philippine Heart Center,
was built.InauguratedonFebruary 14, 1975, it
specializes in the treatment of heart ailments. The
hospital was designed in a Brutalist style by Filipino
architect Jorge Ramos.It is located on a 2.7-hectare
site in Quezon City's Diliman District. The building
has a 354-bed care center, having 4 petals that
represented the four chambers of the human heart.
26
 Lung Center of the Philippines
The Lung Center of the Philippines was established on
January 16, 1981, under Presidential Decree No. 1823.
aim to provide state-of-the-art facilities for catering and
other chest diseases. In 1988, a fire destroyed much of the
center. It reopened in 1999 and is still under
construction. The hospital was designed by Augusto
Horacio Manalo Concio. The building design is based
on the shape of the lungs, with one lung serving as the
hospitalbuilding and one for parking.

HEART CENTER OF THE

PHILIPPINE FLOOR PLAN AND
EXTERIOR.

27

Transportation Infrastructure
Manila International Airport –Terminal 1Terminal 1
of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport was
designed by Leandro V. Locsin, a National Artist for
Architecture.Replacing the older terminal that was
damaged by fire. The development of the Manila
International Airport was approved under
Executive Order No. 381. On August 21, 1983,
Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. was slain on the tarmac,
while returning home from exile. As a result,the
airport was renamed after the late senator in 1987.
Culture and Heritage
Cultural Center of the Philippines(Tanghalang
Pambansa)The Cultural Center of the Philippines,
or CCP, is a structure constructed by Leandro V.
Locsin, designed in a unique floating volume
technique. President Ferdinand Marcos formed the
CCP in 1966. The CCP also covers the cinema and
broadcast arts, as well as the literary and visual arts, and
encourages the development of young artists in these
sectors through a variety of workshops, seminars,
anthologies,exhibits,symposia, and competitions.The
Tangahalan is a prime example of the architect's
unique style, known as the floating volume, which can
be found in Philippine constructions such as the nipa
hut. The brutalist edifice is deemed an important
cultural landmark under Republic Act No. 10066 since
it was created by a National Artist.
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 TANGHALANGNICANOR ABELARDO (MAIN
TANGHALANG PAMBANSA(NATIONAL THEATER) –EXTERIORAT NIGHT.
THEATER)–LOBBYAND EXTERIORAT DAY

29
Philippine International Convention
Center (PICC)
The Philippine International Convention Center
(PICC) is one of the country's most recognizable
architectural structures. The renowned skyscraper
wasdesigned by National Artist for Architecture
Leandro Locsin, and it embodied the popular
Brutalist Architecture trend of the 1950s through the
1970s. As Asia's first international convention center,
the PICC created history. It was built in Pasay
City from November 1974 to September 1976,
with Presidential Decree No. 520 permitting the
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas to construct the
building

The PICC boasts about 70,000 square meters of floor

space and a variety of amenities that can handle
practically any size event. It is distinguished by its
extensive use of raw concrete, startling visuals, and
precise lines.Regarded as an architectural icon, and it
has established itself as one of the most adaptable event
venues in the Asia-Pacific region. PICC delivers
cutting-edge conferencing technology and facilities
for worldwide, regional Asia, and local events

30

PHILIPPINE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
CENTER –PLENARY HALLAND COURTYARD.
Manila Film Center
One of the first lady's most ambitious and costly
initiatives in the Cultural Center of the Philippines
is the Manila Film Center. She intended to
outperform film festivals like Cannes and Venice,
so she organized the first Manila International
Film Festival in January 1982. They appointed
Architect Froilan Hong to create the event
structure. The construction on the $25 million
Parthenon-inspired theater began in 1981 on
reclaimed land near Manila Bay.The contractors
had fewer than three months to do the job. 4000
employees working in three shifts, 24 hours a
day, resulting in a huge part of the scaffolding
collapsing. According to some newspapers, only
three people were killed,butsome say 169 workers
died in the accident and were buried or sealed in the
rapidly drying cement below
31
Coconut Palace(Tahanang Pilipino)
The Coconut Palace was built as a government guest
house in 1978 by former First Lady Imelda Marcos and
offered to Pope John Paul II on his visit to the
Philippines in 1981, but the Pope declined because it was
too lavish for the Philippines' poverty level.It was
designed by famed architect Francisco Manosa,
showcasing the versatile coconut and its feasibility as an
export. The Coconut Palace, which is in the Cultural
Center of the Philippines Complex between the Folk
Arts Theatre and the SofitelPhilippine Plaza, is composed
of different Philippine hardwoods, coconut shells, and a
specifically developed coconut timber called as Imelda
Madera. The octagonal castle has a salakot roof, a
chandelier made of 101 coconut shells, and a dining
table inlaid with 40,000 small pieces of coconut shells.
There are seven suites in all, each designed to highlight a
different ethnic group -the Ilocos Room, Igorot Room,
Tagalog Room, Visayan Room, T'Boli Room, Maranao
Room, and Zamboanga Room. The décor of each room
was inspired by actual objects and themes

32
Government Office

Batasan Pambansa
On October 22, 1949, after Quezon City was named
the Philippines' new capital City in 1948, the
groundwork for a Capitol building was laid on
Constitution Hill, now Batasan Hills, in Quezon
City. Due to a lack of funds, the Capitol was never
built. The unfinished structure sat in the area for
more than a decade before being dismantled. Plans
for a parliamentary complex were revived under
Ferdinand E. Marcos' presidency. The new complex
BATASANG PAMBANSA–SESSION HALL AND EXTERIOR
was built with only one legislative body in mind. The
complex and its surrounding surroundings were
designed by Felipe M. Mendoza.Its exterior features a
distinct Filipino characteristic with an imposing hip
roof crowning the structure.The 16-hectare complex
is made up of five primary components. The Main
Building is the complex's centerpiece, and it is
surrounded by the other structures

33
NationalArchitecture
With the vernacularization of architecture in the
1970s, a new kind of Philippine architecture arose.
The re-emergence of traditional elements paved the
way for the Filipino style. Like the Batasang
Pambansa and the National Theater, the bahay
kubo and bahay na bato becamepopular forms to be
replicated and modified. Former first lady Imelda
Marcos produced a national architectural style
through the regime's lavish building projects using
indigenous elements and symbols
Brutalismin the Marcos Era
Brutalism is a modernist style of architecture that was
prominent from the 1950s to the 1970s. Brutalism is
distinguished by exposed support materials like steel
and concrete, repeating, and large-scale features. The
term comes from the French word "béton brut,"
which means "raw concrete."
During Marcos' administration, Imelda Marcos
dedicated a large portion of the country's budget to
the construction of these brutalist structures.
Hospitals, government buildings, and a multitude of
cultural and arts centers were mostly built in the style
of brutalism. Apparently, governments and
institutions all around the world chose Brutalism
because of its high design for a low construction cost

34
Notable Filipino Architects in the Marcos
Era
•Leandro Locsin
•FranciscoManosa
•Ildefonso P. Santos
•Felipe M. Mendoza
•Otilio A. Arellano
•Gabriel P. Formoso
•Jorge Y. Ramos
•Froilan L. Hong

35
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