JUTE FOR PREPARATION OF HOME MAKING

PRODUCTS USING VARIOUS TECHNIQUES

Dissertation
Submitted to the

J.M.B. INSTITUTE OF LIFE SCIENCES AND HIGHER EDUCATION, PILIBHIT

(AFFILATED TO MAHATMA JYOTIBA PHULE ROHILKHAND UNIVERSITY

BAREILLY, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA)

BY

VANSHIKA SAXENA

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

DEGREE OF

Master oF sCienCe
GENERAL (CLOTHING AND TEXTILE)

sePteMBer, 2022
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My humble offering these flowers to the feet, Oh lord! Enjoing my mind to

your feet every efforts in this words comes to its fruitful culmination not because of
sincere work of one but only due to combined support and endeavor of many. Here I
get a great chance to express my taken of thanks to people who in away helped and
supported me to complete this record.
First of all, I bow my head before almighty for his boundless blessing, which
accompanied me in all endeavors.
I would like to utilize this opportunity to express my heartiest regards to my
guide Priyanka Sagar Assistant Professor of Home Science for her untiring help,
constant encouragement and timely support, which would remain ever cherish assets
to my memory.
I wish to convey my heartiest appreciation for patience understanding and
help extended to me by members of my advisory committee Dr. Poonam, Head of
Department, ,Assi1stant Professor Dr. Garima Pant, Miss Priyanka Sagar, Miss
Kanchan Gnagwar, faculty of the Home Science for their suggestion and guidance.
I would like to pay sincere gratitude to Mr. Anchal Gupta, Managing
Director, Dr. Jyoti Bala, Wise Principal of JMB Institute, Pilibhit, who created a
healthy and technical environment for the successful completion. I am immensely
thankful to all the teachers of Home Science Department. I am also highly thankful to
all faculty for her kind cooperation and motivation during entire period of my stay in
the department. The library and computer facilities of the institute have been
indispensable.
Nobody could ever thrive in life without the blessing of parents and elders. So,
I bow my head with profound respect before my father Mr. Rajesh Chandra Saxena
and mother Late Mrs. Neelam Saxena, who laid the foundation of my education and
always cherishes me, also for their consultant encouragement and love. I am also
thankful to my younger brother Harsh Saxena and my whole family for their constant
support and encouragement which helped me a lot in acquiring my goal.
Appreciation is also extended to my friends Anju Gautam, Harsha Gupta,
Swati, Kirti Sharma and Sonam for their help and cooperation and encouragement
during my study period in college. I am also cannot forget the love, help and affection
shown towards me by all my juniors & seniors.

Pilibhit Vanshika Saxena

September, 2022 Authoress
 CertiFiCate

This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled “Jute for Preparation of Home

Making Products Using Various Techniques” submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the degree of Master of Science with major in General (Clothing &

Textile) Department of Home Science of the college J.M.B. Institute of Life

Sciences & Higher Education , Pilibhit is a record of bona fide research carried out

by Vanshika Saxena, Enrollment No. 17151750 under my supervision and no part

of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.

The assistance and help received during the course of the investigation and

source of literature have been duly acknowledged.

Pilibhit ( Priyanka Sagar)

September, 2022 Chairperson
Advisory Committee
 CertiFiCate

We, the undersigned member of advisory committee of Ms. Vanshika Saxena,

Enrollment No. 17151750, a candidate for the degree of Master of Science with

major in General (Clothing and Textile) Department of Home Science agrees that

the dissertation entitled “Jute for Preparation of Home Making Products Using

Various Techniques” may be submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the degree.

( Priyanka Sagar)
Chairperson
Advisory Committee

(Poonam) (Garima Pant)

Assistant Professor & head Member

(Anchal Gupta)
Ex-Officio Member
 CONTENTS

S. No. Chapters Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

3. MATERIAL AND METHOD

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

LITERATURE CITED

APPENDICES

VITA

ABSTRACT
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Detailes of Tables Page No

2.4. Increase in strength compressive strength

3.4. Different kinds of products were prepared using jute

4.1. Demographic characteristics of respondents

4.4. Cost estimation of prepared samples of home making products

4.4. Approximate price of prepared home making products

4.5. Consumer acceptability of prepared sample of home making

products

4.5. Rank obtained by prepared home making products

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Detailes of Figure Page No.

3.1.1 Conceptual framework of the study

4.1.1 Distribution of respondents according to age

4.1.2 Distribution of respondents according to gender

4.1.3 Distribution of respondents according by their education

4.1.4 Distribution of respondents according by their occupation

4.1.5 Distribution of respondents according by their income

4.5.1 Data pertaining of wall mirror

4.5.2 Data pertaining of bundle bag

4.5.3 Data pertaining of wall painting

4.5.4 Data pertaining of pylon

4.5.5 Data pertaining of pen stand

4.5.6 Data pertaining of doll

4.5.7 Data pertaining of felt ball coaster

4.5.8 Overall acceptability of home making products

 LIST OF PLATES

Plate No. Detailes of Plate Page No.

1. Samples of Jute Home making products by various

techniques
Introduction
 INTRODUCTION

Jute is an annually grown natural, biodegradable and environment friendly

fiber. Jute is mainly grown in the Bengal area (India and Bangladesh) and grows fully
in 4-6 months. Traditionally farmed within a crop rotation method, it is grown in
similar conditions to organic farming. No pesticides or fertilizers are used in the
growing process and nothing is genetically modified. As jute is largely rain fed, it
does not rely on irrigation and so has a low water footprint. When the plant is in
flower, the jute is harvested, usually between July and October and goes through a
process of retting where the fibers are extracted from within the stalk. Jute is a strong,
natural fiber, the second most important vegetable fiber after cotton not only for
cultivation, but also for versatility; the outer is used for firewood and the leaves are
used for food. It has a wide range of usage. Besides being used as packaging material
worldwide, it is now widely used as floor coverings, home textiles, decorative fabrics,
shopping bags, carrier bags, handicrafts, cushion covers, curtains, blankets, nursery
pots, insulation material, soil saver, jute-based composites, etc.

Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong
threads. It is produced primarily from plants in the genus Cochorus, which was once
classified with the family Tiliaceae and more recently with Malvaceae. The primary
source of the fiber is Corchorusolitorius, but it is considered inferior
to Corchoruscapsularis. "Jute" is the name of the plant or fiber that is used to
make burlap, hessian or gunny cloth.

The low, nearly level, alluvial and deltaic plains of the Ganges and
Brahmaputra rivers, with their friable soil the fertility of which is renewed by annual
inundation are main areas of jute cultivation. These areas stand for nearly 80 percent
of land under jute cultivation in India. These areas give high yield per acre even
without crop rotation or fertilization. Other areas of jute cultivation include the parts
of Belier, Orissa, U.P., Meghalaya and Tripura states which accounts for rest of land
under jute cultivation. India alone controls nearly 38 percent of world's land under
jute cultivation followed by Bangladesh (21%), China (13, 5%), and Thailand (6%).
Other countries like Brazil, Western African countries etc. share the rest of the land
under jute cultivation (Singh, 2016).
 During the industrial revolution, jute yarn largely replaced flax and hemp
fibers in sackcloth. Today, sacking still makes up the bulk of manufactured jute
products. Jute yarn and twines are also woven into curtains, chair coverings, carpets,
rugs and backing for linoleum. Blended with other fibers and used in cushion covers,
toys, wall hangings, lamp shades and shoes. Very fine threads can be separated out
and made into imitation silk. Jute is being used increasingly in rigid packaging and
reinforced plastic and is replacing wood in pulp and paper. Geotextiles made
from jute are biodegradable, flexible, absorb moisture and drain well. They are used
to prevent soil erosion and landslides.

Jute plants help to clean the air during growth they assimilate three times
more CO2 than the average tree, converting the CO2 into oxygen. Polypropylene (the
material used in plastic bags) does the opposite, producing huge amounts of CO2
during its manufacture. Jute is used where low cost is more important than durability,
for example in coffee sacks and cotton bale covers, jute as twine used to tie garden
plants and as hessian fabric (or burlap in the US). Jute is used in shopping bags,
carpets and rugs, backing for linoleum floor covering, chair coverings and
environmentally friendly coffin. Jute is also useful as a geotextiles fabric laid over soil
to stabilize it against landslides and to control erosion or weeds. The fabric helps to
keep the moisture in and holds the soil in place, whilst the open weave structure of the
fabric allows space for plants to grow. As the plants get established the jute fabric
starts to biodegrade. This fabric is also used to wrap plant root balls, as it allows water
and air to reach the roots.

The concern for the environment is increasing day by day that make the people
more interested in environment-friendly and sustainable products. The natural fibers
are scientifically considered as recyclable, bio-degradable and ultimately eco-friendly
in nature. Jute is a natural fiber that poses all these qualities of natural fiber (Ferrous
and Hussein, 2017). Jute is mainly grown in the Ganges delta and considering the
quality, Bangladesh mostly produces the finest quality of jute crop and fiber. In this
region, other natural fibers such as kenaf and hemp are not grown expectedly well.
Also, in terms of shininess and tenacity, jute seems better than all those natural fibers.
The products that are made from jute fiber provides better environment considering
the biodegradable qualities than the products made from synthetic fibers. Apart from
the environmental issue, jute can play important role in the economy considering the
increased demand for the natural fiber products in the world (Islam and Ahmed,
2012,).

Jute at a glance

Jute is a natural fiber. It is produced from the genus Corchorus and the family
Tiliaceae. Among 30 species of the genus Corchorus, the fiber derives from the plant
Corchoruscapsularis and Corchorusolitorius. For trading, jute is commonly known as
white jute (Corchoruscapsularis) and tossa jute (Corchorusolitorius) (Islam, 2009).
Jute is mainly grown in the South Asia. India and Bangladesh contribute more than 90
percent of the total world jute production (Kalita & Bhuyan, 2014. It is very cheap
and produced from the skin of the stem. Jute is ranked as second in terms of the most
important vegetable fiber just after the cotton considering usage, availability,
production and consumption (Olaoye et al., 2013). Jute plant grows very fast. It takes
four to five months to become mature in comparison to wood, which takes ten to
fourteen years to mature. Using jute stick for pulp and paper, also for the household
fuel can dramatically reduce deforestation (Islam and Ahmed, 2012). In terms of
biodegradability, jute products are 100 percent safe. It is disposed in eco-friendly
way. This quality of jute fiber makes it better than synthetic fibers (Islam and
Ahmed, 2012). Comparing to the traditional fibers such as glass, Kevlar and carbon,
jute fiber is cost effective and tough. It has some good properties such as low density
and energy recovery. When the fiber is burned, it is carbon dioxide neutral (Ferrous
and Hussein, 2017).

Jute cultivation

The major cultivation time for jute is March-September of the year. However,
the timing of cultivation of tossa jute and white jute are not same. Tossa jute seed is
prone to be affected by natural calamities, so it is sown during August-September
under late sowing condition, while white jute is sown during July-August. This is a
good and naturally insured quality which can help jute to compete with major crop
rice in Bangladesh (Islam et al., 2009). For the cultivation of jute there are some
requirements such as high temperature (80°F to 95°F), suitable seeds, sufficient
supply of water for retting, salty, sandy and clay loams (Africa Jute, 2018).

Land is ploughed and cross ploughed repeated 6-8 times

Sowing seeds, seeds are thrown by hand or by machine

Weeding and training carried out together when the plants are 3’-4’
high, repeated again

Harvested any time between 120-150 days, early harvesting

provides healthy fibers

Plants are cut from 1.8-2.4 meters high, in flooded lands plants are
uprooted

Harvested plants are left for more three days for shedding
leaves

Fiber extraction process started by retting, cutting or stepping

Extracted fibers are washed and dried

Fig – 1.1: Jute Cultivation

 History of jute

The cultivation of jute in the area of Bengal delta had started since
immemorial time and there was no specific time mentioned in the literatures.
However, at the tenure of Mughal Emperor Akbar, jute became an important part of
Bengal economy. In Khulna and 24 Parana of West Bengal, the early cultivation of
jute was done. However, it is found after a long debate that the place of origin of
white jute is in Indo-Burma region and the tossa jute is in Africa. Some scholars
found that tossa and white jute were originated in the southern the part of China
which can be considered as the secondary centers of origin (Islam, 2009).

The trading history of jute is also old. The greater India was under British
colonization and British East India Company traded jute for the first time. The
company sent their first consignment in 1793 and the trading went until 20th century.
There was trading of raw jute with the scottish jute industry in Dundee. With the
success of trading raw jute, the necessity of trading jute products by adding value on
raw jute was understood. With this urge, jute processing mills and factories were
established. In Kolkata, India, the first jute mill was established in 1855 followed by
the establishment of more jute mills in the West Bengal during 1900s. After the
partition in 1947, jute stocks with finest qualities remained in south west part of
Bangladesh (then East Pakistan), while the jute mills that processes raw jute were in
the West Bengal, India. Then, the emergence to set up new mills in Bangladesh (then
Pakistan) came (Rahman et al., 2017)

Objectives

 To explore various types of home making products.

 To prepare different articles of home making using jute.
 To prepare articles using jute making products.

Limitations

 Only jute materials were taken from to used gunny bags, ropes and packing jute etc.
 Only home making products were prepared using jute i.e. felt ball, macrum, mirror,
etc.
 The study is limited only to jute fiber.
 Review
Of
Literature
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter attempt has been made to review of past research work relevant to study,
which is presented under section as follows:

2.1 Jute industry in India

2.2 Packaging textile

2.3 Uses and application of jute in textile

2.4 Related studies

2.1 Jute industry of India

Jute is a natural fiber with golden and silky shine and hence called the golden fiber. It
is the cheapest vegetable fiber procured from the baste or skin of the plant's stem and the
second most important vegetable fiber after cotton in terms of usage, global consumption,
production and availability. It has high tensile strength low extensibility and ensures better
breath ability of fabrics. Jute fiber is 100 percent bio-degradable and recyclable and thus
environmentally friendly. It is one of the most versatile natural fibers that has been used in
raw materials for packaging, textiles, non-textile, construction and agricultural sectors. It
helps to make best quality industrial yarn, fabric, net and sacks.

The first jute mill started production in Bengal in 1856. After more than 150 years, the
jute industry is now challenged by competition from alternative materials by the recession in
the international markets and by low awareness among consumers of the versatile eco-
friendly nature of jute fabric itself. Yet this industry still provides a livelihood to more than
250,000 mill workers and more than 4 million farmers’ families. It is a golden bond with the
Earth its use is a statement about ecological awareness as it is a fully bio-degradable and eco-
friendly fiber.

Advantages of jute include good insulating and antistatic properties as well as having low
thermal conductivity and moderate moisture regain. It includes acoustic insulating properties
and manufacture with no skin irritations. Jute has the ability to be blended with other fibers
both synthetic and natural and accepts cellulosic dye classes such as natural, basic, vat, sulfur,
reactive and pigment dyes. While jute is being replaced by relatively cheap synthetic
materials in many uses but jute’s biodegradable nature is suitable for the storage of food
materials, where synthetics would be unsuitable.

Types of jute

For general utility purposes jute products fall into four classes of manufacture:
Hessian or burlap a plain woven fabric of 5 to 12 ozs. A yard made of good quality jute yarn.
It is used for a wide range of applications as in cloth form and in the form of bags.

Hessian, a dense woven fabric, has historically been produced as a coarse fabric, but
more recently it is being used in a refined state known simply as jute as an eco-friendly
material for bags, rugs and other products. The name "hessian" is attributed to the use of the
fabric, initially, as part of the uniform of soldiers from the former Landgraviate of Hessen
and its successors in interest (including the current German state of Hessen), whose people
(and thus soldiers) were called " Hessians".

The origin of the word burlap is unknown, though its earliest known appearance is in
the late 17th century, and its etymology is speculated to derive from the Middle English
boreal ("coarse cloth"), the Old French burled and/or the Dutch Boerne ("coarse"), in the
latter case perhaps interfaced with Boer ("peasant"). The second element, lap, means "piece
of cloth"

 Sacking is also known as "heavy goods" made from lower grades of fiber loosely
woven cloth in plain or twill weave weighing from 12-20 ozs. Per yard of different
widths. It is used for bags of all types.

 Canvas the finest jute product closely woven of the best grades of fiber widely used
in India for protection from the weather.

Jute yarn and twine most of the single strand jute yarn produced is consumed by the mills
themselves in fabric and twine manufacture. Jute twine in varying weights and thickness is
used extensively both in India and abroad for sewing, tying and for a variety of industrial
applications such as packing pipe joints, cable binding, etc.

Jute Diversification
 Jute has entered various diversified sectors, where natural fibers are gradually becoming
better substitution. Among these industries are paper, celluloid products (films), non-woven
textiles, composites (pseudo-wood) and geotextiles. Diversified jute products are becoming
more and more valuable to the consumer today. Among these are espadrilles, floor coverings,
home textiles, high performance technical textiles, Geotextiles, composites and more.

Jute floor coverings consist of woven and tufted and piled carpets. Jute non-woven’s and
composites can be used for underlay linoleum substrate and more. Jute has many advantages
as a home textile, either replacing cotton or blending with it. It is a strong, durable, color and
light-fast fiber. Its UV protection, sound and heat insulation, low thermal conduction and
anti-static properties make it a wise choice in home décor. Also fabrics made of jute fibers
are carbon dioxide neutral and naturally decomposable. Diversified by products which can be
cultivated from jute include uses in cosmetics, medicine, paints and other products.

Even though jute agriculture is suffering from various problems but it is meeting the
requirements of raw materials to our industries. Virtually there is no scope to increase the
area under the crop to meet the additional requirement of fibre because there is a pressure on
land for food crops and also the comparative return and competitive alternate crops like
maize, sesames etc. Therefore the additional requirement has to be made through increasing
the jute productivity. Considering the present day requirement and future projection, jute is
not only to be considered in its quantitative perspective but also its qualitative aspects.
(Singh, 2014)

2.2 Packaging

Packaging includes several flexible packaging material used for industrial, agriculture,
consumer and other goods. It ranges from synthetic bags used for industrial packaging to jute
sacks used for packing food grain.

The technical textile products covered under packtech are as given below:-

 Polyolefin woven sacks

 Leno bags
 Wrapping fabric
 Jute hessian and sacks (including food grade jute bags)
 Soft luggage products
  Tea bags

Technical textile consumption under packtech is estimated at Rs 14,067 crore. Woven

sacks account for around 50 percent of the technical textile consumption under packtech
followed by jute hessian and sacks with around 30 percent share.

Utility:- It provides innovative packing solutions such as oxygen scavenging, packing for
foodstuffs and anti-static packaging for computer equipment. With the advantage of moisture
proof quality they are used for packing moisture sensitive goods.

2.3 Uses and Applications of jute in textile

Jute is a fibre which has almost 1000 different kind of uses. Jute has been taken as most
important fibre like as cotton as it can be used in various purposes and easy to cultivate too
.Jute sacks are widely used in the practical life and coarse fabric made by jute has no
substitute ever. The wrapping bales or raw cotton also made by jute. As Jute is completely a
biodegradable Fibre; it is suitable for many uses if it is replaced in so called synthetic fibre.
Synthetic fibre is very unstable and sometimes impacts badly on the natural environment
where jute is quite good alternatives to use. Jute fibre can be blended with other natural and
cellulosic fibre like Cotton and make a quite stable and different blended yarn which is
stronger and shiner. Jute is not only used to make yarn or cloth but also it is used to make jute
pulp and paper. As the people of the world are being so much conscious now and trying to
stop the cutting wood or plants to save the nature; jute is drastically being used as the
alternative of Wood in the paper manufacturing industry. Jute has a bright history of use in
making sackings, carpets for the households and so on, cotton bale and wrapping fabrics for
that and various fabric manufacturing industry in order to make mats, curtain, brush and etc.

Now a day jute is not only being used in textile industry; but also it is used in automobile
industry, Furniture and bedding industry and paper making industry. Jute is also being
blended with other fibres to make non-woven, composites and technical textiles. The
nomenclature of jute is “Wood Fibre” which is exclusively being used on the leading
manufacturing industries with some promising features. By using jute we can produce
various type of fabric named Hosiery Cloth, Hessian Cloth, Sacking, Scrim, Carpet Backing
Cloth, canvas etc. Hessian is lighter than sacking and is used for bags, wrappers, wall
covering, geo textiles, upholstery and different home furnishing. By using the Heavy jute
fibres the Sacking is to be made .Jute has diversified uses now a days. Some of the exclusive
and modern use of jute is in Espadrilles, Floor coverings, Home textiles, high performance
technical textiles, geo textiles, composites and more. Due to the strong colour and light
fastness properties; just is widely used in decoration of home. Jute is more durable than any
other fibre because of its anti-static properties and low thermal conduction. Most importantly;
jute is a bio-degradable fibre which comes from nature and decomposed on nature too. So it’s
an environment friendly fibre for the green people to access the green world.

New Applications

Juteborg is working to innovate jute based new materials, composites and blending.
They focus on the different application of jutes and work to use the synergetic effects in the
industries of construction, interior, automotive transportation, textile, fashion and packaging.
They have already developed 5-6 new materials to apply in these different sectors. This jute-
based innovation is so far done in sweden since sweden has that expertise on innovation point
of view and high-tech access and facilitation. After the innovation and value addition into
these materials, it is aimed to go for production in the commercial scale in Bangladesh. It’s a
kind of mutual collaboration in complementing each other’s strength from both Sweden and
Bangladesh. Jute Borg has initiated Jute light project in the automotive sector. It has great
environmental impact. Jute fiber is exchanged by glass fiber in this sector. Glass fiber is
almost impossible to recycle but jute fiber is very easy to recycle. Jute fiber can be liberalized
from the other materials in the composites. There are many big automotive companies that
are using jute and kenaf fibers in this industry. However, maximum work is going on in the
indoor panels of the vehicle. Jute Borg worked both in the body and also in the indoor panels
of the vehicle to exchange glass fibers into jute fibers. This makes the vehicle incredibly
beautiful. Jute Borg aims to start to produce vehicle in Bangladesh applying this procedure
but it will take few years. In the automotive industry, the big companies buy raw material and
they produce in their countries and the impact comes to their country. But Jute Borg wants
that the impact should 21 come to Bangladesh as there it is needed most.

In the textile industry, jute has some challenges as it is coarse fiber compared to cotton.
But cotton also has huge advantage to jute when it comes to the innovation about years in the
history. There was no attempt for innovation around jute firming and around jute fibers. That
is what Jute Borg tried to lift it from. This will take some time but certainly it will be
successful. Jute Borg is also working with the different materials in the textiles and fashion
 industry. Packaging sector is extremely interesting for the company. Juteborg works with
different kinds of composites of jute in the packaging sector. In certain application, jute can
alter paper. Juteborg started with jute pulp paper mill to make card boards and any kind of
packaging materials and to have excellence in it. They have already connected with some
Swedish and Scandinavian packaging companies.

2.4 Related studies

Lui B. and Tao J. (2013) in this study, jute fibers were added into cement based materials to
improve their compressive strength, flexural strength and early-age crack resistance. Results
showed that the compressive and flexural strength of the fiber reinforced concrete were
significantly enhanced with 30mm length jute fiber at the mixing amount of 0.5-0.6 kg·m-3.
For early-age crack resistance test, the effective mixing amount would be 0.9 kg·m-3 and the
fiber should be shorter than 20mm. The compressive strength was improved by at most 20.44
percent and the flexural strength was 53.47 percent. Compared with the pure mortar, the
number as well as the maximum length and width of cracks in jute fiber reinforced mortar
were reduced significantly. The optimum mixing amount was 0.9 kg/m3.

Warke P. and Dewangan S. (2016) conducted study to investigate the properties of concrete
by using of jute fiber. Different percentage of jute fiber is used in concrete as 0.2 percent, 0.3
percent, 0.4 percent volume of concrete and analyzes the property of concrete. The
compressive test was carried out at concrete ages of 7 and 28 days. As the different
proportion of the jute fiber is mixed with concrete and cast cube. Final strength of cube was
casted for 7 days and 28 days curing. The addition of jute fibers increased compressive
strength higher with the 0.2 percent fiber-cement ratio and little decreases compressive
strength with 0.3 percent fiber-cement ratio and 0.4 percent fiber cement ratio of compressive
strength little decreases as compared to 0.3 percent of fiber-cement ratio. As the percentage
of jute fiber cement ratio increases, sudden failure, brittle failure and cracking is avoided.
They found out by Ultra pulse velocity, higher percentage of jute fiber-cement ratio gives
greater value of ultra-pulse velocity before and after compressive strength of concrete. Fiber
cement ratio of 0.2 percent gives highest compressive strength and 0.4percent fiber cement
ratio gives highest ultra-pulse velocity value (km/sec).

Sharma B., et al. (2016) in this experiment they used coconut jute are used as fiber in M20
grade of concrete specially check their effect on flexural strength of concrete. In this
experiment percentage of coconut jute fiber used as 0.5 percent, 1 percent, 1.5 percent, 2
percent, of the total weight of concrete. The testing of concrete making materials was carried
out by using various IS codes. The compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete
mix are found after 28 days of curing period. As compare to conventional concrete, the
flexural strength of concrete increases by 40.058 percent and 26.32 percent with inclusion of
0.5 percent and 1 percent of Coconut jute fiber respectively. The compressive strength of
concrete also increases with the inclusion of Coconut jute fiber in concrete. As the
percentage of Coconut jute fiber increased in concrete the density of concrete is decreased
which make light weight concrete and reduce the dead weight of structure also.

Krishna T. and Yadav B. (2016) they made a total of 24 mortar specimens for compressive
strengths and 144 concrete specimens i.e. 48 cubes, 48 prisms and 48 cylinders each
consisting of ordinary concrete, 0.5 percent, 1 percent, and 2 percent. Jute fiber reinforced
concrete are tested for their compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths respectively for
different curing periods such as 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. For extension in period of curing i.e.
56 and 90 days the compressive strength increases up to 1 percent and then decreases with
further increase jute loading. Flexural strength and split tensile strength of concrete increases
up to 1 percent of jute loading and decreases with further increment. The maximum value of
mechanical strength properties of JFRC i.e. 1 percent JFRC with curing period of 56 days are
compared with 90 days of ordinary concrete are as follows:

Table – 2.1: Increase in strength compressive strength

Mechanical Properties Increase in strength compressive strength

Compressive strength 4.93%

Flexural strength 9.43%

Split tensile strength 6.23%

Goal P. and Panchal S. (2017) studied the effect of jute fiber reinforcement on the strength
and ductility properties of concrete. Flexural and compression characteristics of the fiber
reinforced concrete were measured experimentally. The results of the compression test
indicated that the presence of jute fiber tends to reduce the compressive strength of concrete
at higher fiber content. Despite the minimal reduction in the compressive strength at higher
jute fiber content, there is an improvement of ductility after cracking of concrete. Similarly,
the bending test results indicated that the modulus of rupture of concrete increases by 50
percent at 0.50 percent jute fiber content. Jute fiber significantly improves the toughness
behavior of concrete.

Sabarinathan S., et al. (2017) they added jute fiber as the percentage of 0.5 percent, 1
percent, 1.5 percent, and 2 percent. Project deals with the test on concrete strength. Strength
test like compressive strength, split tensile strength. The compressive strength and split
tensile strength of jute fiber reinforced concrete test results shown that the strength of jute
fiber reinforced concrete is increased gradually when we increase the percentage of fiber. It
has been clearly noted that adding fiber gives good strength with ratio 0.45.

Ayobamin and Bursaries, et al. (2020) stated that concrete is among the most commonly
used building materials. One of the newest developments in concrete technology is the use of
sustainability cementations materials. Numerous cementations compounds have been utilized
in concrete as partial and complete replacements for cement. These materials were chosen in
order to promote efficiency while also lowering manufacturing costs. The corrosive impact
of these materials, on the other hand, has been overlooked. The corrosion impact of
metakaolin on concrete specimens was investigated in an experimental investigation. The
concrete pore solution was evaluated to achieve this. Metakaolin was employed as a partial
replacement for cement at 0 percent, 10 percent, 20 percent, and 30 percent, providing the
best mechanical strength.

Rajkumar and Umamaheswari (2020) reported that the current study goes on to describe
an investigation that was carried out to explore the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete
beams using metakaolin as a substitute for cement and marble powder as a partial substitute
for river sand in the concrete preparation method. In this research, the percentage
replacement of cement by metakaolin was 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 percent by weight of cement,
while the percentage replacement of natural sand by marble powder was 20, 15, 10, 5, and 0
percent. At the ages of 7, 14, and 28, the mechanical characteristics of standard and
customized concretes, such as compressive and split tensile strength, are investigated. The
first fracture load, ultimate failure load, and beam deflection were all measured. This
demonstrates that metakaolin and marble powder may be used in place of metakaolin.
Kalaivani M., et al. (2020) the impact of employing plastic waste as a fine aggregate
substitute is investigated in this study. The PET plastic bottle is harmful to the environmental
and people's health, thus using it in concrete will help to safeguard the environment and
human health. The crucial elements in the concrete are the partial replacement of fine
aggregate and coarse aggregate. In India, tonnes of plastic garbage are created each year;
therefore recycling it in concrete can help reduce waste. Jute fiber is a natural fiber that is
used in plastics concrete waste to boost the concrete's split tensile strength and flexural
strength. Fresh and cured concrete qualities were tested and analyzed.

Bheel, N. (2021) the current research investigates the engineering features of cement
concrete reinforced with nylon and jute fibers in combination. In the concrete mix, different
percentages and lengths of nylon and jute fibers were used. As a result, the combined impacts
of nylon and jute fibers on concrete workability, density, water absorption, compressive,
tensile, and flexural strength, as well as drying shrinkage, were studied. When comparing the
compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete with 1 percent
nylon and jute fibers by volume fraction to the regulate mix at 90 days, the compressive
strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength increased by 11.71 percent, 14.10
percent, and 11.04 percent, respectively. The water absorption of concrete, on the other hand,
rose as the quantity of nylon and jute fibers improved.

Gupta S.D. and Islam T. (2021) this work explores the possibility of using Rice Husk as a
partial replacement for cement and nonmetallic natural fibers (Jute fiber) in concrete to build
an FRC material, with the goal of improving 28-day strength and reducing plastic shrinkage
cracks. In this investigation, different amounts of 13mm jute fiber (0.1 percent, 0.2 percent,
and 0.3 percent) and Rice Husk were mixed into concrete with a water-cement ratio of 0.38.
It shows that adding both jute fibers and rice husk enhances compressive strength by up to
2.03 percent when compared to ordinary concrete. As the amount of fiber and rice husk
added increases, the compressive strength of the concrete decreases, resulting in poor work
ability .conducted an experimental investigation of the compressive, flexural, and tensile
strengths of Jute Fiber Reinforced Concrete Composites (JFRCC) have been conducted.
Cylinders, prisms, and cubes of standard dimensions have been made to introduce jute fiber
varying the mix ratio of the ingredients in concrete, water-cement ratio, and length and
volume of fiber to know the effect of parameters as mentioned. It was found that the addition
of jute fiber contributes enriched results for mechanical properties of concrete composites for
a particular length and content of fiber. More specifically, compressive, flexural, and tensile
strength are found to enhance significantly for volume content of 0.1 and 0.25 percent and
the fiber cut length of 10 and 15 mm. However, with larger fiber length and content, the
mechanical properties were found to affect adversely. Finally, it can be stated that the
maximum increment is observed for tensile strength which is 35 percent with reference to the
plain concrete.
Materials
&
Methods
 MATERIAL AND METHOD

Methodology includes methods and processes which were followed to carry out present study
under following heads.

3.1 Research design

3.2 Study of various home making products making techniques

3.3 Collection of jute waste

3.4 Preparation of home making products samples using various techniques

3.5 Operational Definitions

3.6 Cost estimation of prepared jute home making products sample

3.7 Assessment of samples of jute home making products for consumer acceptability

3.8 Statistical analysis

3.1 Research design

Research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a
manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.
Research design is a plan that specifies the source and types of information relevant to the
research problem, approached for gathering and analysis of data. Hence in the present study,
experimental design was planned.

The entire jute sector globally employs more than four million people including
farmers, workers in the jute mills/industry and people working in the jute diversified product
(JDP) sub-sector. Information will be given on the identity of jute, it is grown and the fiber
obtained the physical properties that make it suitable for diverse application the processes
involved in manufacturing jute products and their uses. With the growing global awareness of
the need for pollution free environment, jute is poised to become the fiber for the future for
various end-uses and applications.

In present study an effort has been done to recycle jute waste into home making
products and to explore various existing home making products making techniques. It may be
a good source of income generation for rural women as these home making products are used
and popular among Indians as well as in foreign markets also. Jute is one the cheaply
available economic fiber which is easily biodegradable also. Home making products prepared
from this versatile jute fiber may be a useful venture of earning for hilly women. Women can
prepare beautiful home making products in their leisure time by using jute fibers, yarns, jute
scraps or hessian cloth etc. Designs of home making products were developed keeping in
mind uniqueness and aesthetic feature which may have some distinguish features from other
synthetic available home making products in market. Jute waste materials like- yarns and
fibers directly taken and collected from used gunny bags, scraps of used burlaps and hessian
fabric, olden packaging bags and ropes etc. Various samples of home making products were
prepared with jute waste fibers and yarns by using different techniques. Cost of each home
making products samples were calculated and further consumer acceptability was assessed. A
home making products was prepared with most preferred home making products making
techniques selected by judges.

3.2 Study of various home making products techniques

Various secondary data were used to find out different existing techniques of home
making products like- Books, Journals, Internet and Magazines etc. Existing techniques helps
further to explore new techniques of home making products. In present study efforts are made
to utilize existing home making techniques for making home making products from jute
materials. Existing technique also helps in inventing some innovative products making
techniques through trial and error method.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Study of various home making products a making techniques

Collection of materials to jute from used jute products

Preparation of home making products samples using various techniques

Cost estimation of prepared jute home making products sample

Assessment of jute home making products samples for consumer

acceptability

Preparation of jute home making products

Fig - 3.1.1: Conceptual framework of the Study

3.3 Collection of jute waste

Jute waste materials viz., yarns and fibers directly taken and collected from used gunny
bags, scraps of used burlaps and hessian fabric, olden packaging bags and ropes etc. The
other raw materials used for preparation of products including sewing threads, dyes, sewing
needle, mirror, doll, jute cloth, wooden frame etc. were procured from the local market of
Pilibhit, U.P.
3.4 Preparation of home making products samples using various techniques

Various kinds of samples of home making products were prepared from jute material.
Samples of jute home making products were prepared with different types of techniques like
felt ball coaster, wall mirror, jute bag, jute toran, jute painting etc. which are given in Table
3.1.

Table -3.4.1: Different kinds of products were prepared using jute

Home making
products making
S.No. Jute Procedure
techniques used

1. Wall mirror Jute, mirror, Cut the cardboard into a circle, one circle is bigger
cardboard and the other circle is smaller than the first circle,
then put a mirror on it, then make a braid of jute and
put long pieces of jute in it and put it around the
mirror, then comb the long jute with the help of
comb.

2. Felt ball coaster Yarn, dye, Jute fibre were dyed with direct dye (2percentowf),
detergent, wetting agent 1 percent common salt (10 percent)
water. Sodium bi carbonate (2-3 percent) using 1:30 M:L
ratio for 1hour at 80-90 C.

Gently rolls each wet jute ball by hand across the

soapy area. A key part of the process is to continue
to roll and rinse the ball. That way, the ball shrinks
and forms the correct shape. Upon completing a
wool ball, it is then placed into cold water and
rinsed. This process continues until there are enough
felt balls to create a rug.
3. Jute bundle bag Jute cloth, Cut the jute cloth to a standard size and stitch the
lace, sewing shape of the bag with the help of a sewing machine.
thread, sewing Put the lace the upper part of bag with the help of
machine thread in the bag and then take a thread in the bag
and take out a thread from it. Insert the other side
which will be useful to pull like a bundle then the
bundle bag is ready.

4. Jute pylon Jute Fabric, Firstly, cut a long and wide strip of jute cloth and
lace, artificial paste laces it around that long strip, then put
flower, jute artificial flowers in that wide part hang long jute
thread under the strip and put pearls in it and decorate it to
make attractive.

5. Jute doll Jute, chart Firstly, purchased a doll from the market, then put a
paper, stones circular chart in the lower part of this doll, wrap jute
chain, pearls. on the circular chart, then wrap jute in the upper part
like the shape of a blouse and make jute top and
make a doll’s scarf and finally the whole doll
decorate with stars and pearls.

6. Pen stand Jute, jute cloth, Cut the cardboard into a standard size, wrap the jute
card board, on the square box and paste the lace on the upper
laces, artificial part and make jute cloth flowers in the middle
leaves. around the box and put the flowers in the middle of
the artificial leaves.

7. Jute painting Velvet cloth, First of all, velvet cloth was Plated in a wooden
wooden frame, frame in a standard size, then made a design of a
jute, foil, pearl. tree in it, in which branch were made from jute and
flowers were made from jute itself, then after
pasting the flower, around the painting.
3.5 Operational Definitions

Product - A product is an object, or system, or service made available for consumer use as of
the consumer demand. It is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy the desire or
need of a customer.

Techniques – A techniques is a method of doing some task or performing something.

Techniques means a particular technique form of investment expressed as an a input
combination with varying capital output.

Cost estimation – Cost estimation is a statement that gives the value of the cost incurred in
the manufacturing of finished goods. Cost estimation helps in fixing the selling price of the
final product after charging appropriate overheads and allowing a certain margin for profits.

Cost price – Cost price is the total amount of money that it costs a manufacturer to produce a
given product or provide a given service. If something is sold at cost price, it is sold for the
same price as it cost the seller to buy it.

Design – Design is the process of imaging and planning the creation of objects, systems,
building, vehicles etc. It is about creating solutions for people. Design is a plan for arranging
elements in such a way as the best to accomplish a particular purpose.

Home furnishing – The ways people decorate and furnish their homes and the objects they
choose to display, can reveal their values, aspirations and tastes. Furnishing can also
contribute to their sense of mental and physical well being.

3.6 Cost estimation of final products prepared from jute

Cost of prepared home making products samples were estimated by calculating the total
cost involved in making each product as for wholesale production. The determining factors
for cost calculation were labor cost, raw material cost and profit margin of 10-20 percent of
the amount was added to decide final cost of prepared products. Finally price of product
prepared by using different techniques were calculated on the basis of cost of product
samples. This may give idea about price of jute home making products prepared by various
techniques.
3.7 Assessment of sample of jute products for consumer acceptability

Prepared samples of jute home products were assessed by students and staff members
of department of Home Science, College of JMB Institute of Life Science and Higher
Education, Pilibhit. Total 33 respondents were selected for assessment of home making
products samples. The performa used for assessment of consumer acceptability of prepared
products samples was given in Appendix- I. Consumers assessed samples of prepared
products on five parameters namely (A) Aesthetic appearance (B) Appropriateness of rug
making techniques (C) Functionality /Usefulness (D) Estimated cost (E) Overall acceptability
of the samples of jute rug on five points rating scale ranging from excellent to poor i.e. 5 to1
respectively.

3.8 Statistical analysis

Data obtained with the help of Performa were tabulated and analyzed according to the
objective of the study. The statistical measure were used for analysis was weighted mean
score.

For assessing the cost effectiveness of the prepared products, selling price was calculated
which include the cost of designing, raw materials used and labour involved. Then, value of
each product, known as Quote price, was computed by adding 5 per cent profit for cushion
cover. Opinion of the respondents regarding quoted price for buying the particular product was
taken. The average selling price for each product was calculated to find the per cent profit.

Per cent profit = x 100

3.8.1 Statistical Measures

3.8.1.1 Mean

The measure of central tendencies is used to describe data clusters around a central value.
The mean definition indicates a varied formula used to calculate the mean depending on the
data provided. The general formula to calculate the mean is as follows:

𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒂

Mean=
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒂
When using the Sigma (∑) notation, the mean formula is:

∑ni=1XiN∑i=1nXiN

Here,

N = it is the Total number provided in a given data set.

∑ Xi = Total sum of all the data values.

3.8.1.2 Frequency

It is used to find out the numbers of respondents in a particular cell.

Frequency = Sum of the responses (in numbers)

3.8.1.3 Percentage

It is used for making simple comparison

Percentage= 𝑥100
.

3.8.1.4 Ranking

Opinion of the respondents about developed designs (panel of judges from JMB
Institute) was recorded on separate rating performa. Total score obtained by each product
made from developed designs was ranked in order of acceptance.

3.8.1.5 Acceptability Index

To assess the percentage acceptability of the developed designs on home furnishing

products an acceptability index was formed

Total score of designs

𝐴. 𝐼. = x 100
Maximum scores
 Results
&
Discussion
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The results of present study entitled “Jute for Preparation of Home Making Products
Using Various Techniques”, derived through the use of prescribed methodology and
standard tool have been presented in this chapter. The findings of the investigation as results
of statistical analysis of the descriptive and experimental data have been presented in this
chapter.

All the important outcomes of the present research work are being discussed in this
chapter. The results of the study are discussed with the help of tables, which are supported by
graphs, figures and plates wherever necessary under the following sub headings:

4.1 Demographic characteristics of the respondents

4.2 Various existing home making products techniques

4.3Prepared samples of home making products using jute

4.4 Estimated cost of prepared samples of jute home making products

4.5 Consumer acceptability of samples of jute home making products

4.1 Demographic characteristics of the respondents

Significant results of the selected respondent’s characteristics with respect to the different
personal variables are described under this section. Demographics characteristics are the
characteristics of a population which provide a platform for in depth study of specific
objectives. Warts and Putz – Anderson (1997) stated that the personal variables include,
previous level of physical characteristics age, occupation, income and education may also
affect the development of musculoskeletal disorders.
 Table- 4.1.1: Demographic Characteristics of Respondents

S.NO. Demographic Characteristics Frequency Percentage (%)

Age
1. 25- 30 years 15 45.46
2. 30 – 35 years 10 30.30
3. 35 & above 8 24.24
Gender
1. Male 10 30.31
2. Female 23 69.69
Educational status
1. Intermediate 12 36.37
2. Graduation 7 21.21
3. Post graduation 14 42.42
Occupational status
1. Student 19 57.57
2. Private teacher 14 42.43
Income
1. Less than 5000 10 30.31
2. 5000-10000 20 60.60
3. More than 10,000 3 9.09

In present study, the personal characteristics with specific information related to respondents
were studied with respect to various parameters namely age, education, occupational status
etc.
1. Age:-

According to Jovancic N.(1999)

(1999), In this study, when creating age related demographic
research questions, the answers ranges will different age based on the topic of home making
products. Age determines the maturity of an individual and has bearing on the thinking,
experience and exposure of a person that are achieved at different stages of life cycle. The
ages of the respondents were categorized into 25
25- 30 years, 30-35
35 years, 35 and above
respectively. The data pertaining to age revealed that among the total sample, 45.46 per cent
of the respondent were of the age group ranging from 25-30
30 years followed by the age group
30-35
35 years i.e. 30.30 per cent, whereas, 24.24 per cent respondents were of age group 35 and
above years category.

AGE
50
45.46
45
40
35 30.30
30 24.24
25
20
15
10
5
0
25-30
30 Years 30-35 Years 35 & above

Fig-4.1.1:
4.1.1: Distribution of Respondents According
A to Age
2. Gender:-
According to Psychology Association, ““Gender
Gender is cultural and the term to use when
referring to women and men as social groups”.
groups Ann individual’s perception of themselves as
male or female gender. The distribution of respondents according to gender. It could be seen
that the gender is balanced with 69.69 percent are female and 30.31 percent are male.

GENDER
70
69.69

60

50

30.31
40

30

20

10

0
Male Female

Fig-4.1.2:
4.1.2: Distribution of Respondents A
According to Gender
3. Educational Status:-
According to Jovencic N.(1999)
(1999), I am also be your leverage as segmenting your respondents
according to their level of education can uncover unique trends that enable you target the
right respondents. The data pertaining to educational status revealed that 100 per cent of
respondent were educated.
ated. The sample respondents i.e. 36.37 percent were having
Intermediate. Graduation and Post graduation had been reported by 21.21 per cent and 42.42
percent respectively.

EDUCATIONAL STATUS
45 42.42

40 36.37

35

30

25
21.21
20

15

10

0
Intermediate Graduation Post graduation
.

Fig-4.1.3:
4.1.3: Distribution of Respondents by their Education
Education
4. Occupational status:-

The data pertaining to occupation envisaged that the major occupation of respondents
includes Government teachers and private teachers.
teachers. Among the total sample 42.42 per cent
respondents belonged to private jobs and 57.57 percent respondents are engaged in study.

OCCUPATIONAL STATUS
70

57.57
60

50
42.43

40

30

20

10

0
Student Private teacher

Fig-4.1.4:
4.1.4: Distribution of Respondents by their Occupation
O
5. Income:
Income of the respondents was also an important variable in the study. With regard to
monthly income from all sources it was categorized in four categories. It revealed that 60.60
per cent of the total sample was having monthly income of Rs. 5000 - 10,000. Nearly one-
one
fourth of i.e. 30.31 per cent reported to have monthly income up to Less than Rs. 5000,
whereas, 9.09 percent reported to have the total monthly income of more than Rs. 10,000.

INCOME

70
60.60
60

50

40
30.31
30

20
9.09
10

0
Less than 5000 5000-10000 More than10000

Fig-4.1.5:
4.1.5: Distribution of Respondents by their Income
I
4.2 Various existing home making techniques

Jute is one the cheaply available economic fibre which is easily biodegradable also. Articles
prepared from this versatile jute fibre may be a useful venture of earning for people. People
can prepare beautiful articles in their leisure time by using jute fibres, yarns, jute scraps etc.
Various secondary data were used to find out different existing techniques of articles making
viz., Books, Journals, Internet and Magazines etc. In present study efforts are made to utilize
existing home making techniques for making articles from jute waste materials. Existing
technique also helps in inventing some innovative home making techniques through trial and
error method. Some existing home making techniques are as follows:

 Knitting techniques The primary knots of Macramé are the square knot (a variant of the
reef knot) and forms of "hitching": various combinations of half hitches. It was long crafted
by sailors, especially in elaborate or ornamental knotting forms, to decorate anything from
knife handles to bottles to parts of ships.

Cavandoli macramé is one variety that is used to form geometric and free-form patterns like
weaving. The Cavandoli style is done mainly in a single knot, the double half-hitch knot.
Reverse half hitches are sometimes used to maintain balance when working left and right
halves of a balanced piece.

Leather or fabric belts are another accessory often created via macramé techniques.
Most friendship bracelets exchanged among schoolchildren and teens are created using this
method. Vendors at theme parks, malls, seasonal fairs and other public places may sell
macramé jewellery or decoration as well.

 Techniques of Wall Mirror

Cut the cardboard into a circle, one circle is bigger and the other circles is smaller than the
first circle, then put a mirror on it, then make a braid of jute and put long pieces of jute in it
and put it around the mirror, then comb the long jute with the help of comb.

 Techniques of Bundle Bag (Potli Bag)

Cut the jute cloth and stitch the shape of the bag with the help of a sewing machine. Put the
lace the upper part of bag with the help of thread in the bag and then take a thread in the bag
 and take out a thread from it. Insert the other side which will be useful to pull like a bundle
then the bundle bag is ready.

 Techniques of Wall Paintings

First of all, velvet cloth was Plated in a wooden frame in a standard size, then made a design
of a tree in it, in which roots and branch were made from jute and flowers were made from
jute itself, then after pasting the flower on the branch, around the painting and taping by foil.

 Techniques of Pylon (Toran)

Firstly, cut a long and wide strip of jute cloth and paste laces it around that long strip, then
put artificial flowers in that wide part hang long jute under the strip and put pearls in it and
decorate it to make attractive.
 Techniques of Pen Stand

Cut the cardboard into a standard size, wrap the jute on the square box and paste the lace on
the upper part and make jute cloth flowers in the middle around the box and put the flowers
in the middle of the artificial leaves.

 Techniques of Doll

Firstly, purchased a doll from the market, then put a circular chart in the lower part of this
doll, wrap jute on the circular chart, then wrap jute in the upper part like the shape of a blouse
and make jute top and make a doll’s scarf and finally the whole doll decorate with stars and
pearls.

 Techniques of Felt Ball Coaster

Jute fiber were dyed with direct dye (2 percent owf), wetting agent 1 percent common salt
(10 percent) Sodium bi carbonate (2-3 percent) using 1:30 M:L ratio for 1hour at 80-90
C.Gently rolls each wet jute ball by hand across the soapy area. A key part of the process is to
continue to roll and rinse the ball. That way, the ball shrinks and forms the correct shape.
Upon completing a wool ball, it is then placed into cold water and rinsed. This process
continues until there are enough felt balls to create a rug.
4.3 Prepared samples of home making products using jute

Jute material like- fiber, yarn and fabric were collected from used at household level.
Various kinds of samples of articles were prepared by using collected jute waste material.
Samples of jute articles (Table --4.3.1:)
4.3.1:) were prepared with different types of techniques like
felt ball, knotting and macramé, etc.

Plate - 1: Samples of jute home making products by various techniques

Sample Articles Name Prepared sample of home making products

No.

1) Wall Mirror

2) Bundle Bag(Potli
Bag)

3) Felt Ball Coaster

4) Pen Stand

5) Doll

6) Wall Paintings
 7) Pylon (Toran)

4.4 Estimated cost of prepared samples of jute home making products

Cost estimation was done for calculating approximate cost of the prepared articles
including the expenses incurred, labour involved and profit margin (10
(10-20
20 percent of the total
cost including labour). Semi skilledlabour cost in India is Rs250 per day (8 hhours).
ours). The costs
of all prepared samples of rugs were calculated and cost of each parameter for the prepared
rugs is given in Table -4.4.1:
4.4.1: As raw material (fiber, yarn and fabric) used for making
samples are totally jute waste which were collected from used
ed at household level. Therefore,
cost of raw material is negligible or it’s free of cost.

Table -4.4.1:
4.4.1: Cost estimation of prepared samples of home making products.
Techniques Material/ parameter Cost of sample in Price of
Used Rs./- home
making
products in
Rs./-
1. Wall Mirror
Mirror (round) 160/-
Jute 70/-
2 Glue stick 30/-
1 Cardboard 50/-
 Making charges (labour cost) 50/-
Total cost 360/-
Profit (20% of total cost) 100/-
Price of sample 460/- 700/-
2. Bundle Bag (Potli Bag)
1 meter Jute Cloth 50/-
1 meter Laces 40/-
Jute 10/-
Anker Thread 20/-
Thread Reel 10/-
Making charges (labour cost) 50/-
Total cost 180/-
Profit (20% of total cost) 100/-
Price of sample 280/- 400/-

3. Wall Painting
Velvet Fabric 100/-
Wooden Frame 150/-
Jute 40/-
Glue 40/-
Stones 10/-
Making charges (labour cost) 50/-
Total cost 390/-
Profit (20% of total cost) 100/-
Price of sample 490/- 600/-

4. Pylon (Toran)
Jute 10/-
½ meter Jute Cloth 30/-
2 meter Laces 60/-
Foam Flowers 30/-
Plastic Flowers 50/-
3 Glue Stick 30/-
Making charges (labour cost) 50/-
 Total cost 260/-
Profit (20% of total cost) 100/-
Price of sample 360/- 350/-
5. Pen Stand
Cardboard Box 20/-
Jute 10/-
Jute Cloth 20/-
Laces 10/-
2 Glue Stick 20/-
Plastic Leafs 10/-
Making charges (labour cost) 50/-
Total cost 140/-
Profit (20% of total cost) 100/-
Price of sample 240/- 350/-

6. Doll
Doll 100/-
Jute 50/-
Stone Chain 20/-
Foam Flowers 20/-
5 Glue Stick 50/-
Chart Paper 5/-
Making charges (labour cost) 50/-
Total cost 290/-
Profit (20% of total cost) 100/-
650/-
Price of sample 390/-
7. Felt Ball Coaster
Jute 20/-
Soap 10/-
4 Dye Colour 20/-
Thread 5/-
Niddle 5/-

Making charges (labour cost) 50/-

 Total cost 200/-
450/-

It was noticed that calculated cost of all the prepared home making products were reasonable
and within the acceptable range.

Table -4.4.2: Approximate price of prepared home making products

S. No. Prepared articles from various techniques Price of home making
products in Rs/-
1. Wall Mirror 700/-
2. Bundle bag (Potli bag) 400/-
3. Wall Painting 600/-
4. Pylon (Toran) 350/-
5. Pen stand 350/-
6. Doll 650/-
7. Felt Ball Coaster 450/-

4.5 Consumer acceptability of samples of jute home making products

The prepared samples of home making products were assessed by the selected panel
of 33 respondents on these five parameters namely, (A) Aesthetic appearance (B)
Appropriateness of home making techniques (C) Functionality /Usefulness (D) Estimated
cost (E) Overall acceptability.
  Wall Mirror

The data pertaining of Wall Mirror revealed that among the total sample, 57.58
percent of the
he respondent were response of excellent
e llent followed of the response very
v good i.e.
30.30 percent, whereas, 12.12 percen
percent respondents were response of good.

Article - 1 (Wall Mirror)

70
57.58
60
50
40
30.30
30
20 12.12
10
0
Excellent Ver Good Good

Fig -4.5.1:
4.5.1: Data pertaining of Wall Mirror

 Bundle Bag (potli bag)

The data pertaining of Bundle Bag revealed that among the total sample, 15.15 percent of the
t
respondent were response of excellent
xcellent followed of the response very
ery good i.e. 63.64 percent,
whereas, 21.21 percentt respondents were response of good.
g

Article - 2 (Bundle Bag)

70 63.64
60
50
40
30
21.21
20 15.15
10
0
Excellent Very Good Good

Fig -4.5.2:
4.5.2: Data pertaining of Bundle Bag
  Wall Painting
The data pertaining of Wall Mirror revealed that among the total sample,
sam 45.46
percent of the respondent
ndent were response of excellent
e llent followed of the response very
v good i.e.
39.39 percent, whereas, 15.15 percen
percent respondents were response of good.

Article - 3 (Wall Painting)

50 45.46
45
39.39
40
35
30
25
20 15.15
15
10
5
0
Excellent Very Good Good

Fig -4.5.3:
4.5.3: Data pertaining of Wall Paintings

 Pylon (Toran)
The data pertaining of Pylon (Toran) revealed that among the total sample, 24.25 percent
of the
he respondent were response of excellent
e followed of the response very
ery good i.e. 51.51
percent, whereas, 24.24 percentt respondents were response of good.
g

Article - 4 (Pylon/ Toran)

60
51.51
50
40
30 24.25 24.24
20
10
0
Excellent Very Good Good

Fig -4.5.4:
4.5.4: Dat
Data pertaining of Pylon / Toran
  Pen Stand

The data pertaining of Pen stand revealed that among the total sample, 45.46 percent of
the
he respondent were response of eexcellent followed of the response very
ery good i.e. 36.36
percent, whereas, 18.18 percent respondents were response of ggood.

Article - 5 (Pen Stand)

50 45.46
40 36.36
30
20 18.18
10
0
Excellent Very Good Good

Fig -4.5.5:
4.5.5: Data pertaining of Pen Stand

 Doll

The data pertaining of Doll revealed that among the total sample, 51.52 percent of the
t
respondent were response of exce
xcellent followed of the response very good i.e. 39.39 percent,
whereas, 9.09 percent respondents were respon
response of good.

Article - 6 (Doll)
60
51.52
50
39.39
40
30
20
9.09
10
0
Excellent Very Good Good

Fig -4.5.6: Data pertaining of Doll

  Felt Ball Coaster

The data pertaining of Felt ball coaster revealed that among the total sample, 21.21
percent of the respondent were response of eexcellent
llent followed of the response very
v good i.e.
24.25 percent, whereas, 54.54 percen
percent respondents were response of good.

Article - 7 (Felt Ball Coaster)

60 54.54
50
40
30 24.25
21.21
20
10
0
Excellent Very Good Good

Fig -4.5.7:
4.5.7: Data pertaining of Felt Ball Coaster

Table -4.5.1:
4.5.1: Consumer acceptability of prepared sample of home m
making
aking products.
(N=33)
Assessment Parameters
Aesthetic Appropriate Functionality/ Estimated Overall
S.No Sample Name Appearance of Home Usefulness Cost Acceptability
Making
Techniques
1 Wall Mirror 156 151 149 146 602
2 Bundle Bag 123 120 126 133 502
(Potli Bag)
3 Wall Painting 133 140 148 137 558
4 Pylon (Toran) 133 130 132 130 525
5 Pen Stand 139 138 130 135 542
6 Doll 147 138 135 143 563
7 Felt Ball 118 113 112 122 465
Coaster
Table -4.5.1: reveals that all prepared home making products were very well accepted by the
consumer depicted by the values of the average. Prepared home making products having
unique contemporary look were appreciated by all for its uniqueness, usefulness, reasonable
rates and contemporary looks.

Table -4.5.2:
4.5.2: Rank obtained by prepared samples of home making products

S. No. Prepared Home Making Overall Acceptability Rank

Products

1. Wall Mirror 602 Ⅰ

2. Bundle Bag (Potli Bag) 502 Ⅵ

3. Wall Painting 558 Ⅲ

4. Pylon (Toran) 525 Ⅴ

5. Pen Stand 542 Ⅳ

6. Doll 563 Ⅱ

7. Felt Ball Coaster 465 Ⅶ

Overall Acceptability
700
602
600 558 542 563
525
502 465
500
400
300
200
100
0
Wall Mirror Bundle Bag Wall Pylon Pen Stand Doll Felt Ball
Painting Coaster

Fig - 4.5.8: Overall Acceptability of Home Making Products

Among all the prepared home making products most preferred technique got highest rank
602, followed by second rank 563, third rank 558 and forth rank 542. However it was
observed that all home making samples were appreciated and accepted by the consumers as
they got overall acceptability from 465 to 602.
 Summary
&
Conclusion
 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

These Home making products prepared from jute materials may be sold at local as well as
foreign market and may be good source of income generation. Procedure of making jute
products can be taught to rural women easily in short time and they can be open small scale
handicraft enterprises at zero investment. This may be boon for local people who can start
their small profitable ventures and participate in promoting export of local area. This study
may be great efforts for making useful products for generating employment and income.

 With the growing global awareness of the need for pollution free environment jute is poised
to become the fiber for the future for various end uses and applications.
 In present study an effort has been done to jute home making products and to explore various
existing home making techniques. It may be a good source of income generation for rural
women as these products are used and popular among Indians as well as in foreign markets
also.
 Home making products prepared from this versatile jute fiber may be a useful venture of
earning for hilly women. Women can prepare beautiful products in their leisure time by
using jute fibers, yarns, jute scraps or hessian cloth etc.
 Various samples of home making products were prepared with jute fibers and yarns by using
different techniques. Various samples of jute products were prepared using different
techniques viz., weaving, felt ball and macramé techniques etc.
 Cost of each products samples were calculated and further consumer acceptability was
assessed. Cost estimation was done for calculating approximate cost of the prepared product
sample including the expenses incurred labour involved and profit margin (10-20% of the
total cost including labour).
 It was noticed that calculated costs of all prepared products having uniqueness and
contemporary feature were within the acceptable range. Estimated cost calculated to be Rs/-
465 to 602 which are reasonable. These estimated cost are further used as assessment factor
for consumer acceptability and preferences.
 These respondents were included of that product’s evaluation of 25 and above age group. The
ages of the respondents were categorized into 25- 30 years, 30-35 years, 35 and above
respectively.
 Most of respondents were well educated.
 Both male and female respondents were included in that evaluation.
 After the evaluation, most preferred technique got highest rank wall mirror, followed by
second rank Doll, third rank wall painting given by respondents.

Recommendations:

 Jute products can be combined or blended with other indigenous techniques those tlocally
fibers for value addition.
 Various kinds of home making techniques can be combined to achieve different texture and
looks.
Literature
Cited
 LITERATURE CITED

Bei, L.; Zhang, L.; Qixia, L.; and Tao J. 2013 “Study on behaviors of jute fiber reinforced
cement based materials” Applied mechanics and materials.vol 253-255 pp. 508-511.

Sharma, B.; Shukla, V. K.; and Gupta, A. 2016 “Fiber Reinforced Concrete – Use of
Coconut Jute as a Fiber” Vol 6(7).

Bheel, N.; Tafsirojjaman, T.; Liu, Y.; Awoyera, P.; Kumar, A.; and Keerio, A. 2021
"Experimental Study on Engineering Properties of Cement Concrete Reinforced with Nylon
and Jute Fibers." Vol 11(10) : 454 p.

Busari, A.; and Aginam, C. 2021 "Response Surface Analysis of the Corrosion Effect of
Metakaolin in Reinforced Concrete." pp: 2053-2061.

Ferdous, S.; and Hossain, M.S. 2017. Natural Fibre Composite (NFC): New Gateway for
Jute, Kenaf and Allied Fibres in Automobiles and Infrastructure Sector. World Journal of
Research and Review, Vol 5(3).

Gupta, S.; Islam, T.; Islam, A.; and Salakin, S. 2021 "Experimental Study of Concrete
Using Raw Rice Husk as Partial Replacement of Cement with Natural Fiber (Jute Fiber) as
Reinforcing Material." Computational Engineering and Physical Modelin.Vol 4(3) pp:29-42.

Islam, M; Begum, S; Alam,A; Ahmed,A and Alamgir,A. 2009. Study the impact of
climatic changes on jute production in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal Science &
Technology.Vol7(1): pp153- 156.

Islam, M.S.; and Ahmed, S.K. 2012. The impacts of jute on environment: An analytical
review of Bangladesh. Journal of environment and earth science.Vol 2(5), pp.24-31.

Kalaivani, M., Shyamala, G.; Ramesh, S.; and Reddy, I. 2020 "Experimental
Investigation on Jute Fibre Reinforced Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate
by Plastic Waste."IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 981(3).

Sabarinathan, S.; Devaraj, D.; Jeyamani, M.; and Priyadharshini, D. 2017 “A Study on
Mechanical Properties of jute Fiber Reinforced Concrete” pp; 123-150.
Warke, P.; and Dewangan, S. 2016 “Evaluating the Performance of Jute Fiber in Concrete”
,Vol 3(3), ISSN: 2394-9333.

Goel, P.; Usman, M.; and Panchal, S. 2017 “Experimental study of jute fiber reinforced
concrete” pp: 593-598.

Rahman, S; Kazal, M; Begum, I.; and Alam, M. 2017. Exploring the future potential of
jute in Bangladesh. Agriculture,Vol 7(12), p.96.

Rajkumar, R.; and Maheswari, U. 2021 "Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams
with partial replacements of metakaolin and marble powder." Pp : 550-555.

Singh, L.K.P. 2016. Raw Material Base of Jute Industry in India pp 149- 156.

Singh, M. 2014. Status of Raw Jute and Mesta in India Vol 9(6). pp.3769-3769.

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Appendices
 APPENDIX - Ⅰ
Objective – To identify the home making products design on the basis of preference order.

Preference Order Excellent Very Good Good Fair Poor

Score / Marks 5 4 3 2 1

S. Sample Name Aesthetic Appropriate Functionality Estimated Overall

No. Appearance of Home /Usefulness Cost Acceptability
Making
Techniques
1) Wall Mirror

2) Bundle Bag

3) Wall Painting

4) Pylon (Toran)

5) Pen Stand

6) Doll

7) Felt Ball
Coaster
 VITA

Vanshika Saxena, the authoress of this manuscript was born on 15 July 2000 at
Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh. She had passed high school examination from Uttar Pradesh board
in the year 2015 and Intermediate from Uttar Pradesh board in the year 2017. She had
completed her bachelor’s degree in Home Science JMB Institute of Life Science & Higher
Education which is affiliated to Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University in Bareilly
Uttar Pradesh, in the 2020, She has joined M.Sc Home Science with major in General
(Clothing and Textile) in the Department of Home Science in JMB Institute of Life Sciences
and Higher Education, Pilibhit in the 2021, affiliated to Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand
University in Bareilly.

Permanent Address:

Vanshika Saxena
D/O Rajesh Chandra Saxena
Moh. Daalchand near Ayurvedic College
City – Pilibhit
Dist. - Pilibhit (Uttar Pradesh)- 262001
Mobile No. – 6398395731
E- mail – vanshikasaxena3458@gmail.com
 ABSTRACT

Name : Vanshika Saxena Enrollment No. - 17151750

Session of Admission : 2020 -2022 Degree: M.Sc. General
Department : Home Science (Clothing and Textile)
Advisor : Miss Priyanka Sagar

Dissertation Title : “JUTE FOR PREPARATION OF HOME MAKING PRODUCTS USING

VARIOUS TECHNIQUES”

Jute fibre is an ecofriendly, cost effective, light weight, renewable fibre with better thermal
properties. Jute is one of the world’s most important fibrous crops after cotton. Jute is a
natural biodegradable fiber with advanced properties like- high tensile strength, excellent
thermal conductivity, coolness and ventilation function. It has long been known to people as a
golden fibre. Among all the natural fibers, the jute fiber is an ideal material to replace
synthetic fibers to produce composite material due to its higher tensile strength and special
microstructure. Jute fibre in future, will take a major role in the emerging green economy
based on energy efficiency, use of renewable materials in polymer, products various in
industrial processes that reduce carbon emissions and recyclable materials that minimizes
waste. Natural fibres are a kind of renewable resources which have been renewed by nature
and human ingenuity for thousand of years. In the present study, jute fibre was used for
preparing various products sample. As Jute was easily available and facilitates a variety and
goods that are used for decorative as well as functional purpose. Total seven sample products
were prepared by Jute fibre by using the different techniques. Out of the seven sample
products, the wall mirror article was the best article choosen by the respondents and given by
the highest rank.

(Miss Priyanka Sagar) (Vanshika Saxena)

Assistant Professor Authoress