Chapter-2:

Is Matter Around Us Pure

Topics To be covered:
1) Pure Susbtances
a) Metals
(i) Elements b) Non-metals
c) Metalloids
(ii) Compounds
 Pure Substances
 The substances that are made up of only one kind of
particles are known as pure substances.
 Pure substances are homogeneous in nature.
 For example: In case of pure water, all the molecules
are made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen
atom.
 A pure substance may contain similar atoms or
molecules formed by dissimilar atoms.
 Pure substances can not be broken into simpler
substances by any physical process.
 These substances have fixed melting point, boiling
point, density, etc.
 Elements
 An Element is defined as a pure substance that
contains only one kind of particles. These particles
may be atoms or molecules.
 Elements can be classified on the basis of their
atomicity, i.e., the number of atoms present in a
molecule of an element.
 Monoatomic elements: Ag, Au, He, Ne, B, C, Al
 Diatomic elements: H2, O2, N2, Cl2, Br2, I2
 Polyatomic elements: O3, P4, S8
 Elements can be classified on the basis of their
nature as metals, non-metals and metalloids.
 Till now, About 118 elements have been discovered
and out of these, 92 elements are natural whereas
the rest 26 elements are synthetic elements.
 Technetium(Tc) was the first artificially produced
element.
 The smallest unit of an element is an atom which
shows all the properties of an element. Therefore,
all the atoms of an element are identical.
 Atoms of different elements differ in various
aspects like size and the composition.
 Elements can exist in solid, liquid or gaseous state,
like aluminium(Al) exist as solid, nitrogen(N2) exist
as gas and mercury(Hg) exist as liquid.
 Metals
 Metals are the elements which are generally malleable,
ductile, sonorous, lustrous, good conductors of
electricity and heat, have high density, have high
tensile strength, have high melting and boiling point
and are silver or grey.
 The most abundant element in the earth crust is
oxygen(46.6%), then silicon(27.7%), and then
aluminium(8.1%) and so on…….
 The most abundant metal in earth crust is aluminium.
 Malleability of metals can be seen as aluminium foil is
used to wrap food items, copper and aluminium sheets
are used to make utensils, iron sheets are used for
making body of automobiles and containers.
 Exceptions : Zinc is non-malleable.
 Ductility of matals can be seen as one gram of gold can be
stretched into a wire about 2Km long.
 Exceptions: Zinc is non-ductile.
 Silver is the best conductor of heat and electricity, followed
by copper, gold and then aluminium. But still, copper and
aluminium are used in making cooking utensils and water
boilers and electrical wires.
 Metals are hard but still some exceptions exist like sodium
and potassium which are soft metals.
 Metals exist in solid state but still one exception is there,
i.e., Mercury exist as liquid.
 Tungsten metal has the highest melting point(3410 degree
celcius). But gallium and caesium melts easily when kept
on our palm.
 Non-Metals
 Non-Metals are the elements which are generally non-
malleable, non-ductile, non-sonorous, non-lustrous,
poor conductors of electricity and heat, have low
density, have low tensile strength, have low melting
and boiling point and are of different colours.
 The most abundant non-metal in earth crust is oxygen.
 Non-Malleability/Ductility or brittle nature of non-
metals can be seen as sulphur and phosphorus break
into small pieces on hammering. Exceptions: Carbon is
ductile and is used in making carbon nanotubes(A hot
topic for research).
 Non-metals are generally insulators. Exceptions:
Diamond which is a good conductor of heat and
graphite which is a good conductor of electricity.
 Non-metals are soft. Exceptions: Diamond is the
only hardest non-metal known.
 Non-metals are dull. Exceptions: Diamond and
Iodine are lustrous.
 Non-metals exist in solid or gaseous state.
Exceptions: Bromine which exist as liquid.
 Non-metals are of different colours. For example,
Bromine is reddish brown, sulphur is yellow,
phosphorus is white, red or yellow in colour.
 Non-metals have low melting or boiling points.
Exceptions: Diamond.
 Non-metals have low density. Exceptions: Diamond
 Metalloids
 The elements which possess some properties of
metals and some other properties of non-metals are
called metalloids.
 They are often called as semi-metals.
 They look like metals but are brittle like non-
metals.
 They are neither good conductors of electricity nor
good insulators. That’s why they are also called
semi-conductors.
 Some metalloids are: Silicon(Si), Germenium(Ge)
Arsenic(As), Antimony(Sb), Tellurium(Te),
Polonium(Po) and Astatine(At).
Applications Of Elements
Element Uses
Hydrogen As a fuel, In production of margarine
and ammonia for fertilisers.

Helium Used in combination with argon for

inflation of air bags, Is a major
component of gas mixture deep sea
divers breathe and used as a coolant
gas.

Lithium Used in rechargeable mobile and laptop

lithium-ion batteries.

Berrylium Used for making windows of X-ray

tubes, Copper-beryllium alloy is used in
preparation of high strength springs.
Applications Of Elements
Element Uses
Boron Used in pyrotechnic flares to give them
a distinctive green colour, Boron
trioxide is used in making heat resistant
laboratory glass wares.

Carbon Used in making wires, pencils, brushes

in electric motors, Carbohydrates,
proteins, fats and vitamins are made up
of carbon and its compounds.
Nitrogen Used in filling electric bulbs, packaging
of chips, liquid nitrogen is used as a
refrigerant.
Fluorine Used in making Teflon which is used to
make non-stick cookware, Tin Fluoride
is added to toothpastes to prevent tooth
decay.
Applications Of Elements
Element Uses
Neon Used in sign bulbs which glow with a
distinctive reddish-orange colour. Liquid
neon is used as a refrigerant.
Sodium Sodium-vapour lamps give streetlights
their yellow glow. Liquid sodium is used
as a coolant in nuclear reactions, Our body
needs sodium for muscles and nerves to
work properly.

Magnesium Duralumin an alloy of Al(95%), Cu(4%),

Mg(0.5%), Mn(0.5%) is used in
construction of aircrafts. A suspension of
magnesium is used as an antacid.
Silicon Silicone oils are lubricants which are
sometimes added to cosmetics. Used in
integrated circuits or chips.
Applications Of Elements
Element Uses
Phosphorus Used in making rubbing surface of the
match box, Used in making fertilisers.
Sulphur It is a constitute of many organic
materials such as eggs, proteins, garlic,
onion, mustard, hair, and wool.
Chlorine Used in preparing bleaching powder,
Used as a disinfectant.
Argon Used in filling incandescent and
fluorescent lamps.
Potassium Potassium hydroxide is used in making
liquid soaps and in absorption of CO2. In
human body potassium regulates the
blood pressure and transmission of nerve
impulse.
Calcium CaO is used in making cement, Calcium
is essential for bones and teeth
 Compounds
 Compounds are those pure chemical substances
which are formed by the combination of two or
more elements in a fixed proportion by mass.
 Compound may be ionic or covalent on the basis of
their nature of formation:
 Ionic compounds are formed when a metal reacts
with a non-metal. For example: KCl, NaCl, CaCl2,
etc.
 Covalent compounds are formed when non-metals
react. For example: HCl, NH3, CO2, etc.
 Characteristics Of Compounds
 They have fixed composition, i.e., the constituents
are present in a fixed proportion by mass.
 The components of a compound can be separated
by chemical methods such as by passing electric
current through water, it gets decomposed to give
hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.
 They are homogeneous in nature, i.e., they have
same composition throughout the mass.
 The properties of compound are different from its
constituents particles.
 They have fixed melting and boiling point.
 Home Work
1.Why are elements and compounds called pure
substances?
2.A substance has constant melting and boiling
point. What can you infer from this?
3.Why should water be called a compound?
4.Why burning of magnesium in air is called a
chemical change?
5.Curdling of milk is a chemical change. Justify.
6.Metallic sodium is soft enough to be cut with a
knife. Classify this as a physical or a chemical
change.
7.What are the favourable qualities given to gold when it
is alloyed with copper or silver for the purpose of making
ornaments?
8.Sucrose(sugar) crystals obtained from sugar cane and
beetroot are mixed together. Will it be a pure substance or
a mixture? Give reason for the same.
9.Name a non-metal which is known to form the largest
number of compounds.
10. Which of the following are compounds: CO, Co, FeS,
S8, Fe, PCl5, P4, chlorine gas, carbon, sulphur powder,
diamond and graphite.
11.Two chemical substances A and B combine together to
form a product C. The product C contains both A and B. A
and B can not be broken down into simpler substances by
simple chemical reactions. Comment upon the nature of
A, B and C.