Experimental Study On Sand Replacement by Termite Mound Soil GOWRI

CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
Building materials account for between 40-60% of the total construction cost and
this is attributed to the fact that basic conventional building materials like cement
and aggregates are becoming increasingly expensive due to high cost incurred in
their processes, production and transportation. The utilization of locally available
materials that can either reduce or replace the conventional ones are being
investigated. For example, the used of rice husk ash, corncob ash, shell ash, and
termite mound soil have been ascertain suitable as replacement of sand.
Termite mounds are available all over the world. However, the availability
and distribution depend on soil and vegetation, climatic features and presence of
water. In India, the most dominant species of mound building termites are the
wood – feeding, the fungus growing and the grass–harvesting germinates.
However, constitute the dominant species and has a wider distribution of mounds
in the southern zone of India.
The mound is usually made of finer soil whose plasticity has further been
improved by the secretion from the termites while being used in building the
mounds. It is therefore a better material than ordinary clay in terms of utilization
for moulding, and in dam construction .Heat treated termite mound soil has been
reported to have resistance to wear, abrasion and penetration by liquids, and has
cementations properties which makes it a good sand supplement, it equally has
low thermal conductivity which could make it possible to reduce solar heat flow
into building enclosure and regulate temperature fluctuations within the storage
environment. The use of termite mound soil in the production of concrete is scarce
in literature hence the study to investigate the influence of curing media on the
compressive strength of termite mound blended concrete.
1
Concrete is a building constitute material which can be made with mixing
Portland cement fine aggregate (sand) and coarse aggregate. The constituents are
usually mixed together with water. It is used in building construction for structural
member construction such as columns, beams and slabs. It can also be used for
foundations, pavements and flooring purposes
2
CHAPTER 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY
Roman concrete (or Opus caementicium) was made from quicklime, pozzolanic
ash or pozzolana, and an aggregate of pumice during the Roman Empire. Its
widespread use in many Roman structures, a major event in the history of
architecture termed the Concrete Revolution, freed Roman construction from the
restrictions of stone and brick material and allowed for revolutionarily new
designs both in terms of structural complexity and dimension.
2.1.1 The Use of Termite Mound Material as Alternative Aggregate

in Concrete
A Project submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, College of

Engineering, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (2010) in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil engineering
Termites are of great occurrence in Nigeria and in the vicinity of structures
especially those constructed with wood. The study investigated the physical and
chemical properties of termite mound soils as related to borrow pit soils, as well as
the compressive strength of 100*100*100mm concrete cubes prepared using
termite mound soil as 00,10, 50%, and 100% of fine aggregates. The termite
mound and borrow pit soils were air dried and then analysed physically to
determine their moisture content, liquid limit, plastic limit and grain size
distribution; and chemically to determine the constituents of the soil solids. The
termite mound soil was sieved with a 300Jlm sieve to remove fine sand particles
before application in the preparation of concrete. The termite mound soil had a
higher liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index than the borrow pit soil
3
sample and was well graded compared to the poorly graded borrow pit soil. Only
the phosphorus, sodium and potassium contents were more than double the
quantities in the borrow pit soil. Other tested components showed no significant
difference
2.1.2 Modeling of the Compressive Strength of River Sand-Termite

Soil Concrete Using Osadebe’s Second-Degree Polynomial Function
D.O.Onwuka*, L. Anyaogu*, T.U. Anyanwu*, C. Chijioke**
In this article, a model of the compressive strength of river sand- termite
soil concrete was formulated using Osadebe’s second degree polynomial equation.
The formulated model can be used for determining the compressive strength
obtainable from a given mix proportions of its constituents. Besides, it can be used
for determining the mix proportions that can yield a given or desired compressive
strength of a five-component concrete containing a percentage of termite soil. The
validity of the formulated model was tested Using student’s t-test. At 5 percent
significant level, the model was found to be valid. This implies that there is no
significant difference between the results. The results obtained from the model
agrees with the corresponding experimental results.
2.1.3 Influence of Curing Media On The Compressive Strength Of

Termite Mound-Lime Blended Cement Mortar
Alake Olaniyi1 & Akaninyene Afangide Umoh2*(2014)
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the compressive
strength of blended cement mortar cubes containing termite mound and lime. Two
mix ratios of 1:4 and 1:6 (cement: sand) with water-cement ratio of 0.65, and
varying combination of termite mound and lime in equal amount ranging from
10% to 50% replacing cement were used. A total of 900 cubes were cast, cured in
water, H2SO4 and HNO3 for 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 days in each medium. Test
results showed that the compressive strength of the mortar cubes increases with
age and decreases with increasing percentage replacement of cement with Termite
4
mound-lime specimens cured in water; whereas, the compressive strength
decreases with increase in age, percentage replacement of cement with termite
mound-lime as well as solution concentration when the specimens were immersed
in acidic solution. The study concluded that termite mound-lime blended cement
mortar is adequate for use as type S or N masonry mortar for construction
purposes in non-acidic aggressive environment.
2.1.4 Modelling Compressive Strength of Concretes Incorporating

Termite Mound Soil Using Multi-Layer Perceptron Networks: A
Case Study Of Eastern Nigeria
Ikechukwu Etienne Umeonyiagu 1 & Chidozie Chukwuemeka
Nwobi-Okoye 2*(2015).
In this study termite mound soil was used as part of concrete mixture. This
work shows the development of a computational model, based on artificial neural
networks for the determination of compressive strength of concrete materials
made by replacing the fine aggregate with termite mound soil. The work involves
building a multi-layer perception neural network model which uses experimental
data obtained from compressive strength test of concrete made from termite
mound soil. The compressive strength predictions were compared with predictions
from an alternative model based on regression analysis. The results of the study
show that for the termite mound soil based concrete the regression model
prediction has a correlation coefficient of 0.94402 and a sum of squares error of
0.72867100, while the neural network model prediction has a correlation
coefficient of 0.94918 and a sum of squares error of 0.07629460. Generally, the
models predicted well, but the neural network model predicted better than the
regression model. The result of the study has adequately demonstrated a cheap,
simple, very quick and accurate alternative to experimental method of concrete
strength determination.
5
2.1.5 A Study of Uncalcined Termite Clay Soil as Partial
Replacement in Cement as a Sustainable Material for Roofing Tiles
in Low Cost Housing Schemes in Kenya
Meshack Oduor Otieno, Charles K. Kabubo, Zachary Abiero
Gariy (2015)
The need for adequate roofing in developing countries is a vital problem for
so many people. The solution of this problem is often linked to the import of iron
sheets. The increasing economic burden that many less developed countries have
to carry makes it harder to meet vital needs, such as roofing, by means of import.
The efforts to find appropriate solutions based on locally available raw materials
have thus become more and more important. The cost of conventional materials is
too high; a considerable amount of this cost is due to the price of energy for
manufacturing and to transportation costs, some materials such as cement poses
adverse environmental effect.
There is need therefore to provide alternative materials that are locally

available, materials that can reverse the adverse environmental effect caused by
excessive use of Portland cement and finally, materials that have small energy
demand. The overall objective of this research was to assess the suitability of
uncalcined termite clay powder partial replacement in cement for use in roofing
tile for housing. For this termite clay powder replacement levels of 0 %, 10 %,
20%, 30% and 40% by weight of Ordinary Portland Cement was carried out to
determine setting times, compressive strength, flexural strength and absorption
rate. The chemical analysis of uncalcined termite clay soil obtained from Bondo
district, Usigu sub location, Nduru village in Siaya County was found to be
chemically suitable as pozzolanic material (SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3=93.053>70)
required as stipulated by the ASTM C 618 standard. The optimal replacement
level for termite clay soil was determined to be 10% replacement in cement
achieving compressive strength of 44.9N/mm2, flexural strength of 6.5N/mm2
and absorption rate of 6.5%.
6
METHODOLOGY
Gathering ideas
Studying various concrete journals
Providing base for the project using collected journals
Material collections
Finding properties of materials
Mix Design
Casting
Cylinders Beams
Cubes
Curing
Testing of mechanical properties
Result and Discussions
Conclusion
7
CHAPTER - 3
LABORATORY INVESTIGATION
3.1 STUDY ON MATERIALS
3.1.1 CEMENT
In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance

that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The
volcanic ash and pulverized brick additives that were added to the burnt lime to
obtain a hydraulic binder were later referred cement.
Cement used in construction is characterized as hydraulic or non-

hydraulic. Hydraulic cements (e.g.Portland cement) harden because of hydration,
chemical reactions that occur independently of the mixture's water content; they
can harden even underwater or when constantly exposed to wet weather.
The chemical reaction that results when the hydrous cement powder is
mixed with water produces hydrates that are not water-soluble. Non-hydraulic
cements (e.g.gypsum plaster) must be kept dry in order to retain their strength.
The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete, the
bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong building material that is
durable in the face of normal environmental effects. 43 grade Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC) is used for the study program. The basic properties of cement were
tested and tabulated as below,
8
Table 3.1Properties of cement
S. No Name of the test Value

1 Consistency 36 %
2 Initial Setting Time 32 minutes
3 Fineness modulus 1.75
4 Specific gravity 3.15
3.1.2 FINE AGGREGATE
For increased workability and for economy as reflected by use of less

cement, the fine aggregate should have a rounded shape. The purpose of the fine
aggregate is to fill the voids in the coarse aggregate and to act as a workability
agent.
River sand was used in preparing the concrete as it was locally available
in sand quarry. The properties of this fine aggregate have been tested and given
below:
Table 3.4Properties of Fine Aggregate
S.No Name of the test Value

1 Specific Gravity 2.74
2 Fineness modulus 2.85
3 Water absorption 2.5 %
4 Bulk Density 1587.6 kg/m3
3.1.3 COARSE AGGREGATE
As with fine aggregate, for increased workability and economy as

reflected by the use of less cement, the coarse aggregate should have a rounded
shape. Even though the definition seems to limit the size of coarse aggregate,
9
other considerations must be accounted. In strength and durability, aggregate must
be equal to or better than the hardened cement to withstand the designed loads and
the effects of weathering. The properties of this coarse aggregate have been tested
and given below
Table 3.5Properties of Coarse aggregates

S.No Name of the test Value
1 Specific Gravity 2.74
2 Water absorption 0.65%
3 Bulk density 1652.89 kg/m3
4. Crushing strength 22.12%
5. Impact strength 19.18%
6 Flakiness index 99.85%
7. Elongation index 99.65%
3.1.4 WATER
Water acts as lubricants for the fine and coarse aggregate and acts
chemically with cement to form the binding paste for the aggregate. Water is
used for curing the concrete after it has cast into the forms. Water used for both
making and curing should be free from injurious amount of deleterious materials.
Portable water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing and curing of
concrete. If water contains any sugar or an excess of acid or salt, it should not be
used. Portable tap water available in laboratory with pH value of 7.0 ± 1 and
confirming to the requirement of IS: 456-2000 was used for mixing concrete and
curing the specimens as well.
10
3.1.4 TERMITE
Termites are a group of social insects usually classified at the taxonomic
rank of Order Isoptera. Termites mostly feed on dead plant material, generally in
the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung, and about 10% of the estimated
4,000 species are economically significant as pests that can cause serious
structural damage to buildings, crops, or plantation forests
3.1.5 TERMITE MOUND

A termite mound (also termitaria) is an above-ground termite nest which
has grown beyond its initially concealing earth surface
Figure 3.1.5 TERMITE MOUND
11
CHAPTER 4
MIX PROPORTIONING
4.1 GENERAL
The desired properties of concrete can be obtained by using the ingredients

in a certain proportion. Thus determining the relative amounts of materials is
known as mix design. Thus it can be defined as the process of selecting suitable
ingredients of concrete and determining their relative quantities for producing the
concrete of desired properties strength, durability and consistency etc., as
economical as possible.
The object of mix design is to decide the properties of material, which will
produce concrete having the required properties. The mix proportions should be
selected in such a way that the resulting concrete is desired workability while
fresh and it could be placed and compacted easily for the indented purpose
4.2 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
4.2.1 MIX DESIGN FOR SAND REPLACEMENT
Data for M20
fck reqd @ 28 days = 20 N/mm2
Max size of aggregate = 20 mm
Degree of workability = 100 slump
Degree of quality control = good
Type of exposure = mild
Cement used = OPC
Fine aggregate = natural river sand, conforming to zone II
Coarse aggregate = 20mm (60%) & 12mm (40%)
12
Specific gravity
i) Cement = 3.15
ii) Coarse aggregate = 2.74
iii) Fine aggregate = 2.74
iv) Termite mound soil = 2
A) TARGET MEAN STRENGTH

Target mean strength for mix design fck = fck + 1.65 S
Where, fck=characteristic compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm2

S =standard deviation
fck = 20+(1.65*4)
= 26.6 N/mm2
B) SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO

From table 5 of IS 456, Maximum water cement ratio = 0.5
Based on experience, adopt water cement ratio as 0.45.
c) SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT

Maximum water content = 186 liters
= 186 + ((6/100)*186)
= 197 liters
d) CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

W/C ratio =0.45
= 197/0.45
= 438 kg/m3
Minimum cement content = 420 kg/m3
438 kg/m3 > 420 kg/m3 hence OK.
13
e) PROPOTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND
FINE AGGREGATE
% of coarse aggregate = 0.61
% of fine aggregate = 1-0.61
= 0.39
f) MIX CALCULATION
Volume of concrete (a) = 1m3
Volume of cement (b) = [(420/3.15)*(1/1000)]
= 0.133m3
Volume of water (c) = [(197/1)*(1/1000)]
= 0.197m3
VOID RATIO
Void ratio e = a-(b+c)
= 1-(0.133+0.197)
= 0.670
Volume of C.A =e* % of C.A * Sp.g of C.A *1000
= 0.670 * 0.61 * 2.74 *1000
= 1120 kg/m3
Volume of F.A = e* % of F.A * Sp.g of F.A*1000
=0.670* 0.39* 2.74 *1000

= 716 kg/m3
TMS @ 30% of total F.A content = 716*30%=215 kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 716-215 = 501 kg/m3
TMS @ 40% of total F.A content = 716*40%=286 kg/m3
14
Fine aggregate =716-286 = 430 kg/m3
Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse

aggregate
197 kg/m3 420 kg/m3 716 kg/m3 1120 kg/m3
MIX RATIO – 1:1.7:2.7
4.2.2 MIX DESIGN FOR CEMENT REPLACEMENT

Data for M20
fck reqd @ 28 days = 20 N/mm2
max size of aggregate = 20 mm
degree of workability = 100 slump
degree of quality control = good
type of exposure = mild
cement used = OPC
fine aggregate = natural river sand, conforming to zone II
Coarse aggregate = 20mm(60%) & 12mm(40%)
Specific gravity
i) Cement = 3.15
ii) Coarse aggregate = 2.74
iii) Fine aggregate = 2.74
iv) Termite mound soil = 2
A) TARGET MEAN STRENGTH

Target mean strength for mix design fck= fck + 1.65 S
Where, fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm2

S = standard deviation
15
fck = 20+(1.65*4)
= 26.6 N/mm2
b) SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO
From table 5 of IS 456,Maximum water cement ratio = 0.5
Based on experience, adopt water cement ratio as 0.45.
c) SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT

Maximum water content = 186 liters
= 186 + ((6/100)*186)
= 197 liters
d) CALCULATION OF CEMENT AND TMS CONTENT

W/C ratio =0.45
= 197/0.45
= 438 kg/m3
Minimum cement content = 420 kg/m3
Cementitious material content = 438 *1.10
= 482 kg/m3
Water cement ratio = 197/482 = 0.41
TMS @ 10% of total cementitious material content = 482*10 % = 48 kg/m3
Cement (OPC) = 482-48 = 434 kg/m3
Cement (OPC) = 482-72 = 410 kg/m3
Cement (OPC) = 482-96 = 386 kg/m3
e) PROPOTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND

FINE AGGREGATE
16
% of coarse aggregate = 0.61
% of fine aggregate = 1-0.61
= 0.39
f) MIX CALCULATION
Volume of concrete (a) = 1m3
Volume of cement @ 10% (b) = [(434/3.15)*(1/1000)]
= 0.138m3
= 0.130m3
= 0.123m3
Volume of TMS @ 10% = [(48/2)*(1/1000)]
=0.024m3
Volume of TMS @ 15% = [(72/2)*(1/1000)]
=0.036m3
Volume of TMS @ 20% = [(96/2)*(1/1000)]
=0.048m3
Volume of water (c) = [(197/1)*(1/1000)]
= 0.197m3
VOID RATIO
Void ratio e = a-(b+c+d)
(10% TMS) = 1-(0.138+0.024+0.197)
= 0.641
(15% TMS) = 1-(0.130+0.036+0.197)
= 0.637
17
(20% TMS) = 1-(0.123+0.048+0.197)
=0.632
Volume of C.A =e* % of C.A * Sp.g of C.A *1000
(10% TMS) = 0.641 * 0.61 * 2.74 *1000
= 1071kg/m3
(15% TMS) = 0.637 * 0.61 * 2.74 *1000
= 1065 kg/m3
(20% TMS) =0.632 * 0.61 * 2.74 *1000
= 1056 kg/m3
Volume of F.A = e* % of F.A * Sp.g of F.A*1000
(10% TMS) =0.641* 0.39* 2.74 *1000
= 685 kg/m3
(15% TMS) =0.637 * 0.39 * 2.74 *1000
= 681 kg/m3
(20% TMS) =0.632 * 0.39 * 2.74 *1000
= 675 kg/m3
Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate
197 kg/m3 434 kg/m3 685 kg/m3 1071 kg/m3
MIX RATIO – 1:1.5:2.5
18
CHAPTER 5
5. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
5.1 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE
5.1.1 SLUMP TEST
INTRODUCTION
It is the most commonly used method of measuring consistency of

concrete. This test can be conducted in the field or in laboratory. However, this
test is not suitable for very wet or very dry concrete.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
The apparatus for conducting the slump test consist of a metallic mould
in the form of a frustum of cone with 20cm bottom diameter, 10cm top diameter
and 30cm height. A steel tamping rod of 16mm diameter, 0.6m long with a bullet
end is used for tamping.
PROCEDURE
 The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and placed

on a smooth non - absorbent horizontal surface.
 The mould is filled in 4 layers of equal height. Each layer is
compacted by giving 25 blows with the tamping rod uniformly.
 The mould is lifted upward from the concrete immediately by raising
it slowly. This allows the concrete to subside. The subsidence is
referred to as slump of concrete.
 The difference in height of the mould and that of the subsided
concrete is measured and reported in mm.
19
Figure 5.1.1 Slump test apparatus
 If the slump of the concrete is even it is called true slump.
 If one half of the cone slides down is called as shear slump.
 Shear slump also indicates that the concrete is not cohesive and
reflects segregation.
5.1.2 TESTS ON TERMITE MOUND SOIL
5.1.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST

The test procedure is followed as per IS: 2720(part 3) -1980.The Test
is conducted on three samples and the average is taken as the value of Specific
Gravity. The Specific Gravity of sample is 2.
5.1.2.2 STANDARD PROCTOR’S COMPACTION TEST

The optimum water content (OMC)and the maximum dry density
(MDD) is obtained by conducting Standard Proctor’s Test as per IS:2720(PART
7)-1980.The relation between moisture content and the dry density is obtained
from compaction test
COMPACTION TEST OMC% MMD(g/cc)
Standard proctor’s compaction 10% 2.1

test
20
5.1.2.3 LIQUID LIMIT OF SOIL
The test is done to determine the liquid limit of soil as per IS:
2720(Part 5)-1985.The liquid limit of termite mound soil is the water content of
the soil behaves. We found that Liquid limit for 25 blows=25.75%
Therefore the soil is NON PLASTIC Type.
5.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TMBC
5.2.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
5.2.1.1SPECIMENDETAILS
The cube specimen is of the size150mmx150mmx150mm.If the largest

nominal size of the aggregate does not exceed 20mm.Cylindrical test specimens
have a length equal to twice the diameter.
They are 150mm in diameter and 300mm long. Smaller test specimens
may be used but a ratio of the diameter of the specimen to maximum size of
aggregate, not less than 3 to 1 is maintained.
5.2.1.2 DESCRIPTION
Compression test develops their more complex system of stresses due to
compression load ,the cube or cylinder under goes lateral expansion showing to
the Poisson’s ratio effect. The steel plates do not under go lateral expansion to the
some extent that of concrete, with the result that steel restrains the expansion
tendency of concrete in the lateral direction.This induces a tangential force
between the end surfaces of the concrete specimen and the adjacent steel plates of
the testing machine.
It has been found that the lateral strain in the steel plates is only 0.4 of the lateral
strain in the concrete.Due to this the plate restrains the lateral expansion of the
concrete in the parts of the specimen near to its end.The degree of restraint
21
exercise depends on the friction actually developed .When the friction is
eliminated by apply in grease graphite or paraffin wax to the bearing surfaces the
specimen exhibits a larger expansion and eventually splits along its full length.
The compressive strength was calculated by using the relationship
Compressive Strength= (P/A) MPa

Where,
P - Ultimate load in Newton
A -is area of cube in mm2
5.2.2 SPLIT TENSILE TEST

5.2.2.1 DESCRIPTION
Tensile strength are based on the indirect splitting test of cylinders. The test
is carried out by placing a cylindrical specimen between the loading specimen of
a compression testing machine and the load is applied until failure of the cylinder,
along the vertical diameter. The cylinder is subjected to a horizontal stress (ft),
Split tensile Strength ft= (2P/πLD)

Where,
ft-is splitting tensile strength of concrete in MPa
P- is load applied in Newton
D- is diameter of cylinder in mm
L- is length of cylinder in mm
The loading condition produces a high compressive stresses

immediately below the two generators to which the load is applied .But the larger
portion corresponding to depth is subjected to a uniform tensile stress acting
horizontally .It is estimated that the compressive stress is acting for about1/6depth
and the remaining5/6 depth is subjected to tension.
22
In order to reduce the magnitude of the high compression stresses
near the points of application of the load, narrow packing strips of suitable
material such as plywood are placed between the specimen and the loading
platens of the testing machine .The packing strips should be soften bough to all
own distribution of load over a reasonable area, yet narrow and thin enough to
prevent large contact area .Normally, a plywood strip of 25 mm wide, 3 mm thick
and30 cm long is used.
5.2.3 FLEXURAL TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

5.2.3.1 DESCRIPTION
`The investigation is carried to study the flexural behavior of concrete.
Prisms of cross section 150mm x 150mm x 700mm are casted. One prism is cast
for conventional concrete and other two prisms for Termite mound blended
concrete. The flexural strength of both conventional and Termite mound blended
concrete is calculated and the result is tabulated.
The flexural strength was calculated by using the relationship
Flexural Tensile Strength fr = (PL/BD2)
Where,
Fr- Flexural strength of the concrete in MPa
P- Maximum load in Newton
L- Span in mm
B- is width of the concrete specimen in mmD- is depth of the concrete

specimen in mm
23
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

The compressive strength test was carried out on 150mm x 150mm x
150mm cubes as specified by IS 516-1959(1989). The results of the compressive
strength of conventional and termite mound blended concrete at 3 days, 7 days and
14 days for M20 grade concrete are tabulated.
Compressive strength of cube in normal concrete

Specimen Curing period Load Compressive
(days) (KN) strength
(N/mm2)
Cube 1 3 180 8
Cube 2 7 293 13
Cube 3 14 383 17
Compressive strength of cube with 30 % replacement of TMS

specimen Curing period Load Compressive
(N/mm2)
Cube 1 3 270 12
Cube 2 7 300 13.3
Cube 3 14 360 16
24
(N/mm2)
Cube 1 3 300 13.3

Cube 2 7 360 16
Cube 3 14 460 20.45
Compressive strength of concrete
25
Compression strength (N/mm2)
20
15
10
0
3 7 14
0% 30% 40%
Curing Days
25
6.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
The split tensile strength test was carried out on cylindrical specimens of
150mm diameter and 300 mm length. The results of the split tensile strength of
conventional and termite mound blended concrete at 3 days, 7 days and 14 days
for M20 grade concrete are tabulated.
Split tensile strength of cylinder in normal concrete

specimen Curing period Load Split tensile
(N/mm2)
Cylinder 1 3 60 0.85
Cylinder 3 14 120 1.7
Split tensile strength of cylinder with 30 % replacement of TMS

(N/mm2)
Cylinder 1 3 100 1.42
Cylinder 2 7 140 1.98
Cylinder 3 14 150 2.12
Split tensile strength of cylinder with 40 % replacement of TMS

(N/mm2)
Cylinder 1 3 130 1.84
Cylinder 3 14 160 2.3
26
Split tensile strength of concrete
Split tensile strength (N/mm2)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0 0% 30% 40%
3 7 14
Curing Age (days)
6.3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST ON CONCRETE
The flexural strength test was carried out on prisms of cross section 150mm
x 150mm x 700mm. The results flexural strength of conventional and termite
mound blended concrete at 3 days for M20 grade concrete are tabulated.
Flexural strength of prism in normal concrete
specimen Curing period Load Flexural strength

(days) (KN) (N/mm2)
Prism 1 3 12 2.5
Flexural strength of prism with 30 % replacement of TMS

(days) (KN) (N/mm2)
Prism 1 3 15 3.2
27
Flexural strength of prism with 40 % replacement of TMS

(days) (KN) (N/mm2)
Prism 1 3 18 3.8
Flexural strength of concrete
4
Flexural strength (N/mm2)
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
3
0% 30% 40%
Curing Age (days)

6.4 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
The compressive strength test was carried out on 150mm x 150mm x
150mm cubes as specified by IS 516-1959(1989). The results of the compressive
strength of conventional and termite mound blended (cement replacement)
concrete at 3 days for M20 grade concrete are tabulated.
28
Compressive strength of cube in normal concrete

(N/mm2)
Cube 1 3 180 8
Specimen Curing period Load Compressive strength

(days) (KN) (N/mm2)
Cube 1 3 470 20.89

(N/mm2)
Cube 1 3 440 19.5

(N/mm2)
Cube 1 3 435 19.3
29
Compressive strength of concrete
25
Compression strength (N/mm2)
20
15 0%
10%
10 15%
20%
0
3
Curing Age (days)
30
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
Physical analysis and mechanical analysis were conducted on termite mound soil.
The results showed that the termite mound soil was well graded and contained
more of the finer sand particles than the sand sample.
The compressive strength of the resulting that concrete which had its fine
aggregate 40% replaced with termite mound soil was more than 35% of the
compressive strength of concrete prepared in using only coarse sand as fine
aggregates.
The flexural strength of the resulting that concrete which had its cement 10 %
replaced with termite mound soil was more than 52% of the flexural strength of
normal conventional concrete.
The purpose of the project was to establish whether termite mound soil could be
used as fine aggregate and cement in the preparation of concrete without tedious
or expensive processing. Sand replacement by termite mound soil is more
economical.
31
CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
1. Adegunloye, F. O. (2007) Utilization and Evaluation of Treated Termite

Mound Clay Bricks for Grain Silos Construction. Ph.D. Thesis,
Agricultural Engineering Dept., University of Ibadan.
2. Adesanya, D. A. and Raheem, A. A. (2009) A study of the workability and
compressive strength characteristics of corn cob ash blended cement
concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 23 (1): 311-317.
3. Ayangade, J.A., Olusola, K.O., Ikpo, I.J., and Ata, O. (2004) Effect of
Granite Dust on the Performance Characteristics of Kernelrazzo Floor
Finish, Building and Environment, 39 (10): 1207-1212.
4. ASTM C 270 (2006) Standard Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry.
West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International..
5. ASTM C618 (2008) Standard Specification for Coal fly ash and raw or
Calcined Natural Pozzolan for use in concrete (ASTMC618-08), West
Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 3pp.
6. Bassel, H., Nasim, S. and Hassan, K. (2012) Improving Durability of
Concrete to Phosphoric Acid Attack, Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, 6
(1): 68-82.
7. H.; Elfgreen, L. and Ronin, V. (2005) Mechanism for Performance of
Energetically Modified Cement Versus Corresponding Blended Cement,
Cement and Concrete Research, 35: 315 – 323.
8. Murthy, V. N. S. (2007) Soil mechanics and foundation engineering-
geotechnical engineering series, New Delhi, India. CBS Publishers and
distributors PVt. Ltd., 1038 pp. Neville,
A. M. (2000) Properties of Concrete, 5th ed. New York: Pitman, 849 pp.
Nigerian Industrial Standards NIS 444: 1 (2003) Composition,
Specification and Conformity criteria for common cements, Lagos,
Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON).
9. Odumodu, R. C. (1991), “Clay Block Industry in Nigeria, Problems and
Prospects”, Engineering Focus, NSE Publication, National Engineering
Centre, Victoria Island, Lagos, 6: 37-40.
10. Olanipekun, E.A., Olusola, K.O., and Ata, O. (2006) Comparative Study of
Concrete Properties of Palm Kernel Shell as Fine and Coarse Aggregates,
Building and Environment, 41 (3): 297-301.
32
11. Olaniyi, A. and Umoh, A.A. (2013) Compressive Strength of Calcined
Pulverised Termite Mound Blended Cement Concrete, Journal of
Environmental Design, 8 (1&2): 34-42.
12. Olusola, K. O. And Umoh, A. A. (2012) Strength Characteristics of
Periwinkle Shell Ash Blended Cement Concrete, lnternational Journal of
Architecture, Engineering and Construction, 1 (4): 213-220.
13. Olusola, K. O. And Joshua, O. (2012) Effect of Nitric Acid Concentration
on the Compressive Strength of Laterized Concrete, Civil and
Environmental Research, 2 (10): 48-57.
14. Parker, P. S. (1998), “Structural Design”, Concise – Encyclopedia of
Science and Technology, 4th edition, New York: McGraw Hill Company.
33

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CHAPTER 1

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1.1 The Use of Termite Mound Material as Alternative Aggregate

A Project submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, College of

2.1.2 Modeling of the Compressive Strength of River Sand-Termite

2.1.3 Influence of Curing Media On The Compressive Strength Of

2.1.4 Modelling Compressive Strength of Concretes Incorporating

There is need therefore to provide alternative materials that are locally

Studying various concrete journals

Providing base for the project using collected journals

Finding properties of materials

Testing of mechanical properties

Result and Discussions

3.1 STUDY ON MATERIALS

In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance

Cement used in construction is characterized as hydraulic or non-

S. No Name of the test Value

3.1.2 FINE AGGREGATE

For increased workability and for economy as reflected by use of less

Table 3.4Properties of Fine Aggregate

S.No Name of the test Value

3.1.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

As with fine aggregate, for increased workability and economy as

Table 3.5Properties of Coarse aggregates

3.1.5 TERMITE MOUND

Figure 3.1.5 TERMITE MOUND

The desired properties of concrete can be obtained by using the ingredients

4.2 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

4.2.1 MIX DESIGN FOR SAND REPLACEMENT

Data for M20

fck reqd @ 28 days = 20 N/mm2

Max size of aggregate = 20 mm

Degree of workability = 100 slump

Degree of quality control = good

Type of exposure = mild

Cement used = OPC

Fine aggregate = natural river sand, conforming to zone II

Coarse aggregate = 20mm (60%) & 12mm (40%)

A) TARGET MEAN STRENGTH

Where, fck=characteristic compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm2

B) SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO

Based on experience, adopt water cement ratio as 0.45.

c) SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT

d) CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

Minimum cement content = 420 kg/m3

438 kg/m3 > 420 kg/m3 hence OK.

% of fine aggregate = 1-0.61

Volume of cement (b) = [(420/3.15)*(1/1000)]

Volume of water (c) = [(197/1)*(1/1000)]

Volume of C.A =e* % of C.A * Sp.g of C.A *1000

= 0.670 * 0.61 * 2.74 *1000

Volume of F.A = e* % of F.A * Sp.g of F.A*1000

=0.670* 0.39* 2.74 *1000

Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse

MIX RATIO – 1:1.7:2.7

4.2.2 MIX DESIGN FOR CEMENT REPLACEMENT

fck reqd @ 28 days = 20 N/mm2