Professional Documents
Culture Documents
English For Mechanical Engineering
English For Mechanical Engineering
English For Mechanical Engineering
BI
PBI FKIP UNISKA
CHAPTER I
WORKING
A. Background
Work can be defined as transfer of energy. In physics we say that work is
done on an object when you transfer energy to that object. If one object
transfers (gives) energy to a second object, then the first object does work on
the second object. In working area, someone is faced by communication.
Communication is thus a process by which meaning is assigned and conveyed
in an attempt to create shared understanding. Gregory Bateson called it "the
replication of tautologies in the universe. This process, which requires a vast
repertoire of skills in interpersonal processing, listening, observing, speaking,
questioning, analyzing, gestures, and evaluating enables collaboration and
cooperation. Communication in working area is spesific,someone has to know
about the spesific words and how to pronounce the words well, how to greet
their collage, and how to introduce his/herself.
Common Greetings
➢ Formal ➢ Informal
• Good Morning • Hi
• Good Afternoon • Hey
• Good Evening • Hello
2. Self Introduction.
Self-introduction is where you tell people who you are, what you
do, what your interests are, where you are from, what you have done with
your life, in other hand it’s talking about whole yourself.Self-introduction
consist of :
- Name
- Age
- Address
- Interest
- Occupation
b) Vocabularies
The noun vocabulary (or vocab for short) refers to the words used in a
language.
The word vocabulary can have at least three different meanings:
1. All of the words in a language
• New words are constantly being added to the vocabulary of English.
2.The words used in a particular context
• If you want to do an MBA you need to improve your business
vocabulary.
• My neighbour is a doctor so he has an extensive medical vocabulary.
• I've just bought a book on the vocabulary of slang.
1. Words
clauses.
Examples : but, and, so
Pronoun : A pronoun replaces a noun or noun phrase that is
understood from context.
Examples : she, me, it
3. Pronunciation
1. Pronunciation of Words
CHAPTER II
SEMINAR
A. Background
A seminar is a form of academic instruction, either at an academic
institution or offered by a commercial or professional organization. It has the
function of bringing together small groups for recurring meetings, focusing
each time on some particular subject, in which everyone present is requested to
actively participate. This is often accomplished through an ongoing Socratic
dialogue with a seminar leader or instructor, or through a more formal
presentation of research. It is essentially a place where assigned readings are
discussed, questions can be raised and debates can be conducted.
that we add to the verb are "helping verbs" or "auxiliaries", like be, have,
shall, will, and so on. So we get the continuous present with is taking, the
future with will take, and so on.
So, the concept of tense acts either by changing the spelling of the
verb, usually the ending, or by putting one or two extra words with the
verb. The first is called "morphological tense", like was and went. The
second way is called "auxilliary tense" like was going or is running.
Languages vary in how they treat actions in time. Latin always
used morphological tenses. Chinese and Indonesian verbs do not show
tense. Instead they use context (other words in the sentence) to show
when the verb happens.16 kinds of tenses and the examples :
A. PRESENT TENSE
• Simple Present Tense
• Present Continuous Tense
• Present Perfect Tense
• Present Prefect Continuous Tense
B. PAST TENSE
• Simple Past Tense
• Past Continuous Tense
• Past Perfect Tense
• Past Perfect Continuous Tense
C. FUTURE TENSE
• Simple Future Tense
• Future Tense Continuous Tense
• Future Perfect Tense
• Future Perfect Continuous Tense
THE EXAMPLE :
SIMPLE PRESENT
Usage:
Statingahabit(habitual action) oractivitiesthatoccurover and over-
againandagain and again.Statinga generaltruth.
Formulas :
(+) S + V1 + es/s + Object
(- ) S + do/does + not + V1 + Object
Examples:
a. My sister lives in Bali Luhur.
b. My sister does not live in Palembang.
c. Does my sister live in Jakarta ?
d. The sun rises in the east.
e. The sun does not rise in the west.
Usage:
Toexpressanactivitythatoccursata point inthe past.
Formulas:
( + ) s + V2 + Object
( – ) s + did + not + V1 + Object
( ? ) did + s + V1 + Object?
Examples :
a. My father went to Spain last year.
b. My mother did not go to Spain.
c. Did my sister go to Spain last year ?
d. I ate breakfast this morning.
e. My friend did not eat breakfast this morning.
b) Letter
A letter is a writtenmessage from one party to another containing
information. Letters promote the preservation of communication
between both parties; they may bring friends or relatives closer together,
enrich professional relationships and provide a means of self-expression.
Letters contribute to the protection and conservation of literacy. Letters
have been sent since antiquity and are mentioned in the Iliad. Works by
both Herodotus and Thucydides also mention letters.
2. Speech
Speech is the vocalized form of communication based upon the
syntactic combination of lexicals and names that are drawn from very large
(usually about 1,000 different words) vocabularies. Each spoken word is
created out of the phonetic combination of a limited set of vowel and
consonant speech sound units (phonemes). These vocabularies, the syntax
which structures them, and their sets of speech sound units differ, creating
many thousands of different, and mutually unintelligible, human languages.
Most human speakers are able to communicate in two or more of them,
hence being polyglots. The vocal abilities that enable humans to produce
speech also enable them to sing.
A gestural form of human communication exists for the deaf in the
form of sign language. Speech in some cultures has become the basis of a
written language, often one that differs in its vocabulary, syntax and
phonetics from its associated spoken one, a situation called diglossia. In
addition to its use in communication, it is suggested by some psychologists
such as Vygotsky that speech is internally used in mental processes to
enhance and organize cognition in the form of an interior monologue.
Speech is researched in terms of the speech production and speech
perception of the sounds used in vocal language. Other research topics
concern speech repetition, the ability to map heard spoken words into the
a) Formal Speech
A formal speech is a preplanned speech that is given to an audience
at a formal or professional event, business lectures and celebrations like
weddings being the most common. Formal speeches differ from
impromptu speeches, which are spontaneous speeches that are not written
or rehearsed beforehand.Example of Student Speech :
stand.
Model Now, imagine and picture what Australia will be like
when Indigenous people make a firm and solid stand
in their communities. Standing up for their ideas,
beliefs, and their culture. When we make a stand, our
people will be recognised. When we make a stand,
our people will be respected and acknowledged.
When we make a stand, reconciliation will inhabit
and well in this country we call home.
Transition to We don't want Australia to end up like this. Do we?
The Last Part In coming to the end of my speech, I will declare
again the importance of making a stand in your
community.
Slogan Do you stand up and speak up for your ideas, beliefs
and culture in your community? Do you want the
Indigenous people of this country to be recognised,
respected and reconciled? Let's make a stand. It's up
to you, me, and up to the future generations of
Indigenous people to make a difference to this
country. So don't stand around, stand up and make a
difference in your community, in your state and in
our country. Thank you for listening. It has be both a
privilege and a pleasure to speak and share with you.
b) Informal Speech
Informal Speech is the speeches of this type are not memuntut us
for too berfakain formal crucial polite and neat because this speech
kesannnya more relaxed and nature of this speech more toward
entertaining the listener so that the listener can laugh or nature should be
no element of comedy in it, and may also the nature of interaction with
3. Vocabularies
A vocabulary is a set of familiar words within a person's language. A
vocabulary, usually developed with age, serves as a useful and fundamental
tool for communication and acquiring knowledge.
a) Formal
Example : ”Good morning elders, lecturers, and fellow students. My
name is ... I come from a small and rural town in North
Queensland called Ayr and belong to the Birri-Gubba tribe
which inhabit that area. This is my first year at Batchelor and
I am currently studying primary education.”
b) Informal
Example : “Good afternoon, my name is Taylor Bass. Is there something
that you enjoy doing thatrelaxes you from everything else?
Maybe something you just can’t wait to do? Whether
it’ssports, eating, sleeping, or reading everyone has
something they enjoy doing. I have three mainhobbies I feel
get me away from the stress of my daily routine. I enjoy
going on vacations, beingin the sun, and spending time with
my dad. Going on vacations relaxes me from the normal
routine that goes on in my daily life.”
People speak and write in different ways on different occasions. There
are, however, some words and structures which are mainly used in formal
situations – for example report writing, business meetings, conferences,
polite conversations etc. There are also some words and expressions which
are mainly used in informal situations – conversations with friends etc. In
writing, we almost always use formal words and expressions. Speech, on the
other hand, is often more informal.
Grammar
Formal : It is working.
Informal : It’s working.
Informal : He‘s gone.
Formal : He has gone.
Prepositions
Vocabulary
Formal Informal
Fix Repair
Begin / start Commence
Thanks Thank you
What? / Pardon? / Sorry? I beg your pardon?
CHAPTER III
MEETING
A. Background
A meeting is a gathering of two or more people that has been
convenedfor the purpose of achieving a common goal through verbal
interaction, such as sharing information or reaching agreement. Meetings may
occur face-to-face or virtually, as mediated by communications technology,
such as a telephone conference call, a skyped conference call or a
videoconference.
One can distinguish a meeting from other gatherings, such as a chance
encounter (not convened), a sports game or a concert (verbal interaction is
incidental), a party or the company of friends (no common goal is to be
achieved) and a demonstration (whose common goal is achieved mainly
through the number of demonstrators present, not through verbal interaction).
B. Presentation of Material
a) Communication
2. Informal
Definition of Informal Communication
The communication which does not follow any pre-defined
channel for the transmission of information is known as informal
communication. This type of communication moves freely in all
directions, and thus, it is very quick and rapid. In any organisation, this
type of communication is very natural as people interact with each
other about their professional life, personal life, and other matter.
Example: Sharing of feelings, casual discussion, gossips, etc.
The informal communication is of four types:
Comparison Chart
Basis for
Formal Communication Informal Communication
Comparison
Another
Official Communication Grapevine communication
Name
As the communication is
Evidence No documentary evidence.
generally written,
Basis for
Formal Communication Informal Communication
Comparison
documentary evidence is
present.
Time
Yes No
Consuming
b) Meeting Phrase
1) Asking opinion :
Formal Informal
• Have you got any comments • What do you think of…….?
2) Giving opinion
Formal Informal
• I personally believe ….. • I think I like it.
but ….
• To my mind …..
• From my point of view ….
Dialog Example
Mr. Zoe : What do you think of my new house?
Shane : It is beautiful. I think. Oh you have many novels in your
new house.
Mr. Zoe : Yeah, some. I like ɑndrea Hirata’s novels.
Shane : How do you feel about ɑndrea Hirata’s novels ?
Mr. Zoe : I feel they are great novels.
Shane : Yes, you are right. I think it is going to rain.
Mr. Zoe μ I don’t think so. Look outside at the sky! It’s so clear. No
clouds there.
Shane : But I watched the weather forecast yesterday. It said that
today is going to rain. OK Mr. Zoe see you.
c) Pronunciation
1. Pronunciation of Words
How to pronounce the words about opinion....
What do you think about? /w t/ /duː/ /juː/ /θɪŋk/ /əˈbaʊt/?
I personally think.... /aɪ/ /ˈp ːsnəli/ /θɪŋk/....
I do not think so about it. /aɪ/ /duː/ /n t/ /θɪŋk/ /səʊ/ /əˈbaʊt/
/ɪt/.
CHAPTER IV
SCHOLARSHIP
A. Background
A scholarship is an award of financial aid for a student to further their
education. Scholarships are awarded based upon various criteria, which usually
reflect the values and purposes of the donor or founder of the award.
Scholarship money is not required to be repaid.
The term '"scholarship"' is sometimes used to describe any financial aid
given to a student that does not have to be repaid. However, more precisely,
and universally among college financial aid offices in the United States,
scholarships and grants are quite different.
A scholarship is given to a student because of a reason: the student has
qualified for or won it by academic, artistic or athletic ability, or by agreeing to
follow a particular career, or has some special ethnic or other characteristic.
Scholarships are not given for financial need alone. In contrast, a grant is an
entitlement: approval is automatic if the students meet qualifications, based on
financial need.
a) Basic TOEFL
b) Interview
other in the role of the interviewee. The interviewer asks questions, the
interviewee responds, with participants taking turns talking. Interviews
usually involve a transfer of information from interviewee to interviewer,
which is usually the primary purpose of the interview, although information
transfers can happen in both directions simultaneously. One can contrast an
interview which involves bi-directional communication with a one-way
flow of information, such as a speech or oration.
1. Formal Interview
Formal interview is a conversation where questions are asked and
answers are given in the collage interview, job interview,interview to get
scholarship etc.The general questions in job interview :
c) Essay
Generally, a piece of writing that gives the author's own argument —
but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article, a pamphlet,
and a short story. Essays have traditionally been sub-classified as formal
and informal. Formal essays are characterized by "serious purpose, dignity,
logical organization, length," whereas the informal essay is characterized by
"the personal element (self-revelation, individual tastes and experiences,
confidential manner), humor, graceful style, rambling structure,
unconventionality or novelty of theme," etc.
Essays are commonly used as literary criticism, political manifestos,
learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections
of the author. Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in
verse have been dubbed essays (e.g., Alexander Pope's An Essay on
Criticism and An Essay on Man). While brevity usually defines an essay,
voluminous works like John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding and Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of
Population are counterexamples. In some countries (e.g., the United States
and Canada), essays have become a major part of formal education.
Secondary students are taught structured essay formats to improve their
writing skills; admission essays are often used by universities in selecting
applicants, and in the humanities and social sciences essays are often used
as a way of assessing the performance of students during final exams.
Grammar is very important in writing. That is why to write essay we have to
concern the grammar.
Importance of Education
TENSES
Explanations Present Simple
Action that is repeated every I visit my uncle every Friday.
Friday. Habitual action.
Facts that are believed to be true. Cats hate mice.
Generalizations. The sun rises in the morning.
Scheduled events in the near The plane takes off at 10 o'clock
future. tonight.
Explanations Present Progressive
Action that takes place now / at I am working on my computer.
the moment.
Near future. I am leaving tomorrow
Explanations Present Perfect
To talk about experiences. I have been to Italy.
Past action that has the result in
She has read that book.
the present.
Action which started in the past I have lived in this town for 12
and continued up to now. years.
Explanations Present Perfect Progressive
To show that something started He has been sleeping for the last 3
in the past and has continued up hours.
until now.
To talk about an action that The grass is wet because it has been
started in the past and stopped raining all day long.
recently.
To talk about an action that I have been watching TV for 2
started in the past and is hours / since you left.
continuing now.
Explanations Past Simple
Completed action in the past. She left yesterday.
To talk about an action that She woke up, had a shower and
started in the past and stopped left.
recently.
To talk about an action that If I had a million dollar, I would
started in the past and is help the poor.
continuing now.
An action taking place in the She was playing when the accident
middle of another action. occurred.
Explanations Past Progressive
Actions happening at the same He was reading a newspaper while
time in the past. his wife was preparing dinner.
Interrupted action in the past. Shewas reading a book when the
light went off, had a shower and
left.
Explanations Past Perfect Simple
Completed action before another She had left when I arrived.
action in the past.
Explanations Past Perfect Progressive
To show that something started They had been playing soccer when
in the past and continued up the accident occurred.
until another action stopped it.
To show that something started I had been living in that town for
in the past and continued up ten years before I moved to New
until another time in the past. York.
We use the Past Perfect I was so tired. I had been working
Continuous before another for 6 hours.
action in the past to show cause
and effect.
Explanations Future Simple
Instant decisions. I've left the door open; I'll close it.
We use the simple future , when She'll pass the exam. She's
we predict a future situation. hardworking.
We use the simple future with: It will probably rain tonight.
"I (don't) think...", "I expect...",
CHAPTER V
DIPLOMACY
A. Background
Diplomacy (from the Greek δίπ ω α, "official document conferring a
privilege") is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between
representatives of states. It usually refers to international diplomacy, the
conduct of international relations[2] through the intercession of professional
diplomats with regard to issues of peace-making, trade, war, economics,
culture, environment, and human rights. International treaties are usually
negotiated by diplomats prior to endorsement by national politicians. In an
informal or social sense, diplomacy is the employment of tact to gain strategic
advantage or to find mutually acceptable solutions to a common challenge, one
set of tools being the phrasing of statements in a non-confrontational, or polite
manner.
B. Presentation of Material
a) Expression
An expression in a programming language is a combination of one or more
explicit values, constants, variables, operators, and functions that the
programming language interprets (according to its particular rules of
precedence and of association) and computes to produce ("to return", in a
stateful environment) another value. This process, as for mathematical
expressions, is called evaluation.
1. Formal
2. Organize. Organize the main points in the most appropriate order for
the topic you’re presenting. ɑvoid writing complete sentences or
paragraphs and prepare note cards to help you elaborate on the
information presented.
3. Use strong images. Your images don't need to be all charts and tons
of text. Use a few graphics or images that will catch your audience's
interest and remind you of what you want to talk about.
10. Answer questions at the end of the presentation. Make sure you
listen to the questions carefully, ask for clarifications if needed and
repeat the question to the rest of the audience to give you more time
to think about the answer. If you don’t know the answer for a
question be honest and say that you will look into it since you don’t
know the answer in the meantime.
11. Learn from your experience. Ask your employers or professors for
their feedback to be able to identify your strengths and weaknesses
and help you improve for next time.
carnivore) from one edge of the stage to the other. Don’t weave. Lock
out your legs, shoulder width apart. Don’t bend your knees, or move
anything below the waste. Make plenty of palms up hand gestures
above the waist to show that you have no weapons and that you are
engaging and empathising with the audience.
9. Tell a story.Forget the corporate gobble-de-gook and loads of text
slides (nobody reads them) and use the same language that you might
use whilst explaining your presentation to a friend in your local pub
over a pint. Tell the audience a story. Engage in a conversation with
the audience. And then (and only then) talk about targets and
measurable goals.
10. Be enthusiastic.Nothing, absolutly nothing succeeds like
enthusiasm - it's infectious. Once the audience spot that you have a
passion for your subect they immediately begin to warm to you and
will ignore any imperfections or omissions in your presentation. So
get passionate, get excited and get enthusiastic!
rigorous methods
were applied.
Results • Present what was • DON'T present any
significant. Explain tables with
what the data tell you. numbers
People will read the
paper to get details if
the paper seems
important.
Conclusion • Answer broadly what • DON'T review each
we have learned and result and
what needs to be done summarize what
now. was significant.
• Urge the audience to
read the paper for
details.
3. Pronunciation
1. How to Pronunce The Words in Presentation
CHAPTER VI
TEACHING
A. Background
Teaching is a social process, to define it is very difficult, because the
teaching influenced by the political and social backgrounds of the country.
Hence, just try for it , after reading all the definitions. There are so many
educationists, complimented their definitions about teaching, Here are some, to
keep in mind. According to Gage, "Teaching is a form of interpersonal
influence aimed at changing the behavior potential of another person." Edmund
Amidon defined it as-" Teaching is an interactive process, primarily involving
class room talk which takes place between teacher and pupil and occurs during
certain definable activity."
Teaching at its most literal level educating, imparting knowledge is the
most fundamental part of a teacher's job. It is more obvious than (though just as
important as) inspiring, motivating and forming relationships. But just like
many other elements of the job, the act of teaching is personal. As a teacher,
we have a role to help students apply concepts, such as math, English, and
science through classroom instruction and presentations. Their role is also to
prepare lessons, grade papers, manage the classroom, meet with parents, and
work closely with school staff.
Goal
Equipment
Step
Conclusion
b) Vocabularies
1. Guessing Specific Words
• Abutment, Acceleration, Activation, Advice, Advise, Amplitude,
Analysis, Angle, Assembly, Automation, Axis, Axle
• Balance, Battery, Bearing, Blueprint, Building
• Calculation, Cantilever, Cell, Circumference, Combustion,
Communication, Component, Component, Compress, Concept,
Constriction, Construction, Consultation, Control, Conversion,
Conveyance, Conveyor belt, Cooling, Coupling, Crank, Current,
Curves
• Degree, Depth, Design, Device, Diagram, Diameter, Diesel,
Dimension, Direction, Distill, Distribution
c) Communication in Teaching
When communication is effective, both the student and the teacher
benefit. Communication makes learning easier, helps students achieve goals,
increases opportunities for expanded learning, strengthens the connection
between student and teacher, and creates an overall positive experience.
Self Esteem
In general, people want to be heard. If a teacher shows interest in a
student’s opinions, that student will feel that their thoughts or ideas are
appreciated. This increases self esteem and confidence. A confident student
is less likely to second guess his answers on tests, and a self-assured student
is more likely to speak up in class. Class participation leads to increased
learning for the entire class.
Class Performance
Teachers who reward student communication and class participation
will notice an improvement in overall class performance. A teacher can
gauge the effectiveness of a lecture by student feedback. By asking
questions, a teacher can determine if students were able to retain the
imparted information. If there are a lack of responses from the class, it is
likely that the students were unable to understand the lecture. This can lead
to poor performance on exams.
Professional Growth
A degree of communication is required in every profession, and
communication skills are necessary at even the most preliminary stages of
career growth. For example, an applicant must be able to communicate her
skills and abilities during an interview in order to acquire a job.
1. Formal Communication
The Example of Formal Communication :
T : Now you must develop your routine and show me your note-book
tomorrow.
S : O.K. Sir. I will complete my note-book today.
T : Now you sir down.
S : Thank you sir.
2. Informal Commnucation
The Example of Informal Communication :
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• https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/what.htm
• http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/grammarterm.htm
• http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-examples-
tenses.php
• https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/what.htm
• http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-
8872.php