WORK BOOK

PLANT TAXONOMY

NAME : YOLANDA ANGGRAENI

NIM : 190210103128
GROUP :2

CLASS :D

BIOLOGY EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF MIPA EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER
2021
B. OBSERVATION OF PINOPHYTA MORPHOLOGY
Topic : Observing plant morphology with open seeds (Pinophyta / Gymnosperms)
Purpose : To study morphological characteristics and to describe several plant genera
from members of the Pinophyta Division
Ingredients : Six (6) Gymnosperms found around the home environment
If not found, a literature study is carried out
Six (6) Gymnosperms from the literature study
Examples: Belinjo, Pinus, Hajj Fern, Damar, Norflok Pine, Cupresus Pine,
Ginkyo biloba

OBSERVATION RESULT:

PLANT 1.

Ingredient Name : Pakis Haji (Cycas rumphii)

Location : Djatiroto Hospital, Lumajang

Date : April 7, 2021

CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom : Plantae
Divisi : Tracheophyta
Class : Cycadopsida
Order : Cycadales
Family : Cycadaccae
Genus : Cycas
Spesies : Cycas rumphii

PICTURE AND EXPLANATION

 HABITUS

1. Stem
2. Leaves
• Trunk
Type of stem : shrub
2
Direction of Growing Stems : perpendicular
(erectus)
Branch type : monopodial
Surface structure : rough, hard, and
there are leaf
marks
1 Rod shape : round
 LEAVES

Caption:
1. Petiole
2. Leaf blade

Philotaxis : face to face

Arrangement : stem rosette
Shape : build a line with flat edges
Width / Length: -
Color : Yellowish green
Special Characteristics: Hajj fern has incomplete
leaves because it only has a petiole
(Petiolus), leaf blade (Lamina). The cross
section of the leaves is flat and very long.
The base of the leaves is spiky pointy. The
leaves are visible parallel leaf veins. The
texture of the hajj fern leaves (Cycas
rumphii Miq.) Is slippery.

• REPRODUCTIVE EQUIPMENT

Female Strobilus

Information :
1. Leafy pation
2. Leafy porson
3. Ovule
4. Stalk
A. C. circinalis
B. C. chatter
C. C. beddomei
Location : axillary (aksilar)
 Male Strobilus

Information :
1. Cone Axis
2. Apophysis
3. Microsporophyll
4. Microspoangia
5. Ridge
A. L. S. Cone
B. L. S. of Single Microsporophyl
Location : Terminal
Shape : Conical or Round egg

Additional Strobilus Information:

 Megasporophils are arranged spirally at the top of the stem but the number is
so large that it looks like a rosette. Megasporophyll reaches up to 30 cm in
length or more, the number of ovules varies between 2-12 (depending on the
species).
 The male strobilus is a large, compact, solitary and short-stemmed structure.
Sometimes it reaches a length of up to 1.5 meters. Several microsporophiles
that are mounted perpendicularly are arranged around the axis of the cone in
an adjacent spiral. At the base of the male cone there are many young leaves.
All microsporophiles in the male cone are fertile except for a few in the basal
and apical parts.
 SEED

Information :
1. Flotation layer
2. Embryo
3. Sclerotesta
4. Sarcotesta
 The fertilized ovule produces flat, ovoid seeds
that are red or orange when ripe, 3-4.5 cm in
diameter.
 The sponge-like textured endocarp (flotation
layer) plays a role in facilitating seed dispersal in
water
ADDITIONAL

 The Pakis Haji has a unique characteristic that lies in its leaves, which are yellowish
green leaves and leaves are shaped like palm leaves but are small in size.
 In female strobilus, it consists of megasprofil shaped like a curved keris weapon. In it
there are two or more ovulums right on the edges of the carpelum. In male strobilus
microsporophils form tightly arranged scales.
 Benefits: Leaves that have not bloomed as vegetables, Roots as fixing free nitrogen
from the air so that they fertilize the soil, Stems can produce a kind of sago, the tree is
often used as an ornamental plant, tree sap acts as a medicine for dysentery and stem
hair to treat new wounds and leaves can be used for blood purifier after childbirth.

PLANT 2:
Material Name : Pinus (Pinus merkusii)
Location : Literature
Date : April 7, 2021
KLASIFIKASI

Kingdom : Plantae

Divisi : Tracheophyta

Kelas : Pinopsida

Ordo : Pinales

Famili : Pinaceae

Genus : Pinus

Spesies : Pinus merkusii

PICTURE AND EXPLANATION

 HABITUS

Type of stem : woody (lignosus)

Direction of Growing Stems : perpendicular (erectus),

Vertical

Branching type : monopodial

Surface Structure : hard, rough, grooved (sulcatus)

Special Features : Vertical grooved and rod

peel off

 LEAVES

Information:
1. Petiole
2. Leaf blade
Philotaxis : alternating face to face
Arrangement : Single
Shape : needle
Size: width / length: 0.1 cm / 18 cm.
Color : light green and
brown when it is old
Special Feature : Like parchment

 REPRODUCTIVE EQUIPMENT

Additional information:
1. Male strobilus
2. Female strobilus
Location : Armpit (Terminal)
Size : Smaller
Color : Brown to brass
Female strobilus Location : Leaf tip
(Axillar) 12
Size : Bigger Seeds
ADDITIONAL:

 Pine trees have taproots with deep and strong root systems so they can grow in deep /
thick soils with light to moderate soil textures.
 Pinus merkusii can grow to a height of 20-40 meters with a diameter of 70-90 cm. - At
the base of the leaf there is a scabbard that surrounds the two needles
 Good pine cones have dry, brownish skin color and are densely rounded and not
wrinkled.
 Benefits: As a basic ingredient for paint thinner, as a base for making furniture and
matches

PLANT 3

Ingredient Name : Cypress Pine (Cupressus sempervirens)

Location : SMP Al – Ikhlash, Lumajang
Date : April 6, 2021
CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom : Plantae
Divisi : Trcaheophyta
Class : Pinopsida
Order : Pinales
Family : Cupressaceae
Genus : Cuoressus
Species : Cupressus sempervirens L.

PICTURE AND EXPLANATION

 HABITUS

Type of stem : woody (lignosus)

Direction of Growing Stems : perpendicular (erectus),
Vertical
Branching type : monopodial
Surface structure : grooved (sulcatus), rough
there is peeling
Special Characteristics: Has a distinctive aroma
  LEAVES

Philotaxis : Clinging tightly to twigs

overlap in 4 rows.
Composition : Whorled (craggy)
Shape : A wide variety of headings
from columnar to spread.
Width / Length : 2- 5mm
Color : dark green
Special Features : Like coral

 REPRODUCTIVE EQUIPMENT
 It is a monoecius plant, meaning that the male and female reproductive organs are
still in one tree.
 Cones production begins in year 2, at this age trees usually only produce female
cones.
 Male cones production begins partly in year 4.
 Pollination occurs from midwinter to early spring.
 Spread using winged seeds.

Male strobilus

Information :
1. Male strobillus
2. Microsporophils
3. Sporangium
4. Spores

Additional:

 Male cones are 4 to 8 mm in size

 Male cones are yellow-orange at the end of the twig and have seeds from the previous
year's cone.
  Some of the pollen from these cones consists of up to 11 male gamets allowing for
archegonial fertilization or pollination and can produce seed clusters.
 Male cones form on older branches

Female Strobilus Information:

1. Female Strobilus
2. Carpels
3. Seeds
 Female cones are brownish green and round,
ripen after one year into brownish-gray wooden
cones, ovate in shape.
 2- 4cm long, composed of 8-14 opposite scales.
 Glossy, with 6-12 wood, hairy, unequal scales,
opposite transversely on short axes.
 Ovuliferous scales produce multiple ovules.
Female cones are formed only on young branches

 SEED

Fruit shape : oval

Fruit length : 3-5mm long,
Fruit cover : Dry or hard
Fruit color : Brown
Characteristics of fruit: Does not attract wildlife
Seeds 8-20 per scale, brown and narrow-winged,
releasing in fall.

ADDITIONAL:

 The wood is suitable for small tools, exterior woodworking and is also strong for
ship building. The smell of insect repellent (antiinsectide) makes wood suitable for
chests and wardrobes for storing linen and food.
 Columns or cones have been used since Greek and Roman times as ornamental trees
for shady gardens, as windbreaks along roads.
 This spruce has been used in forest protection from desertification and soil
conservation in hot areas, where no other forest tree species can grow. The litter,
which is deep and thick, is used as a fire breaker.
  A decoction of Cupressus sempervirens cones and leaves used in the bath three
times a day for one week for hemorrhoids
 The essential oil is an antiseptic and antispasmodic for persistent coughs. Cone-
based drugs traditionally used for subjective evidence of venous insufficiency, such
as heavy legs, and symptoms of hemorrhoids.

PLANT 4

Ingredient Name : Norfolk Spruce (Araucaria heterophylla)

Location : Literature
Date : April 4, 2021

CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom : Plantae
Divisi : Tracheophyta
Class : Pinopsida
Order : Pinales
Family : Araucariaceae
Genus : Araucaria
Species : Araucaria heterophylla

PICTURE AND EXPLANATION

 HABITUS

Type of stem : Woody (lignosus)

Direction of Growing Stems : Perpendicular (erectus)
Branching type : Monopodial
Surface structure : Hard and grooved
(sulcatus)
Color : Dark brown
Heading : Pyramid and columnar
Special Features: Stems contain resin
  DAUN
Philotaxis : face to face
Arrangement : Spiral
Shape : needle (filiform)
Measurement Width /
Length: ½ inch
Color : dark green
Special Features : Parallel leaf venation, leaves
sitting on stem branches,
Scientific name heterophylla
("different leaves") comes from
leaf variation antara tanaman
• REPRODUCTIVE EQUIPMENT muda dan dewasa.
 It is a dioecious plant, meaning that male and female reproductive organs are separate
from one another (different trees).
 Does not produce flowers, instead consisting of male and female cones as
reproductive organs.
 Distribution can be generative using seeds.

1. Male strobilus
 Cylindrical, yellow-brown or reddish male
cones, pollen producing.
 Grows 2 inches long.
 Location: Axillar
2. Female strobilus
 Female seed cones are nearly round, scaly
spiny, growing to 3-6 inches in diameter.
 Wide female cone, with triangular and
bract scales.
 Location: Terminal
 SEED
Information:
3. Seeds
4. Wing seeds
 The fruit is a cracked woody cone,
rarely produced in cultivation,
containing edible, nut-like winged
seeds.
 Fruit length: 6 to 12 inches; 3 to 6
inches.
 Seeds function as a generative
distribution, apart from shoot
cuttings.

 ADDITIONAL:
 The Norfolk spruce is a large tree with very large erect trunks reaching 30–80
m high.
 Spread horizontal branches growing in loops and covered with coarse or
needle-like leaves.
 Benefits: As an ornamental plant when it was young, A. heterophylla Salisb
resin extract. As strong cytotoxic activity against breast (MCF7) and colon
(HCT116) cancer cell lines, saplings are often grown as ornamental plants in
areas where winters are too cold to grow outside, and are sometimes used as
Christmas trees. As a landscape tree, it is generally very resilient against strong
winds near the sea.
PLANT 5
Ingredient Name : Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon)
Location : Perumnas, Jatiroto, Lumajang
Date : April 7, 2021

CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom : Plantae
Divisi : Tracheophyta
Class : Gnetopsida
Order : Ephedrales
Family : Gnetaceae
Genus : Gnetum
Species : Gnetum gnemon.

PICTURE AND EXPLANATION

 HABITUS

ROD/ STEM
Type of stem : woody (lignosus)
Shape : Round (teres)
Direction of Growing Stems : erect (erectus)
Branching type : monopodial
Surface Structure : flat, rough and
grooved
(sulcatus)
 LEAVES
Philotaxis : face to face
Arrangement : leaf bone arrangement
pinnate
Shape : oval / oblongus
Color : dark light green
Special Features : Single leaf consists of a
petiole (petiolus) and leaf blade (lamina),
acuminatus leaf tip, integer leaf edge and
pinnate leaf yulang (penninervis). Sitting
opposite leaves (folia opposita) without
stipules. If it is broken or torn, it shows
protruding leaf fibers.

 REPRODUCTIVE EQUIPMENT
 Female Strobilus

Information:
1. Ovule
2. Motile
3. Aborfield ovule
4. Tract
 Female strobilus contains ovules that are
flanked by paired bracts.
 The ovule is arranged in a circle in rings
consisting of 4-10 ovules
 All ovules are the same size when young but
then some of them enlarge and develop into
mature seeds.
 Only a few of the ovules develop into mature
seeds
  Male Strobilus
Information:
1. Young male flowers
2. Male flowers
3. Connat bract
4. Exine
5. Intine
A = Male infronce
B = Male Flower
C = Pollen grain
 The male strobilus is a compound flower
and has a long slender axis composed of 10-
25 circular bracts
 About 12-25 male flowers are arranged in
three to six rings on top of each circle of
bracts

 Additional:
 Reproductive organs in melinjo, namely Sporophyte.
 Gnetum gnemon is Dioceous so that male and female reproductive organs
are found in different plants.
 Reproductive organs are organized in strobili.
 Strobili are composed of inflorescences of panicula or fascicles (panicles) on
the axillary.
 Scales join at the base to form bracts (bracts).
 BIJI
Information:
1. Sacrotesta
2. Sclerotesta
3. Endotesta
 Sarcotesta = Thick fleshy, when young,
green then turns yellow and finally red
when ripe.
 Sclerotesta = a layer that is strong and hard,
woody, resembling an endocarpium on a
stone fruit.
 Endotesta = Thin like a membrane and
firmly attached to the seed.
• ADDITIONS

1. Melinjo trees can grow for more than 100 years and each harvest can produce fruit or
melinjo seeds as much as 80-100 kg. Melinjo trees can also be propagated by
generative (seeds) or vegetatively (grafting, grafting, cuttings, and grafting). Melinjo
can be found in dry areas, because to grow and develop, this plant does not require
high nutritious soil or a special climate.
2. Benefits: Melinjo has many health benefits, such as lowering blood sugar, preventing
cancer, being antioxidant (warding off free radicals), being highly nutritious, and
inhibiting the aging process (there is a bioactive substance Resveratrol). Young leaves,
flowers and fruit (young and old) are usually processed into vegetables.

PLANT 6

Ingredient Name : Damar (Agathis dammara)

Location : Literature

Date : April 7, 2021

CLASSIFICATION

Kingdom : Plantae

Divisi : Tracheophyta

Class : Pinospida

Order : Pinales

Family : Araucariaceae

Genus : Agathis

Species : Agathis dammara.

PICTURE AND EXPLANATION

 HABITUS

Type of stem : woody (lignosus)

Direction of Growing Stems : perpendicular and

cylindrical

Branching type : Monopodial

Surface Structure : Rugged

Special Characteristics: The stems peel off

 LEAVES

Information:
1. Leaf blade
2. Leaf stalk
Philotaxis : Face to face
Arrangement : parallel leaf bone
arrangement, single
Shape : Jorong / lanceolate
Color : Green
Special Features : Aromatic
 REPRODUCTIVE EQUIPMENT

1. Strobilus Jantan
2. Strobilus Betina

 Bunga jantan bentuk silindris dengan ujung

runcing dan berada di ujung (Axillary).
Memiliki Tangkai bunga pendek bentuk silinder
dengan Panjang 3- 5 cm dan diameter 15 mm.
Permukaan bunga jantan ditutupi sisik
menyerupai sendok makan tersusun imricubus.
 Bunga betina Berbentuk bulat dengan Panjang
6-8 cm dan memiliki diameter 6-7 cm. Sisik
pada betina tersusun secara teratur dengan ujung
bersegi tiga.
 Buah dari damar berbentuk conus dengan
permukaan ditutupi oleh sisik berlapis yang
tersusun seperti atap genteng (Imbricubus)
sehingga membentuk spiral yang mengelilingi
poros berbentuk gada.
 Biji Damar berbentuk bulat telur dengan
Panjang 10-11 mm. Lebarnya 8 mm dan
memiliki sayap biji berwarna coklat dan
tertanam dalam conus
ATTACHMENT