“MENTAL HEALTH OF GRADE 12 PRE-BACCALAUREATE MARITIME

SPECIALIZATION STUDENTS OF JOHN B. LACSON

COLLEGES FOUNDATION (BACOLOD),

INC. DURING QUARANTINE”

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School

John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation (Bacolod), Inc.

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersions

2nd Semester, S.Y. 2020 – 2021

Delos Angeles, Joatham Jeff E.

Diano, Gerald Jr. C.

Giltendez, Angelo Ryan D.

Solidarios, Ruen John B.

Proponents

Mr. Jun Montaño

Instructor

May 2021
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19), emerged only a few months ago in China, is

now a global pandemic. The cause of this disease was a new and genetically modified virus from

the family of coronaviruses called SARS 2-CoV, which was named COVID-19 (Shahyad, S.,

Mohammadi, M.T., 2020). As of September 25, 2020, more than thirty-two million people

around the world have been infected with the virus (World Health Organization 2020). The

COVID-19, which is caused by an RNA virus, affects most of the respiratory system of people

with the disease and is spreading catastrophically (Pitlik, S., 2020; Cai, A. et al., 2020). The

extreme rate of transmissions has reached worldwide and has resulted into many countries into

adapting rapid safety measures such as quarantining and lockdowns (Benke, C. et al., 2020).

The cause of this widespread of this disease is due to its transmission capabilities, being

able to transfer from person to person via small droplets coming from the nose or mouth, which

are expelled when a person with COVID–19 coughs, sneezes or speaks (World Health

Organization 2020). With that said, the Department of Health, has sent out public health

measures which includes wearing of face masks, limiting social gatherings, sanitizing, and social

distancing. Among these safety measures, social distancing might be the root cause of these

mental health issues that are affecting the students during this pandemic (Venkatesh, A., &

Edirappuli, S., 2020).

As of April 17, of the current year, the Philippines’ number of infected citizens reached

more than 915,000 amidst the implemented quarantines and lockdowns to control the massive

outbreak of this disease (Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center., 2021).

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017), quarantines were proved to
be an effective method in case of an outbreak of diseases. Through quarantining, the movement

of the people who have been potentially exposed to a disease will be restricted and limited,

resulting to a reduction of risk of them infecting others in the community. However, despite this

protecting the population from COVID–19, quarantines come with a price of affecting the mental

health of the population. According to Brooks, S. et. al., (2020), stressors including longer

duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information,

financial loss, and stigma have been reported to cause negative psychological effects including

post – traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger.

Students during a pandemic are most likely to acquire mental health problems which

could affect their mental ability, concentration, and level of energy. A research done by

Abdallah, T. (2017) in a traditional mode of learning, states that a substantial proportion of

students are suffering from psychological disorders and the prevalence is equal in both females

and males. With mental health problems being prevalent in a traditional mode of learning, it is

highly expected to be more prevalent during a public health emergency. Exploratory analyses

executed by Elmer, T. et. al. (2020) suggests that mental health trajectories would arise to

students due to the academic shifting and public health emergency combined.

Students of senior high school are not spared with these possible problems, particularly

the students of John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation (Bacolod), Inc. Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime

Specialization students of Grade 12 are shifting to something of a new environment where their

movements are limited, thus, the usual activities that they were doing were suppressed.

According to Konstantopoulou, G., and Raikou, N. (2020), students' mental health seems to be

significantly affected when situations of social constraint arise and, consequently, require

attention and help.

 Several studies in relation to mental health of students were conducted by different

researchers such as the research conducted by Thuraiselvam, S. (2015), on how an increase in

workload and stress may affect the students’ mental health. However, studies on the mental

health of students considering their economic status, and residence were not given attention,

thus, this study is conducted.

Statement of the Problem

This aims to describe the Mental Health Status of Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime

Specialization Students of John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation (Bacolod), Inc. during

quarantine. Specifically, this study is conducted to answer the following questions:

1. What is the Mental Health Status of Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization

Students during quarantine?

2. What factors influence the Mental Health of Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime

Specialization Students?

3. How do these factors influence the Mental Health of Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate

Maritime Specialization Students?

4. Is there a significant difference that exists between the Mental Health Status of Grade 12

Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students when grouped and compared

according to Economic Status, and Residence?

Hypothesis of the Study

There is no significant difference that exists between the Mental Health Status of Grade

12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students when grouped and compared according

to Economic Status, and Residence.

Significance of the Study

Students. The study will be helpful to students through providing them accurate and

essential information that will set a clearer picture of what they are experiencing particularly in

terms of their mental health during quarantine. Thus, the students will be aware of the

consequences that quarantine has upon their mental health and be able to find ways in terms of

reducing the risks of acquiring such problems. The students may be able to apply what they have

learned in this study through forming social groups with the aid of social media applications and

through assisting one another in their tasks. This way, the students may be able to keep their

mental health fit and secured.

Parents. The study will be beneficial to the parents because it will add up to their

awareness of what their children are experiencing specifically on how quarantines, being a

factor, affects their mental health. This will engage them to be more approachable and better

parents to their children. They will be able to utilize the results of this study through giving their

children attention about their mental health and to provide them with enough quality time, as

well as to not add on to the bulk of the problem by giving them additional workloads at home.

Teachers. The researchers’ study will be significant to teachers because this will raise the

transparency of the current phenomena that their students are on to. This will lead them to seek

for and apply improved teaching methods in dealing and approaching the students who are

experiencing mental health trajectories during a pandemic. They will be able to utilize this study

in real time scenarios through making use of the findings as their basis and guide in their pursuit

of forming themselves to be better educators in actual learning environments.

Researchers. The results of this study will help the researchers prove that this study will

be a big remedy for determining how quarantines may have a possible impact towards the mental
health of their fellow students. Furthermore, the researchers may be able to find related answers

that could help in the progression of the study.

Future Researchers. This study will be a benefit to future researchers for the reason that

it could be among their references in seeking for relevant information that are related to their

chosen topic. The future researchers will be guided of what are the proper things to be done upon

conducting their own research and have lesser tendencies of committing mistakes through

examining the things and procedures done in this study. They will be able to know what the

things that may be avoided are and things that they may put more focus on, knowing that they

will already have prior knowledge through this study.

Guidance Counselors. This study will be beneficial to the guidance counselors because

this will give them an idea of the factors that affects the mental health status of students. This

would enable the guidance counselors to create improvised educational programs in order to seek

and aid the students' infirmity or weaknesses. Guidance counselors may make use of this study to

gain merit and credibility for the development and attitude of students in the institution.

School Administrators. This study will help the school administrators in understanding

the concerns and problems of students as classes forego during quarantine. They will be able to

identify new methods through implementing programs or activities that would enrich the

students’ minds during quarantine.

Definition of Terms

Mental Health. Galderisi, S. et al. (2015), defines the term as a dynamic state of internal

equilibrium which enables individuals to use their abilities in harmony with universal values of

society. This term is used by the researchers to the mental health of the respondents.
 Senior High School. As described by Sarmiento, D. and Orale, R (2016), senior high

school is the last level in all basic education programs and is intended to prepare students to enter

into college/university or to work in the industry or be an entrepreneur. As used by the

researchers, the term refers to the educational level of the respondents.

Pre - Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization. The term is a modified program of the

STEM strand under the Academic Track. In this specialization, six specialized subjects of the

STEM strand were retained and three were replaced with maritime – related subjects (Westbay

College, 2018). The term is used by the researchers to refer to the strand taken by the

respondents of this work.

Quarantine. Piguillem, F., & Shi, L. (2020), describe quarantine as separating and

restricting the movement of people who were exposed to a contagious disease to see if they

become sick. The term is used by the researchers to refer to the situation of the students that may

affect their mental health.

Status. According to Kantzara, V. (2007), the term refers to a state of affairs, condition

of a person as defined by law and in social sciences; it denotes standing in society. In the study,

the researchers used this term to refer the socioeconomic status of the respondents, whether high

or low.

Economic status. As defined by Baker, E. (2014), economic status is a measure of one's

combined economic and social status and tends to be positively associated with better health.

This entry focuses on the three common measures of economic status: education, income, and

occupation. The term is used by the researchers as one of the variables used in the study.
 Residence. According to Bruzelius, C. (2019), residence is a welfare entitlement

principle associated with universalism and inclusiveness. The term is used by the researchers as

one of the variables used in the study.

Theoretical Framework of the Study

This theory is anchored on the Analytical Behaviorism Theory, which was hypothesized

by Ryle, G. (2009). The theory states that any mental term may be understood in terms of

observable physical processes or events. Particularly, all meaningful psychological statements

are therefore translatable into statements which refer only to physical concepts, without any loss

of content, meaning all conscious experiences may be reduced to mere behavior. Behavior in

this theory is as something that is defined in a way that it may both be observable and

measurable. To sum this theory up, analytical behaviorism is all about language. Concepts like

the mind, thoughts, feelings, and imaginations, must be described in ways that have an

observable or verifiable attribute to them for it to be useful scientifically. Stating and proposing

things are important because according to the proponent of this theory, being too loose with

language invites misunderstandings which may result to an adverse effect to a person that is

being assessed.

In relation to this study, recognizing one’s mental health helps an individual to determine

if they are fit to handle stress, create bonds or relationships, and make their own life decisions. In

this case, quarantine is considered a factor influencing the mental health of the students. Before

the implementation of quarantines in the country, guidance counselors are there to help assess

the students’ state of mental health through looking at observable and measurable points such as

their report cards, their attendance, as well as their participation during class discussions and

school events. With the implementation of quarantine, it is difficult to assess the mental health of
the students. Moreover, not identifying the current mental state of the students also prevents

those guidance counselors, teachers as well as parents from taking proper actions that could help

them in their current situation. This may further lead to acquiring various changes in the behavior

of students towards learning and may result into having mental illnesses if the matter becomes a

long – term problem. Students who are not able to understand and assess their mental health are

subjected to sudden changes with their mental health due to the lack of self-awareness. Thus, the

study may be associated with the Analytical Behaviorism Theory.

Another theory which is relevant to this study is the theory proposed by Bandura, A.

(1960) on Social Cognitive Theory, as cited on a study of Kagitcibasi, C. (2012), which states

that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person,

environment, and behavior. It encompasses the different ways in which individuals acquire and

maintain behavior, while also considering the social environment in which individuals perform

the behavior. The theory emphasizes social influence and its effects towards social

reinforcements. Reinforcements may be self-initiated or in the environment, and reinforcements

may be positive or negative. This is the construct of the Social Cognitive Theory that most

closely ties to the reciprocal relationship between behavior and environment. A recent study

conducted by Kagitcibasi, C. (2012) about the sociocultural change and integrative syntheses in

human development revealed that adaptations to a changing environmental demand and suggests

that although they are not adequately recognized in psychology, they may be considered as

aspects of optimal development.

In relation to this study, social influences as well as the environment affects the students’

mental health. With the implementation of quarantine in the students’ lives, their learning

environment plays an important role towards the respondents’ mental health. Limited social
interactions from their friends and loved ones, results to lack of social support which could

potentially affect students’ mental health negatively. If the lack of social interaction continues,

sudden changes in the respondents’ behavior would be observed and may result into serious

consequences such as depression, anxiety, loneliness, and stress.

Conceptual Framework of the Study

This study is conducted to describe the mental health status of Grade 12 Pre-

Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization students of John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation

(Bacolod), Inc. during quarantine.

A study was conducted by Pierce, M., et al. (2020) about the mental health of the

population of the UK citizens during lockdowns was able to present that certain groups

experienced higher mental distress than others, indicating persistence of ethnic and economic

inequalities. The respondents of this study were surveyed before and during the pandemic, which

shows that there are changes between the mental health status of the citizens. Some experienced

higher than expected increases in mental distress. The study mentioned that as the economic

consequences of lockdown develop, it is reasonable to expect not only sustained distress and

clinically significant deterioration in mental health for some people, but emergence of well

described long-term effects of economic recession on mental health including suicide rates and

hospital admissions for mental illness. The pandemic has brought people’s differing life

circumstances into stark contrast: access to outside and inside space, household crowding, lack

of school provision and childcare, food insecurity, domestic violence, addiction, access to

internet and maintenance of social connectivity as well as economic reserves are all relevant to

mental health. With the given situation that the students of John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation
(Bacolod), Inc. are in, it is important to identify their mental health status from time to time in

order to prevent long-term consequences towards the well-being of the students.

An article was published by Crisostomo, S. (2020) about the mental health status of

Filipinos. Cuevas, F.P. (2020), the National Mental Health Program head of DOH, showed that

at least 3.6 million Filipinos are suffering any form of mental, neurological, and substance use

disorders. However, the article reinstated that the number of Filipinos is expected to reach higher

amounts since the survey only focused on the three selected conditions. Moreover, it was proven

that the pandemic really had affected the mental health of Filipinos because there was an

alarming spike of calls that were received on the National Center for Mental Health’s hotline.

From the beginning of March 17 until October 6, the NCMH’s Crisis Hotline receives an average

of 32 to 37 calls a day, reaching a monthly average call of 907. Among these calls, 53 of which

are suicide-related calls. It was shown that the daily and monthly average calls increased by

around 50% compared to the data that was presented from 2019. With this article presented on

the month of October, where students have already begun their classes, either modular or online

learning, it is important for teachers as well as the parents to instill proper workloads at the

proper time. This is to prevent the top three reasons received by the NCMH’s Crisis Hotline,

which were the anxiety-related concerns, asking a referral to a psychiatrist, and inquiry regarding

hospital services. In this way, in school, the teachers and parents are able to be mindful in giving

out their tasks for their students and children to give time to adjust and cope with their new

normal as the school year has just begun.

Hossain, M. M., Sultana, A., & Purohit, N. (2020) conducted a study about the Mental

health outcomes of quarantine and isolation for infection prevention. The study revealed that

although quarantine and isolation are adopted for protecting individuals’ health from infectious
diseases, it is essential to consider the mental health implications of these measures for those

who experience such restrictions. People quarantined in earlier outbreaks of infectious diseases

have reported adverse mental health outcomes following the quarantine period. The study

evaluated mental health status of 398 parents of children who experienced disease containment

and found out that 30% of the isolated or quarantined children and 25% of the quarantined or

isolated parents met the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. With that in mind, this study is

relevant since it highlights how acute exposure to psychosocial stressors during quarantine and

isolation may exert prolonged impacts on the human mind, psychological processes, and mental

health outcomes. Such effects were found among patients, informal caregivers, and health-care

providers, indicating that complex psychosocial dynamics take place among the key stakeholders

in the process of quarantine or isolation who are likely to be affected and to experience mental

health outcomes. With that mind, it is important to take into consideration the students who have

enrolled in the school year 2020 – 2021. They are exposed to psychosocial stressors such as

distance learning, lack of social support as well as relationship difficulties that could result to a

negative influence on the students’ mental health status.

A study was conducted by Giallonardo, V, et al. (2020) about the impact of quarantine

and physical distancing following COVID-19 on mental health. The study states that the

COVID-19 pandemic and its related containment measures, mainly social distancing, and

quarantines, are having detrimental consequences on the mental health of the general population

worldwide. Giallonardo, V, et al. (2020) was able to prove that people living in cities most

severely impacted by the pandemic are experiencing extremely high levels of uncertainties,

worries about the future, and fear of being infected. The studies showed that people experienced

fear of falling sick or dying, feelings of helplessness, increased levels of self-blame, fear, and
depression. In relation to the study, students in John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation (Bacolod),

Inc. are expected to experience the feeling of burning out, mental exhaustion, irritability,

detachment from reality, and insomnia, for as long as the quarantine forgoes a long period of

time.

A study conducted by Guo, Y. et al. (2020) about the prevalence of anxiety and

depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine period. The study claims that

people that are enduring mass home and community-based quarantines are vulnerable to mental

health disorders during outbreaks of the COVID-19. The study was able to identify nine risk

factors that were associated with anxiety or depressive symptoms including younger age,

reduced income, having cancer or other chronic diseases, having family members living with

cancer, concerns related to COVID-19 for themselves or family members, living alone, having

family conflicts, having less than three or more than eight hours of inactive time per day, and

worsened sleep. Overall, the study highlights an urgent need for psychological support for

populations at high risk for elevated anxiety or depressive symptoms during the COVID-19

pandemic. With the length of the community quarantine in Bacolod reaching its fifth month in

implementation, it is expected that students have more likely acquired mental health problems

with regards to the nine risk factors that was mentioned in the study.

The researchers employed variables such as economic status and residence. These

variables were assumed to help the researchers expand the coverage of their study and achieve its

objectives.

Economic status is based on the monthly family income of the respondents and is

categorized into different classes, ranging from Class A to Class G. The following table shows
the categories of economic status based on the income bracket set by the National Economic

Development Authority (NEDA):

Table 1. Categories of Economic Status Based on the Income Bracket set by the National
Economic Development Authority (NEDA)

Class Interpretation
A at least ₱219, 840
B ₱131,484 to ₱219,840
C ₱76,699 to ₱131,484
D ₱43,828 to ₱76,699
E ₱21,914 to ₱43,828
F ₱10,957 to ₱21,914
G less than ₱10,957

Residence refers to the location where the respondents reside and is categorized as within

Bacolod City and outside Bacolod City.

To illustrate the hypothesized relationship of variables under study, a schematic diagram

is presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram representing the hypothesized relationship of variables under

study

Independent Variables Dependent Variable

Economic Status
Class A
Class B
Class C
Mental Health of Grade 12
Class D
Pre-Baccalaureate
Class E
Maritime Specialization
Class F
Students
Class G
Residence
Within Bacolod City
Outside Bacolod City
Scope and Limitations of the Study

This undertaking aims to describe the Mental Health of Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate

Maritime Specialization Students of John B. Lacson Colleges – Foundation Bacolod during

quarantine. The study considers economic status, and residence of the respondents as its

variables.

The study only includes the grade 12 Pre - Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization

Students of JBLCF as the main subject of the research and does not involve students from other

grade levels and strands. Moreover, the researchers’ work does not regard further variables that

were not stated.

 METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Descriptive Research Design since it aims to describe the relationship between the mental

health status of the Grade 12 Pre – Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students during

quarantine.

According to Bloomfield, J., & Fisher, M. J. (2019), a descriptive research design is used

to examine variables in a single sample and to systematically measure, describe, and interpret

them.

Descriptive – Comparative research design will be used to determine the significant

difference in the mental health status of the Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization

Students during quarantine when grouped and compared according to economic status, and

residence.

According to Swatzell and Jennings, (2017), descriptive – comparative research design

seeks to explain what is common, prevalent, or already exists in a population. It does not attempt

to predict or manipulate outcome, hence it simply aims to answer the questions who, what,

where, and how. It is the act of comparing two or more things with a view to discovering

something about one or all of the things being compared (Heidenheimer, Helco and Adams,

2011).

The study further used Mixed Method since it deals with Quantitative and Qualitative

approaches. Shorten, A., & Smith, J. (2017), defines mixed method as a design that uses the

potential strengths of both quantitative and qualitative methods, thus allowing researchers to
explore varying perspectives and unveil relationships that exists between the intricate layers of

the formulated research questions.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study were the 266 Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime

Specialization Students at John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation – Bacolod Inc. who are officially

enrolled during the first semester of the school year 2020-2021. A sample size of 157 was

computed using the formula by Lynch, et. al. (1972). Sample size measures the number of

individual samples measured or observations used in a survey or experiment (Zamboni, J. 2018).

Data Gathering Procedure

Permission to conduct the study was secured from the office of the Basic Education

Department.

The researchers will administer the questionnaires to the Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate

Maritime Specialization Students of John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation – (Bacolod), Inc.

before the respondents started to answer, the researchers will explain the purpose of the study,

why the respondents were chosen, and the importance of their answers to the completion of the

study. Further, they will be assured of the confidentiality of their identity and answers and the

opportunity to ask assistance from the researchers while answering the research instrument.

The data gathered will be tallied and computed with the aid of Statistical Package for

Social Sciences (SPSS) to provide answers to the specific questions of the study.

Qualitative data needed in the study will be gathered through individual interviews.

Individual interview is defined by Alshenqeeti, H. (2014), as a method of collecting qualitative

data that is more focused in eliciting narrative data that allows researchers to investigate people's

views in greater depth.

Research Instrument

This study will use a researcher-made research questionnaire. The questionnaire is

composed of three parts: the first part requires the basic information of the respondents; the

second part contains the factors influencing the mental health status of the respondents, and the

third part contains the questions to determine the mental health status of the respondents. The

following rating scale was provided for the respondents to exactly rate their mental health status

during quarantine:

Scale Interpretation
4 Always
3 Often
2 Sometimes
1 Never

Validity of the Research Instrument

Validity refers to the extent to which an instrument measures what it intends to measure

(Blumberg, B., Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S., 2005). Validity of a research instrument

evaluates the extent to which the instrument measures what it designed to measure (Robson,

2011). It is the extent in which the findings are legitimate, so it requires questionnaire to

appropriately measure the concepts under the study (Pallant, 2011). It involves the entire

experimental concept and establishes whether the results acquired meet all the requirements of

the scientific research method (Zohrabi, 2013).

The researcher-made questionnaire was submitted to chosen group of experts to review,

judge, and criticize the content of the research instrument using the criteria set by Carter Good
and Douglas Scates. Based on the result of the validation of the experts, the general average was

4.07 and interpreted as “Very Good” which means that the questionnaire was valid.

Reliability of the Research Instrument

The reliability refers to a measurement that supplies consistent results with equal values

(Mohajan, H. 2017): It measures consistency, precision, repeatability, and trustworthiness of a

research (Chakrabartty, 2013). It indicates the extent to which it is without bias (error free), and

hence insures consistent measurement cross time and across the various items in the instruments.

To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, the researchers will administer the

copies of the questionnaire to a group of individuals who have similar characteristics to that of

the actual respondents of the study. The researchers tested the internal consistency of the

questionnaire using Cronbach’s Alpha with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences

(SPSS).

The computed Alpha score was 0.718 interpreted as “Acceptable” which means that the

research instrument is “Reliable”.

Statistical Tools

Frequency Distribution and Rank were used by the researchers to determine the factors

influencing the mental health status of Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization

Students of John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation (Bacolod), Inc. during quarantine. Frequency

measures the number of times something occurs in a specific amount of time (Christensson,

2011). Rank is ordinal number of a value in a list arranged in a specified order (Weisstein, 2019).

Mean was used to determine the Mental Health Status of Grade 12 Pre – Baccalaureate

Maritime Specialization Students during quarantine. Mean or also known as average is the
measure of the central tendency of a given data set. It is computed through adding all the values

in the given set of data divided by the number of observations in it (Manikandan, 2011).

For the accurate identification of Mental Health Status of Grade 12 Pre – Baccalaureate

Maritime Specialization Students during quarantine, the researchers contemplate the following

scale:

Mean Score Range Interpretation

3.25 – 4.00 Always
2.50 – 3.24 Often
1.75 – 2.49 Sometimes
1.00 – 1.74 Never

Independent Samples T-test was used by the researchers to determine the significant

difference on the Mental Health Status of Grade 12 Pre – Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization

Students when grouped and compared according to Residence. Independent Samples T-test is a

parametric test which compares the means of two independent groups to determine if there is a

statistical evidence that the associated population means are significantly different (Kent State

University, 2020).

Analysis of Variance was used by the researchers to determine the significant difference

on the Mental Health Status of Grade 12 Pre – Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students

when grouped according to Economic Status. Analysis of variance is used for factorial designs

through which the present condition can be categorized according to one or more factors, each

with two or more levels (Henson, R. N., 2015).

Ethical Considerations

The process of inform and process consent, as suggested by Behi (1995), was followed in

this research. All the participants in the study were briefed on its aims and gave their consent.
Other ethical questions such as the confidentiality of information and the possible potential harm

to the participants were taken care of in the data collection and analysis phases.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 2. The Mental Health Status of Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization

Students of John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation (Bacolod)

Mental Health Status Mean Interpretation

1. I am able to concentrate 2.92 Often
with my studies.
2. I am experiencing loss of 2.77 Often
sleep over worry.
3. I play a useful part at 2.93 Often
home/school activities.
4. I am capable of making 3.27 Always
decisions.
5. I constantly feel under 2.54 Often
strain.
6. I could not overcome 2.29 Sometimes
difficulties.
7. I am able to enjoy day-to- 2.98 Often
day activities.
8. I am able to face problems. 3.13 Often
9. I feel unhappy and 2.25 Sometimes
depressed.
10. I am losing confidence. 2.47 Sometimes
11. I think to myself as 2.03 Sometimes
worthless.
12. I feel reasonably happy. 2.85 Often
13. I overthink. 3.07 Often
Overall Mean 2.73 Often

The data presented Table 2 shows the Mental Health Status of Grade 12 Pre-

Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students of John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation

(Bacolod), their corresponding means, and its verbal interpretation. Based on the given data

above, the highest mean among the given Mental Health Status is 3.27, attached to the mean is

the Mental Health Status, “I am capable of making decisions” and has a verbal interpretation of
always. The Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization students have a good

understanding towards making their own decisions despite the impacts that quarantining has

towards their mental health status. According to a study conducted by Elmer T., Mepham K., and

Stadtfeld C (2020), students are more incapable of making their own decisions during times of

stress, especially when they live by themselves, have less contact towards loved ones, receive

less social support, and have a weak interaction amongst fellow students. Therefore, the Grade

12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization students of John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation –

Bacolod is always able to create their own decisions despite of various factors influencing their

mental health status. The lowest mean according to the table above is 2.03, which is harboured

by the mental health status, “I think to myself as worthless” which has a verbal interpretation of

“sometimes.” As such, the Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students have a

good mental health status because they rarely think of themselves as worthless, instead, they

think of themselves as probably useful and worthy. According to a study conducted by Mann, M.

M., Hosman, C. M., Schaalma, H. P., & De Vries, N. K. (2014), a good self-esteem or a good

outlook towards oneself has a great impact towards a person’s wellbeing because in their study,

they were able to present that self-esteem is a good protective factor in a person’s physical and

mental health. With the overall mean of 2.73, being interpreted as “often” for their overall mental

health status, the Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students are often

experiencing situations or events which influences the respondents’ mental health status.

According to a study conducted by Mokhtari, M., et al (2013), students with a low-level mental

health status are not only at risk of developing mental health disorders like anxiety and

depression, but they are also at risk of physical health conditions. The study was able to present

that different conditions that might lead to stress are the reasons as to why the mental health of
students are influenced. That being said, the results of their overall mean being interpreted as

“often” goes to show that the despite often experiencing various situations during quarantine, the

respondents were able to maintain their mental health status.

Table 3. Factors influencing the Mental Health of Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime

Specialization Students

Factors F Rank
1. Engaging in Leisure Activities 44 8.5
2. Discrimination and Stigma 41 10
3. Relationships 63 5
4. Self-esteem 82 2
5. Loneliness and Isolation 64 3.5
6. Eating healthy 57 6
7. Severe or Long-term Stress 51 7
8. Volunteering 17 15
9. Feeling Loved 44 8.5
10. Long-term Physical Health Conditions 23 13.5
11. Bullying or Victim of Bullying 23 13.5
12. Grief and Loss 26 11.5
13. Joining School/Campus Activities 26 11.5
14. Committing Vices 13 16
15. Exercising 64 3.5
16. Sleeping Problems 91 1

Based on the answers given by the respondents of the study, the researchers were able to

identify the factors that influence the Mental Health Status of the Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate

Maritime Specialization Students. Out of the 157 respondents, sleeping problems is the primary

factor that influences the mental health status of said respondents since 91 respondents identified

them as so. A study conducted by Fernandez-Mendoza, J., & Vgontzas, A. N. (2013), was able to

present that short sleep duration adversely affects the physical, as well as the mental health. As

such, the Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students are primarily

experiencing sleeping problems which is proven to affect their mental health status. On the

contrary side, “committing vices” was recognized as the last factor that influences the mental
health status of the students, with only 13 respondents identifying them as so. According to a

study conducted by Plurphanswat, N., Kaestner, R., & Rodu, B. (2017), they were able to

determine that vices, such as smoking and drinking, would amount to a poor mental health status

and alongside it, has effects that would indicate more severe problems for years to come. In the

case of the Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students, it is either that there

are lesser number of respondents who actually commit vices, hence, committing vices became

the lowest ranking among the 16 factors in the study.

Table 4. Factors and its Influence to the Mental Health of Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate
Maritime Specialization Students
Factor
1. Engaging in Leisure Activities
2. Discrimination and Stigma
3. Relationships
4. Self-esteem
5. Loneliness and Isolation
Influence
The participants of the study were able to cite that
whenever they engage in certain leisurely activities it has
a positive influence towards their mental health. They do
it for the purpose of being calm, reduce stress, and to
remove unnecessary thoughts.
Discrimination and stigma that is coming from peers,
teachers, family, and even strangers have a negative
influence towards the students’ mental health. Causing
them to question themselves, get anxious about their
actions, and overall feeling less than what they are
compared to other students.
Relationships have either a positive or negative influence
towards the participants’ mental health. Students would
often feel anxious, gloomy, and unhappy whenever they
encounter arguments and conflicts within their family and
loved ones. Other students also feel mentally stable
because they are constantly reminded that they have a
support system coming from their family and loved ones.
Students have mentioned that having low self-esteem
causes them to not believe in themselves especially in
doing their tasks, which would ultimately lead them to
overthink things causing them to feel emotionally
unstable.
Isolation in short amounts have a positive influence
amongst some students because it allows them to have a
time for themselves. However, isolation for a long
amounts of time would result to a negative influence
towards a student’s mental health because it gives them a
sort of cabin-fever towards their mind.
 6. Feeling Loved Feeling loved promotes calmness and a peace of mind
towards the participants. This factor allows them to have
a good mind set in terms of striving hard in doing their
tasks at hand.
7. Bullying or Victim of Bullying Bullying on all of its forms has a negative influence
towards the students’ mental health. Students who are
victim of bullying may suffer from severe anxiety and
depression.
8. Grief and Loss Students who have lost loved ones would leave them to
feel unhappy, and broken. This would often make a
student feel exhausted and tired despite not doing
anything beforehand.
9. Sleeping Problems Most students suffer from insomnia which is an overall
negative influence towards a student’s mental health.
Participants have stated that having sleeping problems
make them feel tired and unproductive during the day
which causes them to stress out and possibly have a
mental breakdown, especially when there are a lot of
tasks at hand.

In Table 4, the participants of the individual interviews have chosen nine out of sixteen

factors that influence their mental health.

The identified factors have either a positive or negative influence towards their mental

health. Positive influences towards the students’ mental health includes engaging in leisure

activities and feeling loved. A study conducted by Goodman, W. K., Geiger, A. M., & Wolf, J.

M. (2017), engaging in leisure activities are beneficial towards the students’ mental health

because it provides them time to spend for pleasure and not anything work-related, hence

relieving stress and promote calmness. Feeling loved was discussed by a study conducted by

Barrett, B., et al. (2019) to be lamentable, however, the results of the individual interviews have

shown that feeling loved is a good indicator for students that have a good mental health.

Negative influences towards students’ mental health include discrimination and stigma,

bullying or victim of bullying, and sleeping problems. Bhui, K. (2016), was able to cite in his

study that students who are victims of discrimination and bullying are associated with having a
poor mental health since they are always undermined by the fear of their perpetrators. A study

conducted by McKinley, S., et al. (2020) presented that people who have problems on sleeping

indicated that they are showing signs of stress which is associated to having a poor mental health

status.

Factors that have both negative and positive influence towards the mental health of

students are of the following: relationships, self-esteem, loneliness and isolation, and grief and

loss. These factors have both negative and positive influence towards their mental health since it

is reliant whether their experiences with the factor is a good one or not. A study conducted by

Read, J., & Bentall, R. P. (2012) was able to introduce that having good experiences with your

family, friends and loved ones, is correlated with having a good self-esteem which is a good

indicator towards a person with a good mental health. That being said, if a student were to have a

bad experience within these factors, that person may have a poor mental health status.

Table 5. Significant Difference in the Mental Health Status of Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate

Maritime Specialization Students when Grouped and Compared According to Residence

Mean SD SEM N df P Interpretation

Within
Bacolod 2.74 0.32 0.04 78
City Not significant
155 0.483
Outside at 0.05 level
Bacolod 2.72 0.31 0.03 79
City

The table shows the significant difference in the Mental Health Status of Grade 12 Pre-

Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students when grouped and Compared According to

Residence. Data in table 5 shows the means of 2.74 and 2.72 for respondents living within

Bacolod City and outside Bacolod City, respectively. The standard deviation of the respondents

living within Bacolod City is 0.32 and 0.31 for those living outside Bacolod City. The degree of
freedom is 155 and the computed t-test is -0.483 while the p-value is 0.483. Since p > 0.05, the

hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference that exists between the Mental

Health Status of Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students when grouped

and compared according to residence is “Not Rejected.” The result implies that whether a student

lives within or outside Bacolod City, their mental health status are not significantly different. A

study conducted by Mishra, S., & Jha, M. (2015), was able to present that residency has a

significant difference towards students who are new to the area, such as college students entering

a dormitory or a college hostel. However, the respondents of the study were living at the safety

of their homes, not entirely uncommon with their surroundings unlike the previous study done by

Mishra, S. and Jha, M.

Table 6. Significant Difference in the Mental Health Status of Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate

Maritime Specialization Students when Grouped and Compared According to Economic
Status
Sum of Mean
df F Sig I
Squares Square
Between
0.193 5 .039 Not
Groups
.393 .853 significant
Within
14.855 151 .098 at 0.05
Groups
level
Total 15.049 156

Table 6 shows the data relative to finding out if a significant difference exists in the

mental health status of Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students when they

were grouped and compared according to economic status. The sum of squares in between

groups is 0.193, while the sum of squares in within groups is 14.855, which has a total of 15.049.

The degree of freedom in between groups is 5, while within groups is 151, which has a total of

156. The mean square of between groups is 0.039, and within groups has a mean square of 0.98.

With an f-value of 0.393, the p-value is determined to be at 0.853. Since p > 0.05 the hypothesis
which states that there is no significant difference that exists between the Mental Health Status of

Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students when grouped and compared

according to economic status is “Not Rejected.” The result implies that whether a student is

classified unto different classes of economic status, A to G, their mental health status are not

significantly different. A study conducted by Fazel, M., Patel, V., Thomas, S., & Tol, W. (2014),

was able to provide evidence towards the prevalence of mental health problems amongst people

despite the differences in their income classes. As such, the results of this study is able to carry

on such research.
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The focal concern of this study was to determine the Mental Health Status of the Grade

12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students of John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation

Bacolod during quarantine. Furthermore, the objectives aimed to determine the factors

influencing the mental health status, the reasons as to how the identified factors influence their

mental health status, and the significant difference that exists between the Mental Health Status

of Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students with accordance to the

variables of residence and economic status among the respondents.

The researchers used a researcher-made questionnaire and individual interviews for the

data-gathering portion needed in the study.

As for the research design, Descriptive-Comparative and Mixed Method were utilized.

The statistical tools used were the Frequency Distribution and Rank, Mean, Independent

Sample T-test, and Analysis of Variance.

Summary of Findings

Based on the data gathered, the following findings were disclosed:

The respondents identified factors which influenced their Mental Health Status such as

being able to engage in leisurely activities, discrimination and stigma, relationships, having a

good or poor self-esteem, the feeling of loneliness and isolation, being able to eat healthy, having

severe or long-term stress, being able to volunteer in various programs, the feeling of being

loved, having long-term physical health conditions, bullying or victim of bullying, the feeling of

grief and loss, being able to join school or campus activities, committing vices, exercising, and
experiencing sleeping problems. Among these factors, the most common is the factor, “sleeping

problems” and the least common factor is “committing vices.”

The Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students were often

experiencing events that contributes towards their mental health status.

There was no significant difference that exists between the Mental Health Status of Grade

12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students when they are grouped and compared

according to residence and economic status.

Analytical Behaviorism Theory is linked to this study because based on the result of, “I

am capable of making decisions.” as the mental health indicator which has the highest score

mean. Therefore, having a behavior of being capable of making their own decisions, is a good

indicator of having a good mental health status.

Social Cognitive Theory is interconnected with this study since the factors that were

identified by the respondents either positively or negatively influence their mental health status.

This means that factors coming from their social environment as well as existing relationships

have an influence towards their mental health status.

Conclusions

Centered on the findings, the researchers’ conclusions are the following:

The Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization Students, which are the

respondents of this study, had been involved in a variety of factors which influenced their mental

health status. These factors were considered as vital towards the students’ mental health status

because of its possibility to bring both negative and positive impacts towards the mental health

status of the students.

 The Mental Health Status of the Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization

Students during quarantine was interpreted as “good.” In accordance to the results, the

respondents were able to handle the various stressors that the pandemic has brought upon them.

Presumably, these stressors that quarantine brings towards the students could ultimately affect

their mental health status either positively or negatively. Furthermore, seeing that the results

interpreted their overall mental health status as average, the Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate

Maritime Specialization Students are deemed mentally healthy.

Based on the literature studies stating that students who reside at places where they’re

new and unfamiliar has shown different results on their mental health status (Mishra, S., & Jha,

M., 2015). However, the findings of this study were distinct to its literature study. Respondents

that reside from either within Bacolod City or outside Bacolod City, do not show any significant

difference towards their mental health status. Furthermore, there was no significant difference

between the Mental Health Status of the Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime Specialization

Students when grouped and compared according to their economic status.

Recommendations

In view of the preceding findings, the following recommendations were offered:

The students may become more aware of the consequences that quarantine has upon their

mental health and be able to find ways in terms of reducing the risks of acquiring such problems.

Additionally, they may be able to apply what they have learned in this study through forming

social groups with the aid of social media applications and through assisting one another in their

tasks. This way, the students may be able to keep their mental health fit and secured.

The parents may be able to become more approachable and better parents to their

children. They will be able to utilize the results of this study through giving their children
attention about their mental health and to provide them with enough quality time, as well as to

not add on to the bulk of the problem by giving them additional workloads at home.

The teachers may use this study so that they may raise the transparency of the current

phenomena that their students are on to. This will lead them to seek for and apply improved

teaching methods in dealing and approaching the students who are experiencing mental health

trajectories during a pandemic. They will be able to utilize this study in real time scenarios

through making use of the findings as their basis and guide in their pursuit of forming themselves

to be better educators in actual learning environments.

It is highly advisable for the guidance counsellors to create improvised educational

programs in order to seek and aid the students' infirmity or weaknesses. Guidance counsellors

may make use of this study to gain merit and credibility for the development and attitude of

students in the institution.

The school administrators may use this study in understanding the concerns and problems

of students as classes forego during quarantine. They will be able to identify new methods

through implementing programs or activities that would enrich the students’ minds during

quarantine.

Future researchers may potentially use this study as their references in seeking for

relevant information that are related to their chosen topic.

REFERENCES

Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin,

G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the

evidence. The Lancet.

Shahyad, S., & Mohammadi, M. T. (2020). Psychological impacts of Covid-19 outbreak on

mental health status of society individuals: a narrative review. Journal of Military

Medicine, 22(2).

Pragholapati, A. (2020). COVID-19 IMPACT ON STUDENTS.

Thuraiselvam, Shantini & Thang, Rui. (2015). Factors That Affect Students’ Mental Health: A

Study at Taylor’s University School of Hospitality, Tourism and Culinary Arts Final Year

Students.

Abdelaziz M. Thabet, Taysir Abdalla. Mental Health Problems among University Palestinian

Students. JOJ Nurse Health Care 2018; 7(1): 555704.

Elmer T, Mepham K, Stadtfeld C (2020) Students under lockdown: Comparisons of students’

social networks and mental health before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland. PLoS

ONE 15(7): e0236337.

Cai, A., McClafferty, B., Benson, J., Ramgobin, D., Kalayanamitra, R., Shahid, Z., ... &

Vunnam, R. (2020). COVID-19: Catastrophic Cause of Acute Lung Injury. South Dakota

Medicine, 73(6).

Venkatesh, A., & Edirappuli, S. (2020). Social distancing in covid-19: what are the mental health

implications?. Bmj, 369.
Pitlik, S. D. (2020). COVID-19 Compared to Other Pandemic Diseases. Rambam Maimonides

Medical Journal, 11(3).

Benke, C., Autenrieth, L. K., Asselmann, E., & Pané-Farré, C. A. (2020). Lockdown, quarantine

measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the

beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany. Psychiatry Research,

113462.

Konstantopoulou, G., & Raikou, N. (2020). Clinical evaluation of depression in university

students during quarantine due to covid-19 pandemic. European Journal of Public Health

Studies, 3(1).

Galderisi, S., Heinz, A., Kastrup, M., Beezhold, J., & Sartorius, N. (2015). Toward a new

definition of mental health. World Psychiatry, 14(2), 231.

Orale, R., & Sarmiento, D. (2016). Senior high school curriculum in the Philippines, USA, and

Japan. Journal of Academic Research, 1(3), 12-23.

Piguillem, F., & Shi, L. (2020). Optimal COVID-19 quarantine and testing policies.

Baker, E. H. (2014). Socioeconomic status, definition. The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of

health, illness, behavior, and society, 2210-2214.

Johns Hopkins University. (2020). COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and

Engineering (CSSE).

Kantzara, V. (2007). Status. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, Edited by George Ritzer.

Bruzelius, C. (2019). Freedom of movement, social rights and residence-based conditionality in

the European Union. Journal of European Social Policy, 29(1), 70-83.

Carolyn Standford Taylor. (2018). Grade Level Placement. Wisconsin Department of Public

Instruction.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1986). Cognitive theories of stress and the issue of circularity.

In Dynamics of stress (pp. 63-80). Springer, Boston, MA.

Cameron, L. D., & Leventhal, H. (2003). Self-regulation, health, and illness. The self-regulation

of health and illness behaviour, 1-13.

Ryle, G. (2009). The concept of mind. Routledge.

Hempel, C.G. (1980). The Logical Analysis of Psychology. Readings in Philosophy of

Psychology, 1, 16.

Mechili EA, Saliaj A, Kamberi F, et al. (2020). Is the mental health of young students and their

family members affected during the quarantine period? Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic

in Albania. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs, 1-9.

Trope, Y, & Liberman, N. (2003). Temporal construal. Psychological Review, 110, 403-421.

Guo Y, Cheng C, Zeng Y, Li Y, Zhu M, Yang W, Xu H, Li X, Leng J, Monroe-Wise A, Wu S.

(2020). Mental Health Disorders and Associated Risk Factors in Quarantined Adults During the

COVID-19 Outbreak in China: Cross-Sectional Study. J Med Internet Res 2020;22(8): e20328

Crisostomo, S. (2020). 3.6 million Pinoys suffer from mental disorders – DOH survey. The

Philippine Star.

Giallonardo, V., Sampogna, G., Del Vecchio, V., Luciano, M., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., ... &

Pompili, M. (2020). The impact of quarantine and physical distancing following COVID-19 on

mental health: Study protocol of a multicentric italian population trial. Frontiers in

Psychiatry, 11.

Pierce, M., Hope, H., Ford, T., Hatch, S., Hotopf, M., John, A., ... & Abel, K. M. (2020). Mental

health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal probability sample survey of

the UK population. The Lancet Psychiatry.

Hossain, M. M., Sultana, A., & Purohit, N. (2020). Mental health outcomes of quarantine and

isolation for infection prevention: A systematic umbrella review of the global

evidence. Available at SSRN 3561265.

Kagitcibasi, C. (2012). Sociocultural change and integrative syntheses in human development:

Autonomous‐related self and social–cognitive competence. Child Development

Perspectives, 6(1), 5-11.

Bloomfield, J., & Fisher, M. J. (2019). Quantitative research design. Journal of the Australasian

Rehabilitation Nurses Association, 22(2), 27-30.

Shorten, A., & Smith, J. (2017). Mixed methods research: expanding the evidence base.

Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and

purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), 1-4.

Alshenqeeti, H. (2014). Interviewing as a data collection method: A critical review. English

linguistics research, 3(1), 39-45.

Manikandan S. (2011). Measures of central tendency: The mean. Journal of pharmacology &

pharmacotherapeutics, 2(2), 140–142.

Mohajan, H. (2017): Two Criteria for Good Measurements in Research: Validity and

Reliability. Annals of Spiru Haret University, 17(4), pp. 56-82.

Chakrabartty, S.N. (2013). Best Split – half and Maximum Reliability. IOSR Jr. of Research &

Method in Education, 3(1), 3.

Henson, R. N. (2015). Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Brain Mapping: an encyclopedic

reference. Elsevier, 477-481.

Mann, M. M., Hosman, C. M., Schaalma, H. P., & De Vries, N. K. (2014). Self-esteem in a

broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Health education research, 19(4), 357-

372.

Mokhtari, M., Dehghan, S. F., Asghari, M., Ghasembaklo, U., Mohamadyari, G., Azadmanesh,

S. A., & Akbari, E. (2013). Epidemiology of mental health problems in female students: A

questionnaire survey. Journal of epidemiology and global health, 3(2), 83-88.

Fernandez-Mendoza, J., & Vgontzas, A. N. (2013). Insomnia and its impact on physical and

mental health. Current psychiatry reports, 15(12), 418.

Plurphanswat, N., Kaestner, R., & Rodu, B. (2017). The effect of smoking on mental

health. American journal of health behavior, 41(4), 471-483.

Goodman, W. K., Geiger, A. M., & Wolf, J. M. (2017). Leisure activities are linked to mental

health benefits by providing time structure: comparing employed, unemployed and

homemakers. J Epidemiol Community Health, 71(1), 4-11.

Barrett, B., Muller, D., Hayer, S., Ewers, T., Chase, J., Barnet, J. H., & Brown, R. (2019).

Feeling loved: a novel brief self-report health measure. EXPLORE, 15(2), 148-159.

Bhui, K. (2016). Discrimination, poor mental health, and mental illness. International Review of

Psychiatry, 28(4), 411-414.

McKinley, S., Aitken, L. M., Alison, J. A., King, M., Leslie, G., Burmeister, E., & Elliott, D.

(2012). Sleep and other factors associated with mental health and psychological distress after

intensive care for critical illness. Intensive care medicine, 38(4), 627-633.

Read, J., & Bentall, R. P. (2012). Negative childhood experiences and mental health: theoretical,

clinical and primary prevention implications. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(2), 89-91.

Mishra, S., & Jha, M. (2015). Role of gender and residence on mental health. IOSR Journal of

Humanities and Social Science, 20(3), 51-55.

Fazel, M., Patel, V., Thomas, S., & Tol, W. (2014). Mental health interventions in schools in

low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(5), 388-398.