XAVIER UNIVERSITY- SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

GRADUATE STUDIES: Doctoral and Masters Programs

EDUC 300: Advanced Methods in Educational Research
EDUC 902: Research Methodology
Class of Dr Ray Butch D Mahinay

NAME: Stephen R. Atienza DATE: July 2, 2022

TASK NO. 2

Defining the Variables

Independent  Demographic profile of the respondents
Variable(s),  Students’ attitude in learning General Mathematics in MDL modality
including its  Perceived challenges experienced by SHS students in Learning General
subfactors Mathematics in MDL modality

Enumerate in
bulleted list.

Define the independent variable(s). Use citations in presenting technical information.

 Demographic Profile of the respondents

1. Sex – the biological classification the respondents: male or female
2. Strand – this is the learning areas in K12 by which the SHS students preferred to enroll
in Tupsan National High School: General Academic Strand, Humanities and Social
Sciences, and Science Technology Engineering & Mathematics.
3. Parent’s Educational Attainment – In the study, this will refer to the highest education
of both mother and father of the respondents: Elementary Level, Elementary Graduate,
High school Level, High School Graduate, College Level, College Graduate
4. Family Income – in the study this term will refer to the accumulated income of the
family members in a month.
5. Learning Style – this will refer to how the learner best learn the lessons, whether they
are visual learner, auditory learner or kinesthetic learner.
 Challenges - this term will refer to the context where students struggled in learning
Mathematics while engaged in modular distance learning. According to Collins English
Dictionary, a challenge is something new and difficult which requires great effort and
determination.
 Students Attitude
Attitude is a sub-domain of affective science and differs from emotion, as it is more
cognitive and stable than emotion (Goldin et al., 2016). Attitude also differs from belief, as it
is less cognitive than belief. Philipp as cited by Sunghwan and Taekwon (2021) stated that
while “beliefs are psychologically held understanding premises, or propositions about the
world...,[attitude is related to] manners of acting, feeling, or thinking that show one’s
disposition or opinion” (p. 273). Thus, attitude is a relatively stable psychological tendency
toward a particular idea, object, or entity with a certain degree of positivity or negativity .
Therefore, students’ attitude toward mathematics can be defined as their comprehensive
evaluation of mathematics.

Reference(s) in APA format:

 XAVIER UNIVERSITY- SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
GRADUATE STUDIES: Doctoral and Masters Programs
EDUC 300: Advanced Methods in Educational Research
EDUC 902: Research Methodology
Class of Dr Ray Butch D Mahinay

Collins English Dictionary (2022). https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english

/encounter-a-challenge
Goldin, G. A., Hannula, M. S., Heyd-Metzuyanim, E., Jansen, A., Kaasila, R., Lutovac, S., &
Zhang, Q. (2016). Attitudes, beliefs, motivation and identity in mathematics education:
An overview of the field and future directions. ICME-13 topical survey. Cham,
Switzerland: Springer.

Sunghwan, H., & Taekwon, S. (2021). Students' Attitude toward Mathematics and its Relationship
with Mathematics Achievement. Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, 8 (3). 272-
280. doi: 10.20448/journal.509.2021.83.272.280

Dependent  Students’ Achievement in General Mathematics

Variable(s),
including its
subfactors

Enumerate in
bulleted list.

Define the dependent variable(s). Use citations in presenting technical information.

 Student’s Achievement in General Mathematics

Mathematical achievement is the competency shown by the student in mathematics. It is the result
of acquired knowledge or information, understanding, skills and techniques developed in the subject
of mathematics in a particular stage. Its measure is the score on the achievement test in
mathematics (Pandey, 2017). In the study, score in the exit assessment in General Mathematics will
be used.

Reference(s) in APA format:

Pandey, B. D. (2017). A study of mathematical achievement of secondary school students.

International Journal of Advanced Research, 5(12). 1951 – 1954. Doi: 10.21474/IJAR01/6165