BEEE102P -BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

STUDENT LAB EXERCISE

Name: Reg No: School:

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

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 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Indicative Experiments
1 Verification of Kirchhoff’s voltage law
2 Verification of maximum power transfer theorem
3 Staircase wiring circuit layout for multi storage building
4 Lamp dimmer circuit
5 Measurement of Earth resistance with Megger
6 Sinusoidal steady state response of RLC circuits
7 Three phase power measurement for ac loads
8 Design of half-adder and full-adder digital circuits
9 Synthesis of 8x1 multiplexer and 1x8 de-multiplexers
10 Characteristics of PN junction diode
11 Realization of single-phase rectifier
12 Design of regulated power supply using Zener diode
13 Characteristics of MOSFET
14 Characteristics of BJT
15 Measurement of energy using single-phase energy meter
16 Measurement of power in a 1-phase circuit by using Current and Potential Transformers

LAB EXCERSICE GRADING RUBRIC

Components Max.
Marks
Present in the lab session 1
Each Exercise contains correctly answered Aim 1
Each Exercise contains correctly answered Apparatus Required 2
Each Exercise contains correctly answered Model calculation for solution 2
Each Exercise contains correctly answered Simulation and waveforms 2
Each Exercise contains correctly answered Learning Outcomes 1
On time submission (within three days from lab class) 1

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

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 INDEX

Sl. Marks
Name of the Exercise Date Page. No.
No Awarded

Hardware Experiments

1 Verification of Kirchhoff’s Voltage law

2 Verification of Maximum power Transfer Theorem
3 Staircase Wiring for one lamp
Godown wiring for four lamps
4 Characteristics of PN junction diode
5 Characteristics of Zener diode
6 Design of half-adder and full-adder digital circuits
7 Measurement of Energy using single phase energy meter

Software Experiments

8 Sinusoidal Steady state response of RLC circuit

9 Realisation of single phase rectifier
10 Characteristics of BJT
11 Characteristics of MOSFET
12

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 Exercise -1:
A. AIM:
To verify the Kirchhoff’s voltage law for the given circuit.

B. Apparatus required

Sl. No. Name of the Range Quantity

Equipment
1 RPS 0-30V 2
2 Resistor 1KΩ 1
3 100Ω 1
4 2.2KΩ 1
5 270Ω 1
6 Voltmeter 0-30V 3
7 Breadboard
8 Connecting
wires

C. Theory

In 1845, a German physicist, Gustav Kirchhoff developed a pair or set of rules or laws which deal
with the conservation of current and energy within electrical circuits. These two rules are
commonly known as: Kirchhoffs Circuit Laws with one of Kirchhoffs laws dealing with the current
flowing around a closed circuit, Kirchhoffs Current Law, (KCL) while the other law deals with the
voltage sources present in a closed circuit, Kirchhoffs Voltage Law, (KVL).

 Kirchhoffs First Law – The Current Law, (KCL)

Kirchhoffs Current Law or KCL, states that the “total current or charge entering a junction or
node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to
leave, as no charge is lost within the node“. In other words the algebraic sum of ALL the currents
entering and leaving a node must be equal to zero, I(exiting) + I(entering) = 0. This idea by
Kirchhoff is commonly known as the Conservation of Charge.

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  Kirchhoffs Second Law – The Voltage Law, (KVL)

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law or KVL, states that “in any closed loop network, the total voltage around
the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop ” which is also equal to
zero. In other words the algebraic sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This
idea by Kirchhoff is known as the Conservation of Energy.

D.  Model Calculation

E. Tabulation

V1, V2 VR2 VR4 VR3 VR6 KVL LOOP1 KVL LOOP2

4,8
6, 8
8, 10

F. Learning Outcome:

I Learned about KVL and how it is applied to an electric circuit, to find the voltage drop and current
flow in each element. I learned how to do model calculation and verify it using the simulation tools.

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 Exercise -2:

A. AIM:

To verify the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for the given circuit.

A. Apparatus required

Sl. No. Name of the Range Quantity

Equipment
1 RPS 0-30V 1
2 Resistor 100Ω 1
3 2.2KΩ 1
4 270Ω 1
5 0-1KΩ 1
6 Ammeter 0-30mA 1
7 Breadboard
8 Connecting
wires

B. Theory
Thevenin’s Theorem states that “Any linear bilateral circuit containing several voltage
sources and  impedances can be replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of single
Thevenin’s voltage source in series with a Thevenin’s impedance connected across the
load impedance“.

C.  Model Calculation

Applying KVL to the given circuit,

Vth=6.8V , Rth=338.75Ω, Imax=20.07mA

D. Tabulation

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Description Thevenin Thevenin Maximum
Voltage (Vth) Resistance Load Current
(Rth) at Rload=Rth
Theoretical
Value
Practical
Value

Description Load current Load current Load current Load current Load current
when Rload = when Rload = when Rload = when Rload = when Rload =
0.2*Rth 0.5*Rth Rth 1.2*Rth Rth*1.5Rth
Theoretical
Value
Practical
Value

E. Learning Outcome:

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 Exercise -3:

A. AIM:
To simulate and verify the sinusoidal steady state response for the given RLC circuit exited by
40sin5t.

B. Apparatus required
1. Simulation software LTSPICE XVII updated
2. Online current and voltage probe tools
C. Theory

A steady-state response is the behaviour of a circuit after a long time when steady conditions have
been reached after an external excitation. The sinusoidal response of a system refers to its response
to a sinusoidal input: u(t)=cosω0t or u(t)=sinω0t. The load can be a combination of RLC elements.

D.  Model Calculation

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 E. Simulation and Waveform Window

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 F. Learning Outcome:

Problem 4.1

The figure shows an RLC circuit exited by the sinusoidal voltage 100 cos(3t) volts, where t is in
seconds.  Find the ratio of V2/V1.

Exercise -4:

A. AIM:
To plot the V-I characteristics of BJT

B. Apparatus required
1. Simulation software LTSPICE XVII updated
2. Online current and voltage probe tools

C. Theory
 Depending upon the biasing of the two junctions, emitter-base (EB) junction and
collector base(CB) the transistor is said to be in one of the four modes of operation. as
described below:

Operating region VBE Junction VBC Junction

Cutt – off Reverse Reverse
Saturation Forward Forward
Active Forward Reverse
Reverse – Active Reverse Forward

 Input Characteristics: ‐ It is the curve between input current IB and input voltage VBE
constant collector emitter voltage VCE. The input characteristic resembles a forward
biased diode curve. After cut in voltage the IB increases rapidly with small increase in
VBE. It means that dynamic input resistance is small in CE configuration. It is the ratio of
change in VBE to the resulting change in base current at constant collector emitter
voltage. It is given by ΔVBE / ΔIB B.

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  Output Characteristics: ‐ This characteristic shows relation between collector current IC
and collector voltage for various values of base current. The change in collector emitter
voltage causes small change in the collector current for the constant base current,
which defines the dynamic resistance and is given as ΔVCE / ΔIC at constant IB. The
output characteristic of common emitter configuration consists of three regions: Active,
Saturation and Cut‐off.

D. Simulation and Waveform Window

Input Characteristics

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Output Characteristics

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 E. Model Calculation :

1. Small-Signal Current Gain: β = ∆IC/∆IB with the VCE at a constant voltage.

2. Dynamic input resistance: It is given by ΔVBE / ΔIB at constant VCE

3. Dynamic output resistance: It is given as ΔVCE / ΔIC at constant IB

F. Learning Outcome:

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