CHUONG II TUONG DUONG DICH THUAT VA TUONG DUONG DICH THUAT ANH - VIET 1. VAN DE TUONG DUONG DICH THUAT TRONG LY LUAN DICH 4. Ba quan niém vé twong dwong dich thuat Tuong duong dich thuat la van dé da dugc ban ti ngay ti khi dich thuat ra déi. Jacobson (1) da nhan dinh tuong duong dich thuat 1a “van dé cét 1di va mdi quan tam chinh yéu” cua ly luan dich thuat. Van dé nay nhanh chéng tré thanh “khai niém trung tam cia bat ctr cong trinh nghién citu nao vé dich thuat” (Munday, 2001). Tuong duong dich thuat 14 mét trong nhimng van dé nay sinh nhiéu quan niém khéc nhau, tham chi trai ngugc nhau nhat. Nguyén nhan cia su khac biét nay c6 thé la cac tac gid xudt phat tir cach nhin khdc nhau vé ban chat cla ng6én ngit, ban chat cla dich thuat va 4p dung cac ly thuyét ng6n ngit hoc khac nhau vao nghién citu dich thuat. Savory (1968 : 54) da dua ra mot danh sch rat ndi tiéng tong két lai 12 quan niém mau thuan nhau vé tuong duong dich thuat, dudi day 1a mét s6 vi du: 1, Ban dich phai dich cac tir ngét cha ban gc; 2. Ban dich phai dich duoc cdc y tuéng cia ban géc; 3. Ban dich phai doc giéng nhu ban géc; Scanned with CamScanner72 |__ Pa i oANH Gi DICH THUAT: MOT SVAN DEL LUAN BAN VATA TIN Oy yp Way 4, Ban dich phai doc giéng nhu ban dich, 5, Ban dich phai phan anh dugc phong cach ctia ban géc; 6. Ban dich phai mang phong cach cia ngudi dich vy, Khai niém “tong duong dich thuat” (translation eduivalencg) thudng xuat hién khi céc tac gid dua ra dinh nghia ho&e m6 ta qua ti th dich thuét, Nhung khéi nigm nay dc biét quan trong Khi vin 48 gig, gid, tham dinh ban dich dugc ban dén. Catford (1965) coi tuong uo, dich thuat 1a mét hién tong hién hitu va cho rang ban dich 14 “tuon, duong chat liéu van ban” (equivalent textual material) khi Ong dua ry quan niém “dich” la sy thay thé chat liéu van ban ngén ngét géc bing chat liéu van ban tuong duong 6 ng6n ngit dich. Nida va Taber (1968) cho ring dich gia phai 6 ging dat dugc su tuong duong (equivalence) hon 1a sy déng nhat (identity) va chi truong dich 1a tai tao thong ig hon 1a bao tén hinh thire phat ngén. Tir dé cdc tac gid ban dén sy “tuong duong dng” (dynamic equivalence) va nhan manh sy ca phai thiét lap tuong duong chic nang, tir 1 sy tuong duong vé tie dOng cua ban dich lén ngudi doc ban dich va tac d6ng cia ban géc lén ngudi doc ban géc va cho ring d6 méi la muc dich dich thu cia dich thuat. Wilss (1982) dua ra khai niém “tuong duong vé mat théng bio” (communicative equivalence) trong dich thuat. Barkhudarop (1975) dit yéu cau cho viée dich la phai tao ra “ni dung khéng thay d6i” gid ban dich va ban géc, tire la tuong duong v8 y nghia cia vin ban. Koller (1979) cho rang tuong duong 1a cai tén tai & binh dién loi ndi hon lt binh dién ng6n ngit va dé nghi cn cé nhiéu dinh nghia khae nhau vé ‘wong duong dich thuat. Newmark (1988) efing cé quan niém tuong nh ae i nghia cia van ban véi ¥ dinh cia ng nt Nea a a ’ can tao ra cho ban dich. Nhung ding thot en cha nal do pet ng a § nai tao lai cia ngudi fa ae nim tao ra hay chi la y nga wen vin f thd spe of louse (1997) nhan dinh ring ae i ting cho inh ga chit lugng cn gee aaa Vi kK abe Latinh cia thuat nam fe een et: Tae gid nay vign din 01% atngtt dé cho ring tuong duong c6 nghia la Scanned with CamScannerchyong I. TUONG DUONG DICH THUAT VA TUONG DUONG DICH THUAT ANH - VIET | 2B tr nhu nhau” va do khong chi 1a sur tuong déng ma cén phai Ia ca gia tri tuong ty. Pym (2010) chi ra ring khéng cé gi duge coi 1a trong duong hoan hao gitra hai ng6n ngir ma dé chi la su tuong duong dugc gid dinh ma théi. Tir quan niém nay tac gid cho rang tuong duong 14 mot méi quan hé mang “gia tri nhu nhau” gitta mot tiét doan ngén ngit géc va ti ét doan ng6n ngit dich va co thé thiét lap trén bat ctr cp d6 nao cla ngén ngit tir hinh thitc tdi chitc nang. Nhiing y kién khac nhau cilia cac tac gid trén cho thay su phire tap kho théng nhat cia khai niém nay. Cac tac gia trén tir quan niém vé su tuong duong dich thuat cuia minh con dé xuat rat nhiéu tiéu chi dé danh gia va tham dinh ban dich. Hién tai cac nha ly lun dich cé ba quan diém khac nhau vé tong duong dich thuat nhu sau: -Tuong duong 1a diéu kién can thiét dé dich thuat thy hién duge va tuong duong 1a dich cua dich thuat, 1a cai co thé dat duoc (Catford, Nida, Toury, Koller). - Tuong duong dich thuat la khong thé thyc hién dug va la diéu can tré cho viéc nghién citu dich thuat (Snell-Homby, Gentzler, Pym). - Tuong duong 1a cach phan loai hitu ich dé mé ta va nghién ciru dich thuat (Baker), la khai niém mang tinh thyc tin dé nghién ctru va thyc hanh dich thuat chit khéng han 1a khai niém duge xac dinh trong ly thuyét dich. So di van dé tuong duong dich thuat tré thanh mét van aé gai goc trong ly Luan dich thuat va y kién ca cdc nha nghién ciru vé van dé nay khéc nhau, tham chi adi lap nhau 1a vi cach nhin vé ban chat cia dich thuat con qua khac nhau. Nhom thir nhat gém cac nha nghién ctu nhin nhan dich thuat 14 m6t qua trinh giao tiép ma trong tam 1a viéc chuyén dich théng diép tir ng6n ngit géc sang ng6n ngit dich (quan diém chic nang ng6n ngit déi voi dich thuat). Do vay, khi chuyén dich théng digp tir ngon ngit nay sang ngon ngit khac ngudi dich thu. ra phai giai quyét cac van d& thudc hai nén van hoa chit khéng chi 1a van dé ng6n ngit va Scanned with CamScanner74 LPH INH AN GK DICH THUAT: MOT SO VA DEL WAN CO BANVATAVC TEN CH Tuk. 74_|_ PHEBINH DA COT Oe TA ngudi dich dong vai tro trung gian trong qua trinh giao tip lién Vin hg nay. Viéc dich (giao tiép) so di thuc hién duoc la vi nd duge tién hin 6 binh dién lién van hoa va tuong duong dich dugc thiét lap a nhg Cig yéu t6 nhu van ban, van hoa va tinh huéng tham gia vao qua trinh dig, Noi cach khac 1a ng6n ngfr trong su hanh chite cua nd. Nhom thir hai c6 quan diém vé dich thuat hep hon rat nhieu so v5; nhom thir nbét va digu nay d& dan t6i cai nhin bi quan vé dich thyg cfing nhu sy tén tai cia tong duong dich thuat. Ho quan niém ring dich thuat gitta hai ngn ngit la van dé hoan toan thc vé ngon ngit hoc va xem xét ban chat dich thuat va tuong duong dich thuat theo quan niém nay a van dé chuyén dich cdc don vi ng6n ngir tir ng6n ngit géc sang ngén ngtt dich mot céch khé co gidi, trén chat liu ng6n ngirthuse hé théng. Do vay sy tuong duong dich thuat 1a kh dat dugc, néu khGng noi la bat kha thi Nhom thir ba c6 quan diém trung dung khi can cit vao thyo té la bat luan thé nao di chang néfa thi dich thuat gitta cac ngén ngit van da, dang va sé duoc tién hanh mét céch thanh céng. Cé thé tuong duong mot cach triét dé la bat kha thi nhung di sao thi tuong duong 6 mot mic nao dé, 6 binh dién nao khéng quan trong gitta hai ng6n ngit van duge cac nha dich thuat thiét lap duoc va do dé dich thuat van duge tién hanh nhu mét céng cu giao tiép gitta nhiing ngudi thuéc cac ngén ngtt khic nhau, C6 thé néi day 1a quan diém vé tuong duong dich thuat két hop khia canh ngén ngit hoc lan giao tiép khi xem xét qua trinh dich thuit 2. Twong duong dich thuat va trong durong ngén ngif hoc sO anh Lau nay dich thuat thudng bi coi 1a hoat dong tng dung cia i thuyet ng6n ngit hoc so sanh. Quan niém lam lin nay xuat phat tir ci higu gién don vé dich thuat (nhu da phan tich & Chuong 1), oot i thuat chi thudn tuy 1a chuyén déi cdc don vi ngén nga (tir vung, of ngtt phap) ttr ng6n ngit nay sang ngén ngtt khdc mot cach co gidi- oy voi su phat trién ctia ngén ngit hoc theo hudng ngén canh gia tieh dich thugt duge nhin nhan Ia qua trinh giao tiép va tr d6 cfc khdi mi ca dich thuét cing duoc xem xét ding voi ban chat cia ching Scanned with CamScannerChuang Il. WONG DUONG DICH THUAT VA TUONG BUONG DICH THUAT ANH - VIET | Tuong duong dich thuat cing nhu vay, no dugc phan biét véi trong duong cia ng6n ngit hoc so sanh vé ban chat. Chinh su phan biét quan trong nay ma dich thuat dugc nhin nhan gan véi ban chat cua né hon. Tuong duong ngén ngit hoc so sanh dya trén cac tuong déng gitta hai ng6n ngit voi tu cach 1a hé théng. Dé Ia su tuong duong lién ngén ngit (interlingual equivalence) dwa trén cac gia thiét ve m6t quan hé tuong duong gitta cac thanh t6é cia hai hé théng triu tugng ctia hai ngén ngit dugc so sanh. Tuong duong ngén ngit hoc so sanh ciing la nén tang ciia dich may (tir dién, mau cau va cac quy tac ngit phap co ban). Tuong duong dich thuat dwa trén méi quan hé giita cac van ban thuc, cac phat ng6n 6 hai ng6n ngit khac nhau, cac don vi ngén ngit trong su hanh chirc (language in use). Day 1a sy tuong duong lién van ban (intertextual equivalence) dua trén sy quan sat thyc té gitta cac thanh t6 cia van ban thyc su G ngén ngit géc va ngén ngir dich. Day cing 1a nén tang cia dich thuat thong thuong cla con ngudi. Hay xem xét va so sinh cdc phat ngén tiéng Anh dugc dich bang may (dua trén sy tuong duong ngén ngit hoc so sinh) va do nguédi dich. Djch may (EVitran 2.0) - Ilove you - Téiyéu anh - Blood is thicker than water - Mau thi day hon nuéc - Don't rouse the sleeping - Ding khua con sw tir dang lion ngu - Damn you! - Ché trach anh! - Best buy - Mua tét nhat Nguoi dich - Anhyéuem - Métgiot mau dao hon ao nuéc la = Bung dai ma vuét rau hum - Dd chét tiét! - Sw ya chon hoan hao Scanned with CamScanner| YY LUAN Co BAN VA THYC TIEN Dj 7e_|_ Punic eT VN ELT LN BATH TEN HTH Ay 3. Tyong duong dich thuat va phé binh danh gia chat lwong dich thuat ‘Vin 48 tuong duong dich thudt 06 vai tro rt quan trong trong phe binh dinh gid dich thuat. Quan niém vé tuong duong dich thugt quyg dinh dudng hudng, phuong phap va cach thir danh gid chat luong dich thuat. Quan niém tuong duong dich thuat 14 trong duong hinh thite cig ng6n ngit hoc so sanh dan dén cach danh gid thién vé sin pham, ttc 1a so snh hinh thitc cia ban géc va ban dich. Quan niém vé tuong duong chire nang dan dén cach danh gia chirc nang - dung hoe, tite 1 xem xét mirc d6 tuong duong dua trén hiéu tmg va thong diép cia ban géc vi ban dich. Quan niém vé dich thuat nhu mét qua trinh giao tiép lién vin héa din dén cach dank gia thién vé qua trinh, tic 1a xem xét ca cdc yéu t6 van ban va ngén canh tham gia va anh hudng ca qué trinh dich vin ban. Su phat trién song hanh ciia cic quan niém tuong duong dich thuat va phuong phap danh gia dich thuat néi trén cing phan anh day di3 budc ngoat trong sy phat trién cia ly luan dich thuat nhu Snell-Homby (2006) da chi ra. Trén co sé nhiing’ phat trién vé ly luan dich thuat ndi chung va tuong duong dich thuat ndi riéng, vn dé ban chdt cua tuong duong dich thuat va anh hudng cia n6 téi phé binh din gid dich thuat ngty cang duge 6 rang hon. Thi nhat la ban chat cha tuong duong dich thuat 4 duoc soi sang hon nhiéu. ¥ kién cia Pym (2010) vé tuong duong dich thuat bao ham duoc hau hét nhing hidu biét hién thoi vé van € phite tap 46 gay nhieu tranh cai nhat trong ly luan dich thuat nay. Tuo" duong dich thuat 1 méi quan hé gitta mét vin ban gdc va mot vin ba dich ma nhé n6 van ban dich duoc coi la ban dich cia ban goo. MOi quan hé nay lam nén dic tinh cia ban dich trong mat chudi nhiing tt huong duoc xc dinh. Pym (2016) chi ra mét cach r6 rang cu thé ve ban chat cia tuong duong dich thuat: “Tuong duong gin voi mic 46 ma dich gid cé ging din xép nhiing didu kién thuecnees, vor 4a bi ae PRED ig diéu kién thudc va boi va nhiing han ché chi phéi-va 14 ‘ See a dich tiugt nio”-Dyatenigian aid ee tap hoa bat cir hanh d6n8 ae dinh 1a mot méi quan hé gita hai vq ene CuOns dich thuat du0" nan ceva van ban hon 1a gitta chinh hai 8 Scanned with CamScannerChutong lI. THONG DUONG DICH THUAT VA TUONG BUONG DICH THUAT ANH - VIET ln Tuy nhién quan niém ciing nhu viéc x4c dinh tuong duong dich thuat cfing con phu thudc nhiéu vao muc dich cia dich thuat. Vi du muc dich 14 phuc vu day tiéng hoac nghién citu so sanh ng6n ngit thi trong duong ngon ngtt hoc so sanh 1a hop ly va cn thiét, dich dé tai tao vin ban giao tiép (chi dan, thy tir giao dich v.v.) thi tuong duong chirc nang - dung hoc lai 1a can thiét, dich vin ban biéu cam (van hoc, dién van, quang cao) cé thé can dén nhiéu kiéu loai tuong duong két hop. Méi lién quan chat ché gitta quan niém tuong duong véi phuong phap danh gia dich thuat cing dan dén sy phy thudc tuong tu cua phuong phap danh gia chat lung dich thuat vao muc dich dich thuat. Nhung nhu d6 dé cp 6 trén, mét sur tuong duong day du gitta nguyén tac va ban dich phai dugc danh gia trén suét qua trinh dich véi thong tin tir tat ca nhimg nhan t6 ng6n ngit va béi canh. Nhu vay 06 thé thay viée danh gia dich thuat 14 qua trinh xem xét trén ca qué trinh day dit ciia dich thuat, khong chi don gin 1a “danh gia ban dich” ma phai 1a “danh gia qua trinh dich”, thudng duge goi tit 1a “danh gia dich thuat” trong do ban dich chi 14 mét phan tuy rat quan trong nhung khéng phai la tat ca. Vé thuc chat thi phé binh danh gid ban dich thuat cfing la mét qua trinh phan tich dién ngén dac biét cn ctr vao phan tich so sanh hai van ban voi tu cach 1a hai phan hitu hinh cua dién ng6n. tl, CAC LOAI HINH TUONG BUONG DICH THUAT Hién c6 nhiéu cach phan loai tuong duong dich thuat khac nhau dya trén nhiing co sé khac nhau. Theo Kade (1968) cé 4 cach phan loai tuong duong kha phé bién nhu sau: 1) Tuong duong dua trén hinh thitc (form-based equivalence): tuong duong 6 cp 46 tir, cap d6 cau va cap d6 van ban (Baker). 2) Tuong duong dya trén y nghia (meaning - based): trong duong bigu vat, biéu thai, dung hoc va hinh thite (Koller). 3) Tuong duong dua trén chitc nang (Function-based): tuong duong dong va tuong dong hinh thitc (Nida). Scanned with CamScanner78 | PHEBINH BANH GIA ojcH THUAT: MOT SO VAN BE LY LUAN CO/BAN VA THuc Ty DicH TH eg a ee ee ee - My 4) Tuong duong dya trén sé lung cac phan tuong dong (Qn, based): trong duong mét voi mét, mét voi nhiéu hon m6t, mét Gi a nho hon mét, bat tuong duong. an Dui day ta sé xem xét mét s6 loai hinh trong duong hay dug t6i nhat va duge ting dung nhiéu khi nghién ciru, danh gid ban dich vay vé dich thuat. 1. Twong duong dya trén sé lwgng cae phan twong dung (Quantity based equivalence) a- Tuong duong mét - mot: La kiéu tuong duong trong d6 mét cach dién dat 6 ngén ngi gig chi co mét cach dién dat tuong duong 6 ngén ngit dich. Kiéu tuong duong nay thuong xdy ra 6 hé thong thuat ngit. Vi du: ~ Information Technology: Cong nghé thong tin ~ Permanent Virtual Circuit: Mach do ed dinh. b- Tuong duong mét déi véi nhiéu hon mét (One to many equivalence) MOt cach dién dat 6 ngon ng géc cé nhidu cach dién dat tung duong 6 ngén ngtt dich. | Vi du Nui To breed Bamboo Tre To feed Nia To raise Tric To keep Mai To vau Support © Tuong duong mat véi mot b6 phn nhs hon mot (One 10 F* of one) : , Scanned with CamScannerchufong Il. TUONG DUONG DICH THUAT VA TUONG DUONG DICH THUAT ANH - VIET ae) Vi du: _ Tir “bush” trong tigng Anh Uc 6 ni ham rit rong thutmg duge ding dé chi viing dat hoang d& xa x6i héo lanh, ké cd sa mac cia nude Ue. Tirnay d6i khi duoc dich bang ti “thao nguyén” 6 tiéng Viet c6 nghia hep hon rat nbiéu (chi trong duong voi mt nét nghia cia tir “bush”). d- Bat tuong duong (Nil-equivalence) __ Mat céch dién dat co 6 ngén ngit géc nhung khéng c6 6 ng6n ngit dich, co nguyén nhan ti sy bat tuong déng ngén ngit va van hoa. Vidu: | Modem = M6 dem Banh Chung = Chung cake/Banhchung Ao dai = aodai Mita khén = khen dance Myall (tén mét loai cay giéng cay xdu hé 6 Viét Nam) Wallaby (mét loai thu cé tii nhé 6 Uc). 2, Twong duong dua trén ¥ nghia (Meaning-based equivalence) cia Koller a- Tuong duong biéu vat (Denotative equivalence) La kiéu tuong duong trong d6 cach din dat 6 ng6n ngit gc va ng6n ngit dich déu chi cing mét khai niém, su vat trong thuc tai. Day 1a su tuong duong néi dung ngoai ng6n ngit cla van ban (hai vit ban co cing nghia so chi). Yéu t6 noi dung ngoai ngén ngit va kiéu loai tuong duong hudng t6i yéu t6 nay 1a tong duong biéu vat (denotative equivalence). Day cing 1a muc dich cia bat ky qua trinh dich thuat nao: 6 la phai dat duoc su quy chiéu toi su vat, hién tuong trong duong cia cac don vi ngén ngit géc va dich. Vi du: rabbit \ Yl Scanned with CamScanner con tho0 | aA NT SWE EMTHTEN ae UAT b- Tuong duong biéu cam (Connotative equivalence) La kiéu tong duong dua trén y nghia biéu cim cha ngén ngy nd ¥ nghia biéu vat, tir ngit cla cd ng6n ngit goc va ng6n nei dich che gia tri giao tiép tong duong khi duoc ngudi doc ban ngit ca, ngit tiép nhan. Cac y nghia biéu thai (connotations) duoc thé hi a viéc lya chon tir ngit. Yéu t6 nay dan t6i kiéu loai tuong duong bidy th (connotative equivalence). Sy tuong duong nay duoc thiét lap trén a 8 céc cp d6 khac nhau vé phong cach chtrc ning (register), cg bink dién xa héi, dia ly va tan s6 sit dung dugc phan 4nh trong ngén ngityy, Kiéu loai tuong duong nay con duge goi la tuong duong vé (stylistic equivalence). can tao: a hai go Phong céch 7 Day la sy tuong duong duge tao béi cach hya chon tir ngit cu thé tir cc dién dat déng nghia trén nhiéu phuong dién khac nhau nhu vin phong, cach sit dung, x4 hdi, dia phuong, tin sé str dung vv. Dudi day ta sé xem xét mot sé kiéu loai tuong duong bidu cim trong thuc tién dich thuat Anh - Viét. - Khia canh cap d6 loi noi cach khac nhau nhw: nghi thitc, tiéng long, (speech level) gdm: cac gid tri phong Sot gitia, tho ca, trung hoa, khau ngf, thé tuc. Vi du: Gid tri biéu cam dua trén cp 46 ngén ngit: + Ng6n ngit nghi thite: Thu tir giao dich cong viéc Dear Sir/Madam, As I am deeply interested in the salesman career, I write to yol" company in the hope that you will be able to employ me. rn ? Jam earnest in my desire to offer my service to you. I therefor sincerely hope th iat you will give due consideration to my app! lication J look forward to receiving your reply. i Faithfully Yours, Scanned with CamScannerCthvong ll. TUONG DUONG DICH THUAT VA TUONG DUONG DICH THUAT ANA - VIET Ia Kinh giti phong nhdn su, Ti viét the nay véi mong muén duge quy cong ty tuyén vao vi tri nhdn vién ban hang, boi day la céng viée phit hop voi naing lee va so thich ctia toi. [J] V6i tdt ca long nhiét thanh, 16i rat mong muén duoc phuc vu trong céng ty. Téi hy vong ngai sé xem xét kf lung don xin viée cia toi. Kinh mong nhGn duge hoi dm cha ngai. Kinh thu. + Ng6n ngir thi ca: Ared, red rose Béng héng thim Robert Bums NX. Thom dich As fair art thou, my bonnie las, Em dep lm, oi c6 gai nho So deep in luve am |, And I'll luve thee stil, my dear, ‘Anh dam say em ty bao gid’ Till a’ seas gang dry. Anh sé mai cdn yéu em dé Yéu dén ngay bién can séng khé. CAch dién dat 6 ca ban géc tiéng Anh va ban dich tiéng Viét déu cd chung mét dic diém cia ngén ngtr thi ca voi nhiing 16i noi rat it ding trong déi thudng, 6 tinh vang va sao nhim tao gia tri tham mi dic biét cia thi ca. Dé tao duge tong duong kigu loai nay ngudi dich phai c6 trinh d6 ng6n ngot it mhat 1a gin ngang bang v6i tac gia nguyén ban. - Gia tri biéu cam dya trén nghi thite xa héi (connotation of socially determined usage): khia canh quan hé xa hoi: ng6n ngi ngudi c6 hoc van, ngudi lao dong, quan nhén, sinh vién v.v. Vi du: ngén ngit thuong uu Your majesty Tau bé ha Sir Thua ngai - Gia tr) bigu cam dya trén quan hé dia ly hoe nguon goc (connotation of geographical relation or origin). Khia canh quan hé dia ly: chung chung, phuong ngi, thé ngit v.v. Scanned with CamScanner2 | Paco TH SSE AEM es ey Vi du: As fast as a kangaroo Nhanh nhw m6t con Kang-gu-ry Céch dich nay tao ra gid tri biéu cdm riéng cho thay BLE ng tiéng Anh Uc (chi nguén géc, dia phuong cia ngudi NGI). Cig . thuan Viét “nhanh niu soc” sé lam mat di sac thai nghia nay, ~ Gia tri biéu cdm dura trén hiéu qua tu tir (connotation of, stylistic et Khia canh phuong tign: ng6n ngit ndi, ngén ngit viét, hiéu qua tu tir: cd, khoa truong, kiéu cach, thdi thuong, di viv. t. Khia can uyén ngg, iin Vi du: dich uyén ngtr Cch ndi binh thudng: Uyén ngé: * The poor + The underprivileged Ngwéi nghéo Nguoi kém may man/cé hoan 140 ABI QgU canh kho khan + HIV patients * People livingnwith, IV qs. Bénhnhaén HIV ms yee mab rin Nhéngsngwdjiséngichunga 1 N69 i&m $2 nA, cé HIV Mtb prep esse 's iT Néu ngudi dich Abng PN duoc kidu dé dang tao ra ban dich batitucng dudiigia qua tu tir rat quan trotig loai tuong duong nay iat Yonighia vaibolqua bigs Inayy 89 int ign nden sis mdib okb Tai tao cae twong GHOH ih3ka unig audi dich va la vide Wnoha td RABE Bp i! duge tuong duong’ dic ‘thu ag eet cae dic diém phony cacti ig HAG Bi bey cay Guts ci trie 48 dat duoc phong'éath ‘a inhi veiNeaeiNHid want lion i néi trén vA tai tao lai ching Origen ign. diet Bane casipherahiiet dat phit hop, wul growi Bgn ndge wb MY ngit vue (register), Khiaeanh ¥ thuat, nghé nghigp. so wisi ; did iv ae “" Fi of all, ‘Stee pickeiniina beipialpa laksa ranp eno 51008) “ai the preparation shop, Here they dire Stetnisly BysnarBiadting!™" ~ Gia tr bidu cam dua trén Scanned with CamScannerchang LTUONGDUCNOKHTHUNYATUONGDUONGoFCHTHUATAL-vET are coated with primer paint to prevent corrosion. Later they are cut and shaped automatically by machines. _ Trude hét, cdc tdi va thanh thép dheve dhea ra RhiGi Kho dea 164 phn xing tien che. O dy ching duege lam sach bing viéc phun edt, Sau d6 ching dhege boc bing mét Ip son chéng gi dé nga sued mon. Tiép theo, ching duege cdt va tao phéi te dong bang may. Trong ban géc cé rat nhiéu thudt ngi nganh thép va ban dich cing c6 cae thuat ngtr tuong duong tao nén gia trj biéu cim tuong ty cho ngudi doc tieng Viét. ~ Gid tri biéu cam dye trén su dinh gia (evaluation) va thai d6 (attitude) Khia canh danh gia: khen nggi, ché bai, giéu cot v.v. Vi du: die chét (trung tinh) pass away Di xa, qua doi (trang trong) kick the bucket nghéo, toi déi (giéu cot). 3. Tuong duong ngit dung (Pragmatic equivalence) ‘yéu 6 ngudi nhan (ngudi doc) ma ban dich hudng toi dan toi mot loai trong duong dich thuat goi 1a tuong duong ngit dung (pragmatic equivalence hoac communicatively equivalence). Day 1a kieu tuong duong dugc ngudi dich wu tién thiét lap khi phai dich phuc vu mot oi tuongungudi.doc dac thi (readership) nao 46. Ngudi dich cé thé pha thodt ra khéi cae yéu cdu'oda.chuadn sir dung ngén ngi tren van ban goe Vaainbandich,thdmchhedsugns GIS biéuaidt va bieu thai nhiim phic Mivsy thong tiie chailopngoi ttoctinaqydoueVirdy khi dich cdc van . a augments ban khoa Roo/kytvab uhayersae! phuc vy doi tuong khéng ) chuyén mén, dich gia thudng chuyén dich cac thuat ngit bang cc ty ney thong thytng, d& bidyiKhidichvke.bio tia homcho Hoots thiéo obi At situthudng cox hudnasding.sistsaiemdansdeigustiomans Sf a. trung tinh thay thé cach dign qatiyadil ngitibicennarninnen : ne : cach ca nhan v.v, Kigu tuong duong nay cling duge str dung khi can Scanned with CamScanner84 | PHEBINH DANH GIA DICH THUAT: MOT SO VAN BE LY LUAN CO BAN VA THYC TEN Dich THuar tao hiéu qua tac déng téi ngudi doc nhu biéu hién thai 46 cig adi voi déi tuong duge ndi tdi trong van ban (theo cach giai th ngudi dich). ta © gig yet oi 3. Twong duong qui chudn cua van ban (Text - normative Equivalence, ‘Yéu té thé loai vin ban va cfc chuan str dung ngén ng (text type and language usage norms) dan tdi kiéu loai trong duong dich thus duge goi 1a trong duong chun van ban (text normative equivalence) Day 14 loai trong duong can thiét lap khi dich cdc van ban c6 cac chuan vé lua chon va sit dung cac don vi tir vung, ngit phap da duge quy woe hoa cao nhu van ban luat phap, thu tin thuong mai, khoa hoc k¥ thugt Nguoi dich cdn nam chac cac chuan vé van ban 6 hai ngén ngit dé nhiing chuyén dich can thiét nhim dat duoc sy tuong duong hinh thie nay. Loai tuong duong nay dugc tao ra khi ca Idi dién dat cia ngén ngt g6c va ngén ngit dich cé quy chuan gidng hay tuong ty nhau 6 ngén ngt. Vi du: - Thu tin: Dear Sir or Madam, Kinh gut... / Kinh thua quy ngai Yours sincerely, Kinh thu Luat phap: + Art.2. The organization and * Didu 2. Dé dat dug nhing myc its members, in persuit of the dich néu & didu 1, Lién hop quéc va purposes stated in Article 1, shall cc thanh vién Lién hop quéc hanh act in accordance with the following déng phi hop voi nhitng nguyén principles: t&c sau day: 1) The organization is based on the 1) Lien hop quéc dug xay dung ten principle fo the sovereign equality of _nguyén tic binh dang chi quyén cla all its members. tt cd cdc nuéc thanh vién. Dé tao dugce kiéu loai tuong duong nay ngudi dich can 06 o thir vé chuan van ban 6 ca ngén ngit géc va ng6n ngir dich nhu. van thu tin thuong mai, hanh chinh, luat php v.v. Scanned with CamScannercong TUONG DUONG DICH THUAT VA TUONG DUONG DICH THUAT ANH - VIET 1 85 4, Twong duong hinh thtrc (Formal equivalence) Yéu t6 cdc dic diém hinh thitc - thim my ca vin ban géc dan toi Jogi tuong duong hinh thirc (formal equivalence). Cac dac diém nay bao gom su choi chit, céc khia canh ngoai ngén ngit, cc dic diém phong céch cé nhan cia ngudi viét. Nguoi dich phai tao ra “su tuong tu vé hinh thirc” trong ban dich qua viéc khai thac cdc kha nang sin cé cia ngén ngit ho&c sang tao ra hinh thitc moi néu can thiét. Day 1a loai tuong duong can thiét lap déi véi viée dich cac vin ban van chuong nghé thuat ma y nghia phan 16n dug tao bdi cac yéu +6 hinh thite van ban. Dé tao tuong duong nay céc yéu té tir vung, ngit phap, cau tric va phong cach van ban phai duge str dung nhu thé nao d6 dé tao ra hiéu qua thim my cia van ban géc. Day 1a loai tuong duong dug tao boi hinh thirc dign dat (form expression) khi cé ng6n ngit géc va ngén ngir dich cing c6 cdc dac diém tham my do hinh thirc tao ra - ¢6 thé 1a céc dic diém chit viét hoc ngit 4m 6 van ban. Cac kha nang tuong duong hinh thirc c6 nguén géc tir ngit 4m hoc nhu van, diéu, thé tho, tu tir hoc nhy choi chit, an dy, hoan dy v.v. Tuong dong hinh thirc la loai trong duong quan trong bac nhat trong dich tho, loi bai hat, van xudi biéu cém vv. vén la cdc thé loai van ban ma hinh thirc dién dat quan trong hon ndi dung dign dat. Phan tich ky vé mat ly Ivan viée dich ca tir cho bai hat ta sé théy nhiéu diéu thé vi va sé phin nao “minh oan” cho cdc dich gid ca tir von hay bi qui két 1a “phan” the gid. thuyét thi dich bai hat la loai hinh dich dic bigt duge goi translation (dich thong thuong + hinh dich thong thong (normal ‘Ve mat ly 1 dich normal + partial phonological chuyén dich am vi hoc b6 phén). Loai i g (norme translation) la viée dich van ban & ngén ngit goc thanh van ban 6 ng6n ngtt dich trén ba binh dién chinh 1a tir vung - nett phap, ngit nghia va ngit dung. Noi ném na la chuyén dich phan cau chtt, phan ndi dung va phan thc dong céa vin ban lén ngudi doc. Nhung do mot muc dich die biét nao d6 ngudi dich phai wu tién chuyén dich mét trong ba binh dién ttén cia vin ban so voi céc binh dign con Iai thi sé c6 cc kieu dich dic biét. Dich bai hat va dich tho duce xép vio loai hinh dich thong thudng Scanned with CamScannerpln ck THUT OT VAD LY LBN CO BAN VATAUC TNC THU + chuyén dich am vj hoc b6 phan la loai dich ban dac biét, tire la Ngoai viéc dich binh thudng ngudi dich phai uu tién chuyén dich van ban th 85 cac nguyén tic am vi hoc va ngit 4m hoc dé dap ung duge doi ho cha loai van ban dac thi nay. Tho co van diéu, bai hat co giai digu, hode og hai yéu t6 trén déu co thé thay 6 loai van ban nay. Khi viét tho hodc dat Joi cho bai hat tac gia phai tinh toi yéu t6 nay, tham chi con bi chi phéj rang buéc chinh bi cic nguyén the do céc yéu t6 nay dat ra. Khi viét ca tir, tac gid bi chi phoi rat nhiéu b6i cdc qui luat cia am vi hoc. Mét qui luat quan trong 1a méi 4m tiét phai roi vao it nhat la mot nét nhac thi ca si méi hat duge. Do vay ta thay trén ban nhac méi tiéng trong tiéng Viét duge viét tuong img dudi mot nét nhac. Trong tiéng Anh tir da am tiét duoc viét tach ra dé mdi 4m tiét cing tuong img voi mét nét nhac. D6i khi vai am ti ét c6 thé chi tuong ting voi mét nét nhac nhung chi co mét am tiét durgc nhn manh va cdc 4m tiét cn lai bi lust di khi hat (vé mat ky thuat trudng hop nay bi coi 1a Idi kho hat), Ngoii ra tc gid lai con bi chi phdi béi cac qui luat ngit am phirc tap hon nita 14 dac diém cia 4m cuéi méi am tiét: am tiét két thuc bang phu am tic (am tiét dong) khong thé phat 4m kéo dai dug trong khi 4m tiét két thie bing nguyén 4m (am tiét md) co thé phat am kéo dai gan nhu tuy Am tiét két thac bang 4m vang mii (nhu /n/, /8/) 6 thé phat am kéo dai va tao 4m hung ngn vang. Nhac si va nha tho thuong can ctr vao cac qui luat nay dé chon tir cho tho va bai hat 48 tao cdc hiéu qua can thiét. Vi du 6 nhiing ché can ngan dai ca tir khong thé két thuc bing am tiét dong ma phai la 4m tiét mé hodc m tiét co am vang mili, Ngoai ra qui luat vé thanh diéu, am vuc cing chi phéi dang ké viée chon tir ctia nha tho va nhac si khi sang tac. Dich gia, tac gid thir hai cia van ban, cting bi chi phéi bai cae nguyén tic da rang buéc tac gid nguyén ban. Tham chi dich gia con bi rang buéc chat ché hon nhiéu so véi tac gia vi dich gia phai dién dat tai y ctia tac gia chit khéng phai y riéng cla minh. Tac gia khi khong chon duge tir dap ung dugc déi hoi cia qui luat ngi 4m thi co thé ddi a chon duge tit thich hop cén dich gia thi khéng duge lam nu vay néu di ¥ nghia, dich gia sé bi qui la “phan bdi” tac gid). Do vay di Scanned with CamScannerchuongl TUONG DUONG DICH THUAT VA TUONG DUONG DICH THUAT ANH - VIET | 97 gid bai hat chi co hai Iya chon: ho&c 1a dich bam chit, bam cau (word- for-word translation) trong khuén khé qui luat ngit am cho phép dé réi thuong He tao sis nhiing. cau ngé nghé, v6 nghia hoc sai ngit phap so voi chudn cia ngOn ngit dich, hoc la phai viét lai ca tir cho 10i chit nhudn nhuyén va hop qui luat ngit 4m hoc, nhung sé phai chiu tiéng 1a “phan” tac gid. Piéu do gidi thich vi sao ca tir cla cac bai hat dich thudng rat khac vé ndi dung ngir nghia néu dem so véi ca tir géc, con néu cé tinh pam nghia ca tir géc thi 1di 1é ngé nghé tric tric vi phai nan theo céc qui Juat nghiém ngat cua ngit 4m va 4m vi hoc. Koller (1989) cfing chi ra rang dich thuat khéng thé bao dam gitr gin duge tat ca cdc gia tri cla van ban géc ma day 14 qua trinh wu tién mot su lua chon nao do. Can ofr vao toan b6 van ban nhu mét chinh thé hay tling trich doan cua van ban, ngudi dich phai thiét lap mét thang d6 céc gid tri uu tién gitt gin trong qua trinh dich, tir do lap ra m6t thang 46 cac yéu cau vé tuong duong cho trich doan van ban va toan b6 van ban d6. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO CUA CHUNG II VA THU’ MYC BOC THEM 1. Baker, Mona. (1992). In Other Words: aCourse London: Routledge. 2. Bell, R.T. (1991). Translation Practice. London: Longman. book on Translation, and Translating: Theory and 3. Catford, John C. (1965). 4 Linguistic Theory of Translation: an Essay on Applied Linguistics, London: Oxford University Press 4. Fawcett, P. (1997). Translation and Language: Linguistic Theories Explained, Manchester: St Jerome Publishing. 5. House, J. (1977). 4 Model for Translation Quality Assessment, Tubingen: Gunter Narr. 6. . ‘Equivalence’, in Kenny, D. (1998). “Ea noe ona Bakes, of Translation Studies, edite Vat. Dawtladoe 77-80. the Routledge Encyclopaedia London and New Scanned with CamScanner