Control Systems

Engineering

Lecture 1A
1

Kristina Badec ECE Dept, CEA

2 Block Diagram Fundamentals

 Continuous (Analog) Feedback Control

Systems
 Discrete-Time Components
 Block Diagram – a shorthand, pictorial presentation of the cause-and-effect
3 relationship between the input and output of a physical system.

System components are called elements of the system.

The arrow represents the direction of the information or signal flow.

INPUT OUTPUT x Y=dx/dt

Control
d/dt
Element

Operations of addition and subtraction are represented by a small

circle called summing point, with the plus or minus sign associated
with the arrows entering the circle.

+
+ + +

+ - +
 In order to have the same signal or variable be an input to more than one
4 block or summing point, a take off point is used. This permits the signal to
proceed unaltered along several different paths to several destinations.

Block diagram of continuous (analog) feedback control systems – the

simple configuration of a simple closed loop system is with a single input
and a single output.
Disturbance
Control Signal
Actuating or
Reference (Error) Manipulated Controlled
Input Signal Feedforward Variable OUTPUT
(Control) Element Plant

Primary
Feedback
Signal
Feedback Element
 Block diagram of discrete-time (sampled-data, digital) control systems –
5 the one having a discrete signals of components at one or more points in
the system.
Many digital control systems both continuous and discrete components.
One or more devices known as samplers, and others known as holds, are
usually included in such systems.

Discrete-Time
Component (or
Discrete– System) Discrete–
Time Input Time Output
Signal Signal
 Example: Draw the block diagram for each equation.
1.) 𝑋3 =𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 -5
6
 2.) 𝑋𝑛 =𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 +……+ 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛−1
7
8 3.) 𝑋2 =𝑎1 (𝑑𝑥1ൗ𝑑𝑡)
9 4.) 𝑋3 =𝑑²𝑥2ൗ𝑑𝑡² + 𝑑𝑥1ൗ𝑑𝑡 - 𝑥1
10 5.) 𝑋4 = ʃ𝑥3 𝑑𝑡
11 For ME:
12 For ECE:
open-loop and a closed-loop block diagram for the
voltage divider network
13
End of Lecture-1A