PRACTICAL PHYSIGg] EXPERIMENT NO. : 7. SURFACE TENSION OF A LIQUID ce To determine the surface tension of water by capillary rise method using travelling microscope, Aim: Apparatus : Capillary tube, travelling microscope, beaker containing water, cork, bent wire, retort stand. Theory : Surface tension : “The force acting per unit length of a line tending to pull the surface apart along the line is called the Surface tension” of the liquid, and this is due to cohesive forces. Ifacapillary tube is dipped vertically in water it rises to a certain height ‘h’ in the tube above the surface of water since the adhesive forces are greater than cohesive forces. If‘r’ is the radius of the capillary tube ‘d! the density of water, ‘g” the acceleration due to gravity and “T” the surface tension of water, then Wir T= 3{of) dyne/em Description : A Capillary tube of uniform bore is clamped verticall Wire is arranged besides capillary tube so that when capill touch the water level in beaker. The whole set up is fixed ly in rubber cork and is dipped in water. A bent lary tube is dipped in water tl tip of the wire may to retort stand. Fig. (a) : Fi ake ig. (b) PRACTICAL SERIES for Sri ChaltanyPRACTICAL PHYSICS Procedure : ‘The uniform bi i acre ore of the Capillary tube of length about 20cm is cleaned with potassium dichromate solution Move any grease or oil, Then itis washed with water. The lower water beaker and is clamped verti ‘ally i a i nd of the tube is dipped in i : '0.aretort stand, Due to ca illarity th ises i i Adjust the tip of the needle to touch the surface of water in Beale eoaraamy er Determination of Height Wy’ : The least count of the vernier with verti division on the main scale are noted. . The reading of the the capillary is given by 1= MSR + (V.CxL.C) The beaker with water is removed without disturbing the tube and the pin. The microscope is moved down and the tip of the pin is focussed, Again the reading ofthe microscope S, is determined as before, The difference ‘h’ between the readings (s, — 52) of the microscope is noted, Height of water column (h) = 1 To determine Radius ‘r’ of the Bore: 2 After removing water from bore of capillary tube it is clamped horizontally to the retort stand and micr roscope is focused. Two concentric circles are observed. The vertical cross wire is adjusted to one edge of the inner circle tangentially and the reading R, is noted. Then the microscope is moved to the other edge to note the reading R, and the difference between R, and R, is diameter D and the radius ‘r’ of the bore is D/2. The surface tension of water is calculated using the formula If S| h+> |rdg dyne/em At (os Sede Tah 3) aynefem Zz wheel‘To Determine ‘h’ sl Microscope readings ~ ain Helght of water in a No. | Atthemeniscus (low) | At ite tre ee aise come : of water s,in cm needle 5, MMS.R | V.Cx0.001] Total | M.S.R] V-Cx0.001] Total] cm To measure Radius ‘r’: Microscope readings 5 Radius 5S. (= tenaasctae > Ricntaae org efi (ERD No Left side of the Right side of the 'D = R-R, [r= =e bore R, in em bore R, in em five we M.S.R | V.Cx0.001 | Total | M.S.R| V.Cx0.001 | Total Precautions : 1. The capillary tube should be of uniform bore. 2. The water should be taken in a clean glass beaker, 3. ‘The tube should be clamped vertically, 4. Readings should be taken with out parallax error, Result: Surface tension of the water T = aes IT epagu acess eee ee ei i petraPRACTICAL PHYSIC bP Sta fic membrane and +The surface of every liquid behaves liken stretched clastic mem! of fan : nai lie in the pl + TUS normal to the imaginary Hine drawn on the liquid surface, It may ba ii i inside the liquid is +The angle between sold surface and tangent drawn to liquid surface insid The force of attraction betw «TF cohesive forces are more than adhesive forces, + When do you observe the capillary dip ? * With angle of contact i greater than 90° capillary ip in observed. Mereury shows capillary dip - For which pair the angle of contact is 900 oe + For water silver pair the angle of contact is 90? 9 (QUESTIONS FOR VIVA-VOCE fs : 1 its surface . Define surface tension ? i tract tends t0 con" a along the surface apa fing to pull the to a minimum area, “The force acting pos unit length of a line tending Tine is called the surface tension” 7 jiquid. What isthe direction of surface tenslon ? J inside the Tia What is angle of contact ? alled angle of contact. On what factors the angle of contact depends ? depends on both solid tguid pair taken and temperature, ‘What is cohesive force ? ‘een molecules of same substance. What is adhesive force ? ‘The force of attraction between molecules of different substances. How do you explain the angle of contact on the basis of cohesive and adhesive force. . the angle of contact is greater than 90° and the liquid surface is convex in a tube. I the adhesive forces are preatr than cohesive forces the angle of contact ' less than 90 and the liquid surface is concave up in tube, What is capillary tube ? + A tube of very narrow bore like hairline is called capillary tube, What is capillarity ? ‘The rie or depression of quid level inside a capillary tube than Out side is called capillarty, ‘and the level ig horizontal, — oe PRACTICAL SERIES for Sr] Chalianual)