Chronological Table

Indian mutiny and widespread re-

bellion in Northern India.
East India Company's rule in India
replaced by the British Crown.
Dayanand (1824-83) founds the Arya
Samaj at Bombay.
Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) founds
MuhammadanAnglo-Oriental Col-
lege at Aligarh.
Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress
of India.
Indian National Congress inaugur-
ated in Bombay.
Hindu rmsslOnary Vivekananda
(1862-1902) addresses the First
World Parliament of Religions at
Chicago. M. K. Gandhi (I 86g-1948)
starts his career in South Afiica.
The Viceroyalty of Lord Curzon.
Partition of Bengal. The rise of anti-
partition movement in Bengal. The
rise of Extremist Party in Congress
under B. G. Tilak (1856-1920).
1906
1 October Muslim deputation led by Aga Khan
(1875-1958) presents address to
Viceroy Minto (1905-10).
30 December Inauguration of the All-India Muslim
League at Dacca.
Split in Congress at Surat. Beginning
of terrorist movement in India.
The Extremists excluded from Con-
gress.
218 OHRONOLOGIOAL TABLE

1909 May Morley-Minto Reforms (The Indian

Council Act) grant Muslim demand
for separate electorate.
1910 Birth of Hindu Mahasabha.
1911 Visit of King George V and Queen
Mary and the Delhi Durbar.
Partition of Bengal annulled.
Transfer of Indian Capital from
Calcutta to Delhi announced.
Italy and Turkey at war in Tripoli.
Growth of anti-British feeling among
Indian Muslims.
1912 Turkey gets involved in the first
Balkan war.
1913 Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941)
awarded Nobel Prize for his Gitanjali.
1913 Balkan War concluded by the Treaty
of London.
19 14
4 August The First World War breaks out.
4 November Turkey joins Germany against Britain.
The growth of Pan-Islamism in
India.
19 1 5
January Gandhi returns to India from South
Africa.
February The liberal leader of Congress, G. K.
Gokhale (born 1866) dies.
December Beginning of the alliance between
Congress and the Muslim League.
1916
August- Tilak and Mrs Annie Besant (1847-
September 1933) found the Home Rule Leagues.
December The Extremists are taken back into
Congress. The Muslim League and
Congress reach an agreement at
Lucknow and jointly demand for
India a national legislative assembly
to be elected on communal basis.
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 219

19 1 7
April Gandhi starts his first Satyagraha in
Champaran, Bihar.
20 August Edwin Montagu, Secretary of State
for India (1917-22) defines British
policy towards India.
November Montagu arrives in India.
December Indian government appoints Rowlatt
Committee.
191 8
April Rowlatt Committee submits its report.
July Montagu and Viceroy Chelmsford
(1916-21) publish their joint con-
stitutional report.
November Allies secure victory in the First
World War.
19 19
March Rowlatt Acts passed.
6 April Gandhi starts his first All-India civil
disobedience movement in protest
against the Rowlatt Acts.
13 April Jalianwala Bagh (Amritsar) massacre.
Gandhi suspends civil disobedience
movement.
23 December The Government of India Act (in-
corporating Montagu-Chelmsford
Report) is passed by Parliament.
1920
January House of Lords rejects censure motion
on General Dyer, the perpetrator
of the Amritsar massacre.
March-May Official and non-official reports on
Amritsar massacre published.
I August Gandhi launches non-eo-operation
movement on behalf of Khilafat
party. Tilak dies.
1921
February Central Legislature is inaugurated.
August Moplah rebellion in Malabar.
220 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

November Boycott of the Prince of Wales on his

arrival in Bombay.
Riots follow.
1922
4 February Policemen murdered at Chauri
Chaura by mob.
6 February Gandhi suspends the non-eo-opera-
tion movement.
10 March Gandhi arrested.
December Birth of Swaraj Party and split in
Congress.
192 3
September Differences between Swaraj Party
and Congress resolved.
November Swaraj Party contests elections on
behalf of Congress.
1924
January Central Legislative Assembly in-
augurated.
March Kemal Pasha abolishes Caliphate.
May The Muslim League revived at its
Lahore session.
September Hindu-Muslim riots at Kohat.
November All-Parties Conference held in Bombay
to settle Hindu-Muslim problem.
192 5
October- Split in the Swaraj Party.
November
December Hindu Mahasabha revived.
1926
March The Swarajists walk out of the Central
Legislature.
The end of the Swarajist interlude.
April Communalism at its peak.
Third general election held.
192 7
April First airmail arrives in India trom
Croydon in under 54 hours' flying
time.
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 221

November All-white Simon Commission is ap-

pointed to recommend further
constitutional advancement for
India. Congress decides to boycott
the commission.
December Congress undertakes to draft a con-
stitution for India independently of
the Simon Commission.
1928
February Simon Commission arrives in India.
May Congress appoints a committee under
Motilal Nehru (1861-1931) to
draft a constitution for India.
August The Nehru committee completes its
report.
December The Nehru report accepted by Con-
gress and the All-India Conven-
tion.
Jinnah's {I 876-1948) opposition to
Nehru's report is outvoted and he
parts company with Congress.
192 9
September Jawaharlal Nehru {I 88g--1 964) is
elected the President of Congress.
December At its annual session held at Lahore
Congress demands complete In-
dependence for India.
1930
26 January Congress celebrates this day as In-
dependence Day.
March Gandhi launches the civil dis-
obedience movement.
May Gandhi arrested.
June Congress is outlawed
Simon Commission report is pub-
lished.
November First Round Table Conference meets
in London.
Congress boycotts the Conference.
222 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

1931
January The Round Table Conference is
adjourned.
Congress leaders released.
17 February- Viceroy Irwin (1926-31) starts peace
4 March talks with Gandhi and a pact is
made. The civil disobedience move-
ment is suspended.
23 March Hindu-Muslim riots at Kanpur.
September Gandhi attends the Second Round
Table Conference held in London.
December The Conference yields no further
results and Gandhi returns to India.
1932
3 January Gandhi threatens to resume civil
disobedience movement.
4 January Gandhi and other Congress leaders
arrested.
17 November- The Third and the last Round Table
24 December Conference.
Jinnah abandons politics and settles
down in London.
1933
March White Paper is issued formulating
proposals for Indian constitution.
December Liaquat Ali Khan (1895-1951) per-
suadesJinnah to return to India.
1934
May Congress suspends the civil dis-
obedience movement.
1935
2 August Government of India Act receives
Royal Assent.
28 December Congress celebrates its GoldenJubilee.
1936
April Inauguration of the new provinces of
Drissa and Sind. Congress decides
to contest elections under the new
constitution.
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 223

May-June Congress President Nehru and the

Muslim League President Jinnah
start their election campaigns.
1937
January- Elections held for the provincial
February assemblies.
I April Provincial responsible government
comes into force.
July Congress ministries are formed in
Bihar, Orissa, C.P., U.P., Bombay
and Madras.
1938
March Congress ministry is formed in
Assam.
1939
3 September Viceroy Linlithgow (1936-43) an-
nounces that India is at war with
Germany.
14 September Congress demands a declaration of
war aims from the British govern-
ment.
22-23 October Congress calls on Congress ministries
to resign.
31 October All Congress ministries resign by this
date.
22 December The Muslim League observes this
day as 'Deliverance Day' from
Congress rule.
1940
February Jinnah declares that Western demo-
cracy was unsuited for India.
March Congress demands complete indepen-
dence and a constituent assembly.
At its Lahore session the Muslim
League demands the division of
India into autonomous national
states.
10 May Winston Churchill replaces Neville
Chamberlain as Prime Minister.
224 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

17 June The fall of France.

7 August The Viceroy makes a statement on
India's constitutional development
- the August Offer.
17 October Congress starts the individual civil
disobedience movement.
1941
27 January Subhas Chandra Bose (1897-1945)
escapes to Germany.
August 'Atlantic Charter': Joint declaration
by Roosevelt and Churchill.
December Civil disobedience prisoners set free.
1942
February- Fall of Singapore and Rangoon.
March
22 March Sir Stafford Cripps arrives in Delhi.
30 March Cri pps proposals published.
April Congress and the Muslim League
reject the Cripps mission plan.
Cripps returns to London.
8 August Congress demands the withdrawal of
British power from India and
sanctions the beginning of mass
struggle under Gandhi's leadership.
9 August Congress leaders are arrested and
Congress is declared unlawful.
Beginning of disturbances through-
out India.
1943
March-April Muslim majority provinces come
under the control of the Muslim
League.
August- Bengal famine.
November
1944
March The Japanese advance into Assam
assisted by the Indian National
Anny ofBose.
6 June Allied armies land in France; D-Day.
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 225

June Japanese defeated at Imphal. C.

Rajagopalachari's formula made
public for the first time.
9-27 September Gandhi-Jinnah talks.
1945
7 May Germany surrenders.
14 June Viceroy Wavell (1943-7) announces a
conference to be held in Simla.
15 June Congress leaders released from prison.
25 June- Simla Conference and its failure.
14 July
26 July Labour government under Clement
Attlee comes into power in Britain.
14 August Japan surrenders.
November The IoN.A. trials begin in the Red
Fort, Delhi.
December Results of elections to the Central
Legislative Assembly announced.
1946
January Parliamentary delegation arrives in
India.
18-23 February Royal Indian Navy mutiny.
19 February The British government announces
that a cabinet mission is to visit
India.
25 March Cabinet mission arrives in Delhi.
5-12 May Second Simla Conference between
Cabinet mission and Indian leaders.
16 May Cabinet mission presents its consti-
tutional plan.
6 June Muslim League accepts Cabinet mis-
sionplan.
16 June Cabinet mission presents its interim
government plan.
25 June Congress accepts mission's consti-
tutional plan but rejects interim
government plan. Cabinet mission
drops its interim government plan.
szg June Cabinet mission leaves India.
226 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

6 July Nehru interprets the Cabinet mission's

constitutional plan.
29 July Muslim League retracts its accept-
ance of the Cabinet mission plan
and calls for 'direct action'.
16 August Muslim League starts its direct
action and the riots begin in Cal-
cutta.
2 September Congress forms interim government
without the Muslim League.
25 October Muslim League joins the interim
government.
9 December Constituent Assembly meets without
the League.
1947
20 February Attlee announces in Parliament the
British intention ofleaving India by
June 1948.
22-23 March Mountbatten replaces Wavell as Vice-
roy.
April Congress accepts the principle of
partition.
10 May Nehru rejects Mountbatten's plan in
Simla.
11 May V. P. Menon amends Mountbatten's
plan. Nehru accepts it.
18--31 May Mountbatten discusses the amended
plan with the British government in
London.
2-3 June The plan for the partition of India
accepted by Congress, Sikhs and
the Muslim League.
20-23 June The Bengal and the Punjab Legis-
lative Assemblies opt for partition.
26 June The Sind Legislative Assembly opts
for Pakistan,
June Baluchistan opts for Pakistan.
6-17 July Sylhet and North-West Frontier Pro-
vince decide to join Pakistan.
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 227

18 July The Indian Independence Act re-

ceives Royal Assent.
25 July Mountbatten addresses the Chamber
of Princes.
7 August Jinnah flies to Karachi.
13 August Radcliffe Award completed.
15 August India and Pakistan become indepen-
dent. Jinnah is sworn in as
Governor-General of Pakistan and
Mountbatten as Governor-General
of India. The Pakistan cabinet is
headed by Liaquat Ali Khan and
the Indian cabinet by Nehru.
Bibliography

I. UNPUBLISHED PRIVATE PAPERS

THE Private Papers of British rulers and Indian nationalists

will always remain the most useful source for the Indian
National Movement and British policy. The 'gaps' and the
'dark patches' of history which cannot be explained by
official records and newspapers are often illuminated with
the aid of Private Papers. The first phase of the National
Movement from 1885 to 1910 (the birth of Congress and
the growth of Muslim separatism) is fortunate to have many
legacies of Private Papers. Of the five Viceroys who ruled
India from 1885 to 1910 (Dufferin, 1884-8; Lansdowne,
1888-g4; Elgin n, 1894-9; Curzon, 1899-1905; Minto 11,
1905-10), each has left behind a mass of private corres-
pondence which explains his policies, prejudices, and
attitude towards the national or sectarian aspirations of the
Indian middle classes. Added to this are the Private Papers
of two Secretaries of State for India, a Conservative G.
Hamilton, 1895-1903, and a Liberal J. Morley, 1905-10.
The India Office Library, London, houses the Private
Papers of Dufferin (microfilm copy), Lansdowne (Mss. EUR.
D558), Elgin n (Mss. EUR. D558), Curzon (Mss. EUR. FI I I),
Hamilton and Morley (Mss. EUR. E233); Minto papers are
in the custody of the National Library of Scotland,
Edinburgh.
From the Private Papers of Indian nationalists, however,
emerges a somewhat fuller picture of the early national
movement. The papers I have usefully consulted are of
G. K. Gokhale, V. S. Srinivasa Sastri, G. S. Khaparde,
R. C. Dutt, N. B. Khare, B. Tyabji and P. D. Tandon, all
housed in the National Archives of India, New Delhi. The
massive collection of Gokhale's papers throws new light on
the working of the Congress movement from 18g8 to 1915
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 229

and on his own role as the leader of the moderate party in

Congress. Although the Letters cif S. Sastri are edited and
published by T. N.Jagadisan (1963) it is rewarding to look
into the original collections. The Private Papers of Tilak's
right-hand-man Khaparde give an insight into the working
of the extremist party in Congress up to 1920 and enable us
to assess the personalities of Tilak and B. C. Pal. The
Papers of Khare and, to a lesser extent, of Tandon explain
in some measure the role of the Hindu Mahasabha in the
1930S and 1940S in the National Movement. The papers of
Tyabji, the first Muslim president of the third Congress in
1887, are most valuable in assessing the growth of Muslim
separatism and its pressure on the nationalist Muslims.

2. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS, NEWSPAPERS AND

PERIODICALS

These are referred to in the chapter references.

The government publications are massive and fall into
various categories. Of these the Parliamentary Debates are
valuable for a study of the British policy, and the Indian
Census Reports and Moral and Material Progress Reports
(published annually since 1858) for some understanding of
the social changes.
The Indian National Congress published the proceedings
of each of its annual sessions. These Reports are indispen-
sable for a specialised study of the Congress Movement up
to 1936. Among periodicals H. N. Mitra's Indian Annual
Registers (starting from 1919 and turning into QuarterlY
Register from 1924 to 1929) are an authentic record of the
main political events up to 1947.

3. BIOGRAPHIES, MEMOIRS AND DIARIES

The works consulted may be divided into three categories

according to their usefulness for the understanding of the
persons, periods or subjects. The place of pUblication is
London unless stated otherwise.
230 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Max Mueller's Biographical Essays (1884) and C.

Isherwood's Ramkrishna and his Disciples (1965) contain
sympathetic appraisals of the ideas and personalities of the
Hindu renaissance including Dayanand and Vivekananda.
W. Wedderburn's Allan Octavian Hume (1913), though not
critical, is the only accurate account of the life and works
of the founder of the Congress movement. Similarly G. F. T.
Graham's The Life and Works qfSyed Ahmad Khan (Edinburgh,
1885) still holds the field as the standard English biography
of the founder of Muslim separatism. Of the many bio-
graphies of Gokhale and Tilak, the two great leaders of the
first phase of Indian nationalism, S. A. Wolpert's Tilak and
Gokhale, Revolution and Reform in the making qf the Modern
India (Berkeley, 1962) is by far the best. Gandhi has a
number of biographers each differing from the other in his
interpretations of the mysterious Mahatma. His own
account of his life, The Story qfmy Experiments with Truth (first
published at Ahmedabad, 1927), though more reflective
than factual, is by far the best source on his life and
activities up to 1920S. U. N. Pyarelal's Mahatma Gandhi: The
Last Phase faithfully describes Mahatma's last struggle
against communal violence in the 1940s. D. G. Tendulkar's
Mahatma (Bombay, 1951-4) in eight formidable volumes is
the most authentic account of his life from 1869 to 1948 told
mostly in his own writings and speeches. Jawaharlal Nehru's
An Autobiography (first published in London, 1936; a cheaper
edition published in India, 1962) is as much a story of his
life as of Indian politics from 1912 to 1935. This may be
supplemented with M. Brecher's Nehru: A political biography
(Oxford, 1959), which surpasses previous writings on Nehru
in authenticity and depth. B. R. Nanda's The Nehrus;
Motilal and Jawaharlal (1962) is a brilliant and scholarly
study ofthe father and son up to 1931. Rajendra Prasad in
his Autobiography (Bombay, 1957) narrates his role in politics
to the 1940s, in particular the Right-Left tension of the
1930S in Congress. N. D. Parikh's Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
(Ahmedabad, 1953) and K. L. Panjabi's The Indomitable
Sardar: A Political Biography (Bombay, 1962) authentically
describe the life and works of the iron man of Congress
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 231

until his death. H. Bolitho's Jinnah: Creator ofPakistan (1954)

provides a character study of the Muslim leader. M. A. H.
Ispahani's Qaid-e-kam Jinnah as I Knew Him (Karachi,
1966) furnishes some intimate details about Jinnah's
conquests in Bengal and the Punjab. M. H. Saiyid's
Mokammad Ali Jinnah: a Political Study (Lahore, 1945), still
remains a detailed record ofJinnah's political achievements.
Of the works which describe periods rather than portray
characters Sir Stan1ey Reed's The India I Knew 1897-1947
(1952) is anecdotal, also containing some glimpses of the
early twentieth-century social lives of the Sahebs in India.
B. C. Pal's Memories of my Life and Times (2 vols., Calcutta,
1951) and Sir S. N. Banerjea's A Nation in the Making (1925)
are relevant to the period from 1900 to 1920. M. N. Das's
India under Morley and Minto (1964), R. S. Wasti's Lord Minto
and the Indian Nationalist Movement 1905-1910 (Oxford, 1964),
S. A. Wolpert Morley and India, 1906-1910 (California,
1967), Mary Minto, India, Minto and Morley 1905-10 (1934),
and John Viscount Morley's Recollections, vol. ii (1917),
together provide a definitive study of the Minto-Morley
period of Indian history and the growth of Muslim
separatism.
Edwin Montagu's An Indian Diary (1930) is a Secretary
of State's diary written day by day during his visit to India
in 1917-18. The Earl of Halifax's Fulness of days (1957),
Viscount Templewood, Nine Troubled Tears (1954), Marquess
of Zetland's 'Essayez' (1956), S. Gopal's The Viceroyal9' of
Lord Irwin 1926-31 (Oxford, 1957) and the Earl of Birken-
head's The Life of Lord Halifax (1965) are valuable works on
the crucial period roughly from 1926 to 1935 - Gandhi's
civil disobedience movement of 1930, Round Table
Conferences and the origin of the 1935 Act. A. K. Azad's
India wins Freedom (Bombay, 1959) contains his critical
analysis of Congress's attitude towards the Muslim League
in 19308 and 1940s. S. Ghose's Gandhi's Emissary (1967),
though self-centred, gives some new facts on the Cabinet
Mission's activities in 1946. AIan Campbell-Johnson's
Mission with Mountbatten (1951) is a diary of the events and
is indispensable for the last phase of the British Raj - March-
232 BIBLIOGRAPHY

August, 1947. Lord Ismay's Memoirs (1960) is relevant for

the same period though it yields very little.
M. R. Jayakar's The Story of "VI Life, 2 vols. (Bombay,
1958) is essentially an account of Maratha politics from
1895 to 1922 and the rise of Hindu Mahasabha from 1922
to 1925. See also C. H. Setalvad's Recollections and Reflections
(Bombay, 1946). India's leading businessman and indus-
trialist, G. D. Birla, in his work In the Shadow of the
Mahatma: A Personal Memoir (Calcutta, 1953) gives an
account of his association with Gandhi from 1916 to 1945,
and provides glimpses of economic nationalism. Aga Khan's
Memoirs (1954) describes his role in Muslim politics
especially in the nine troubled years of 190o-g and again
during the Round Table Conferences in the 1930s.

4. GENERAL WORKS

Hindu Renaissance r828-r90o

On Ram Mohan Roy the best study is S. D. Collet's Life and
Letters of Raja Rammohun Ray (3rd ed.) (Calcutta, 1962). The
English Works of Raja Ram Mohan Ray (Allahabad, 1906) is
the primary source. On Arya Samaj movement the basic
work is Dayanand's Satyarth Prakash (English trans. by Dr.
Bharadwaja, Allahabad, 2nd ed. 1915). Lajpat Rai's A
History of Arya Samaj (rev. ed. Calcutta, 1967) and H. B.
Sarda's Dayanand Commemoration volume (Ajmer, 1933) are
the standard works. The primary source on the thoughts of
Vivekananda is The Complete Works of Vivekanand, 8 vols.
(Almora, 1923-51). A critical appraisal of his ideas is
provided by D. G. Dalton in his unpublished University of
London Ph.D. thesis, 'The idea of freedom in the political
thought ofVivekanand, Aurobindo, Gandhi and Tagore'.
For general works covering various aspects of Hindu
renaissance Charles H. Heimsath's Indian Nationalism and
Hindu Social Reform (Princeton, 1964) is excellent. T. de
Bary's edited Sources of Indian Tradition (Columbia Uni-
versity, 1958) can still be used as a source book. J. N.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 233

Farquhar's Modern Religious Movements in India (New York,

1918) remains a standard general work. Encyclopaedia of
Religion and Ethics, vol. ii (New York, 1909), provides
authentic accounts of Arya Samaj and Brahmo Samaj
movements. Indian Social Riform (ed. C. Y. Chintamani)
(Madras, 1901) contains standard articles on individual
social problems, and also some of the speeches of Ranade.
There is no standard work on the impact of renaissance on
Hindu society though S. Natarajan's A Century of Social
Riform in India (Bombay, 1959) is a modest attempt.

British Policy and &onomic Development 1858-1947

Documentation on policy and change is adequately provided
by C. H. Philips et al. (eds.) The Evolution ofIndia and Pakistan:
Select Documents, 1858-1947 (Oxford, 1962), and M. Gwyer
and A. Appadorai (eds.), Speeches and Documents on the Indian
Constitution 1921-47,2 vols. (O.V.P., 1957). T. R. Metcalf's
The Aftermath of Revolt: India 1857-1870 (Princeton, 1965) is
an excellent standard work on the period its title suggests.
S. Gopal's British Policy in India 1858-1905 (1965), mainly
based on the Private Papers of the Viceroys, is a mine of
valuable information.
The standard works on economic development are Vera
Anstey's The &onomic Development of India (1957), R. C.
Dutt's &onomic History of India, 2 vols. (19°1-5) and D. R.
Gadgil The Industrial Evolution ofIndia (1934).

Indian Nationalism
General
B. B. Misra's The Indian Middle Classes (Oxford, 1961) is a
pioneer scholarly work. K. Dwarkadas's India's Fight for
Freedom 191:r1937: An eye-witness story (Bombay, 1966) is a
critical and invaluable study of Congress and the League
to 1937 when they drifted apart. S. R. Mehrotra's India and
the Commonwealth 1885-1929 (1965) is an authentic and
scholarly interpretation of British-Congress-League policies.
Anil Seal's The Emergence of Indian Nationalism (Cambridge,
234 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1968) provides an excellent analysis of Indian politics in

the three Presidencies to 1888. D. A. Low (ed.), Soundings in
Modern South Asian History (London, 1968)-a collection of
eleven articles-shifts the focus from the all-India to the
regional politics. J. H. Broomfield's Elite Conflict in a Plural
Society ,. Twentieth-Century Bengal (University of California,
1968) provides an insight into Bengal politics from 1912
to 1927.

Congress 1885-1947
P. Sitaramayya's The History qf the Indian National Congress,
2 vols. (Bombay, 1946) is the official account, and is factual
and accurate though provides dull reading. C. F. Andrews
and G. Mooke:rjee's The Rise and Growth qf the Congress in
India (rev. ed. Meerut, 1967) and B. and B. P. Mujumdar's
Congress and Congressmen in the Pre-Gandhian Era 1885-1917
(Calcutta, 1967) fills in a few gaps but lacks scholarship and
depth.
Dadabhai Naoroji's Speeches and Writings, etc. (Madras,
1910), G. K. Gokhale's Speeches (Madras, 1920), H. W.
Nevinson's The New Spirit in India (1908), and P. C. Ghosh's
The Development qf the Indian National Congress, 1892-1909
(Calcutta, 1960) are useful for the early period to 1910.
V. C.Joshi (ed.), Lala Lajpat Rai: writings and speeches, 2
vols. (Delhi, 1966) explains the reasons for the rise of
Hindu communalism in the 1920S. Dorothy Norman's
Nehru. The First Sixty rears (1965), the writings and
correspondence of J. Nehru as contained in Independence and
After (Delhi, 1949), India and the World (1936) and A Bunch
qfOld Letters (Bombay, 1958), S. C. Bose's Selected Speeches qf
Subhas Chandra Bose (Gov. of India, 1962) and Rajendra
Prasad's India Divided (3rd ed. 1947) - these are very useful
for the 1930S and 1940s. On Sikhs K. Singh's A History qf
the Sikhs, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1963, 1966) is authoritative and
readable.

Muslim Politics 1870-1947

S. A. Khan's An Essay on the Causes of the Indian Revolt
(Calcutta, 1860) and W. W. Hunter, The Indian Mussalmans
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 235

(1871) are the basic works causing a change in British

policy towards the Muslims of India. W. C. Smith's Modern
Islam in India (1946) provides an economic interpretation of
Muslim politics. S. M. Ikram's Modern Muslim India and the
Birth cif Pakistan (Lahore, 1965) provides biographical
sketches of Muslim luminaries from Hali to Jinnah. R. A.
Symonds's The Making cif Pakistan (1950) is a dispassionate
study. Lal Bahadur's The Muslim League: Its history, activities
and achievements (Agra, 1954), based on archival materials,
and Ram Gopal's Indian Muslims: A political history 1858-
1947 (1959), are biased but valuable general works on
Muslim politics. Choudhry Khaliquzzaman's Pathway to
Pakistan (1961) is a self-centred and apologetic work by a
provincial Muslim leader personally involved in the high
politics of Congress and the League. K. K. Aziz's Britain
and Muslim India (London, 1963) concentrates mainly on the
British attitude towards Muslim nationalism from 1857 to
1947. Jamil ud-Din Ahmad's Speeches and writings cif Mr.
Jinnah 2 vols. (Lahore, 1960, 1964) is an indispensable
collection on the career ofJinnah from 1935 to 1948, C. M.
Ali's The Emergence cif Pakistan (Columbia University Press,
1967) provides intimate details about the League block in
the interim government of 1946-7. The author, then a
financial adviser to the government, became the Prime
Minister of Pakistan from 1955 to 1956.

Transfer cif Power 1945-7

V. P. Menon's The Transfer cif Power in India (Calcutta,
1957) and The Story cif the Integration cif the Indian States (first
published 1956; cheap ed. Madras, 1961) are authoritative,
accurate and dispassionate accounts by a high civil servant
who played an important role in the great events of the
last years of the Raj. Of the three works on the same theme
E. W. R. Lumby's The Transfer cif Power in India, 1945-47
(1954), Michael Edwardes's The Last rears cif British India
(1963) and L. Mosley's The Last Days cif the British Raj
(1962), the last is by far the best in style and documentation
though a little biased in the interpretation of Mountbatten's
role. G. D. Khosla's Stern Reckoning; a survry cif the events
236 BIBLIOGRAPHY

leading Up to and following the partition of India (New Delhi,

1949) mainly deals with the violence in the Punjab.
Most valuable are the Papers delivered by participants
in the Partition of India Seminar organised and presided
over by Professor C. H. Philips at the School of Oriental
and African Studies, University of London. The papers
concentrate on the period from 1935 to 1947. They are to
be published shortly.
Index
Abell,Geo~,187, 196,197
Acts of the Indian Legislature:
Native Marriage, 16; Age of
Consent, 16; Arms, 21; Widow
Remarriage, 36; Explosive Sub-
stances, 71; Indian Press, 71;
Defence of India, 103; Rowlatt,
JIO
Acts of Parliament: Government
of India, 102, 109, 113, 116,
123, 136-g, 141-5, 153, 155,
174, 216; Indian Councils, 7,
72, 74-7; Independence, 204
Mghanistan,86, 120; Amir of, 59
Aga Khan, 67, 74, 82
Agriculturalists Party, 143
Ahmedabad, 13,95, 106, 133
Ajanta Caves, 27
Alexander, A. V., 177
Al-Hilal, 84
Ali, Ameer, 63, 74
Ali brothers, JII, JI3, JI4, JI5
Ali, Mohanuned, 84-7
Ali, Saukat, 86
Aligarh, 82, 85, 215; University,
59,85; College, 59, 60, 66, 82,
84,85; Muslim Movement, 6,
60,65-6, 21 3
AlIahabad, 14B; University, 15;
Congress Session 1910,82
Allen, B. C., 70
All-India Convention (Dec. 1928),
126
All-India Radio, 203
All-India Trade Union Congress
1929,131
All-Parties Muslim Conference,
124
Ambedkar, Or B. R., 135
Amery, L. S., 158, 159
Amrit BaQU Patrika, 39, 67
Amritsar: massacres of, 107, 110,
I I I; Congress Session 1919, 108
Andaman Islands, 57
Angora, 121
Animists, 2
Anti-Partition Movement, Bengal,
47,63-5,68
Arabia, 56
Archbold, W. A.J., 60, 66
Armstrong, H. C., 143
Arnold, Sir Edwin, 27
Arya Samaj, 63, 121,213; founda-
tion of, 32; membership of, 33
Assam, 47, 84, 142, 166, 177, 195,
196, 198, 203; Muslim League,
171; General Election 1945,
175; Cabinet Mission Plan 1946,
179,180, 183
Atlantic Charter, 161
Attlee, Clement, 152, 172, 176,
187-8, 191, 194, 19B, 200, 202,
203-4,216
Auchinleck, Sir Claude, 205
Ayerst, Lieutenant, 6g
Azad, A. K., 84, 86, 146n., 152,
159,17°,173,177,179,180,182
Azad Hind Radio, 165
Bacon, F., 28
Baksh, Allah, 154, 164, 166
Balkan States, 155
Balkan War, 85
Baluchistan, 144, 174, 196-7, 202,
204
Banaras, Maharaja of, 71 n.
Banerjea, Sir Surendra Nath, 3g-
4 1,53,78, 1°4
Banerjee, Nandalal, 70
Banerji, Or R. D., 27
 INDEX
Bardoli, 1I5
Barelawi, Sayyid Ahmad, 57
Baroda, 2, 45
Beck, Theodore, 60--2
Belgium, 158
Bengal, 17, 29,33, 38-g, 40n., 51,
56-7, 63, 70, 84, 103, 119, 142,
144, 148, 154, 161, 164, 166,
170-1, 189, 196-200, 203-4;
population and area, 2; land
revenue, I I; partition of, 46-7,
49, 53, 65, 68, 82, 83; terrorism,
Gg; non-co-operation movement,
I 13; famine 1943-4, 168; General
Election 1945, 175; Cabinet
Mission Plan 1946, 178; Direct
Action Day, 184
Bentinck,LordWilliam,4, 14,31 n.
Berar, 113
Berlin, 165
Besant, Annie, 97, 101, 103 n.,
104-5, 113-14; imprisonment,
99,100
Bethune,j. D., 38
Bevin, Ernest, 180
Bhopal, 206-7
Bihar, 2, 93, 119, 122, 142, 184,
196, 19B; non-co-operation
movement, 113; civil dis-
obedience, 166; General Elec-
tion 1945, 174
Bilgrami, Nawab Sayyid Ali, 74
Blavatsky, Mdme, 34
Blunt, William, 44
Bolsheviks, 107
Bombay, 13,34,36,42,63,69, gB,
101, 105-6, 108, "5, "9, 142,
144-5, IGg, 176, 196; popula-
tion and area, 2; University, 15;
Hindu Reform Movements, 29.
33; political organisations, 40 n.;
Medical Mission to Turkey, 85;
Satyagrahas, 95; Congress Ses-
sion 1915, 97; Congress Session
1918, 103, 104; non-co-opera-
tion movements, 1I3; separated
from Sind, 124; All-India Con-
gress Committee, 166, 182;
General Election 1945, 174;
High Court, 60; Legislative
Council, 49
Base, Subhas Chandra, 127, 149,
165,174
Bradlaugh, Charles, 44
Brahmo Samaj, 31-2, 34
Britain, 35, 48, 83, 84, 97, 188,
210,212
British Commonwealth, 126-7,
199-200
British Empire, I, 17, 18, 37,
45,85,97,99-100
British Government, 47, 63, 82,
1I2, 130-1, 134, 136, 140, 142,
156, 158-62, 169, 172, 174, 183,
187, 202; General Elections
1945, 173
British India, 9, 45, 13 1, 133,
136-7, 141-2, 170, 178, 188;
population and area, 2, 12;
governmental structure, 4
British India Society, 38
British Indian Association, 38
British Parliament, 2, 4, 18, 23,
38-g, 44, 45, 62, 65, 67, 73,
100-1, 108, 110-11, 137, 155,
15g--60, 172, 187
British Parliamentary Delegation
1946,175
Brockman, Captain R. V., 191 n.
Brussels, 127
Buddhists, percentage of popula-
tion, 2
Burdwan, Maharaja of, 17
Burma, 15, Gg, 165, 174n., 19B
Cabinet Mission 1946, 177--81,
186,195
Calcutta, 27, 41, 47, 70, 84, 86,
126, 177, 201; University, 15,
41, 75; Congress Session 1906,
48; Congress Session 1917, 100;
Congress Session 1928, 126,
127; Direct Action Day, 184,
185
Caliph, 82, 85-6
Caliphate,83-4, 110-1 I, 120, 123
 INDEX
Campbell-Johnson, Alan, Igl n.
Canada, 73, 102-3
Canning, Charles, 1St Earl, Ig, 20
Cape Supreme Court, gl
Central India, population, 2
Central National Mohammedan
Association, 63
Central Provinces, Ilg, 142, Ig6;
population and area, 2; non-
co-operation movement, 113;
General Election I 945, 174
Ceylon,15
Chamberlain, Sir Austen, 100
Chamberlain, Neville, 158
Champaran, 93:-4
Chatterji, Barkimchandra, 51, 68
Chauri Chaura, 115
Chenab Colony, 6g
Chiang Kai-shek, General, 161
Chicago, 34
China, 149, 161
Christian Missionaries, 17,28
Christianity,17-18,26,28-33
Christians, 17, 31, 83, 109, 170 ;
percentage of total population, 2
Church Missionary Society, 17
Churchill,VV~ton, 138, 152,158-
159, 161, 163, 168, 172, 187--a
Civil Disobedience Movement,
105-7, 122, 132, I 34-Q, 157,
160, 166; April Iglg, 112;
Bardoli, 115; Punjab, 188
Communalism, 118-20, 136, 142-
143, 145, 147, 215; Hindu, 123,
126; Muslim, 150
Constituent Assembly, 149, 180-
182, 186-7, Ig4, Ig6, 200, 202,
20g
Corfield, Sir Conrad, 206
Cornwal1is, Lord, I I
Cotton, Sir Henry, 44, 60
Council of State, 109, 139
Cow Protection Movement, 63
Crete, 85
Cripps, Sir Stafford, 152, 161-g,
168, 172, 181, 188; as a political
theorist, 177; 1942 plan, 162.
165, ISo, 216
239
Cross, Richard Assheton, 20
Crum, Lt-Colonel V. F. Erskine,
Igl n.
Curzon, Lord, g-IO, 20-1, 26-7,
46-7,68, 100; as an imperialist,
1,3
Czechoslovakia, 147
Dacca, 40, 67; Nawab of, 66
Dalhousie, Lord, 4,14,18
Dandi, salt march, 133
Darjeeling,lg8
Das, C. R., 110, 114,121-3
Dayanand, 35, 46,121 n., 213
Defence Association, 41
Delhi, 106, 121, 161, 174-5, 178,
184, 187, 18g, IgI, 200, 203,
205, 20g; VVar Conference,
June Ig18, g6; Congress Mani-
festo Ig2g, 131; Delhi Durbar
IgII,83
Dharbhanga, 45; Malraraja of, 71
Dharma Sabha, 34
Digby, VVilliam, 44
Dravidians, Ig8
Dufferin,Lord,g, 20,42,45
Dunkirk, 158
Dyer, General Reginald, 107, I I I
East Bengal, 67, 203-5; Hindu-
Muslim riots, 65, 184
East India Company, 8, 58
East Pakistan, 202:-3
East Punjab, 177, 18g, Ig5-7,
2 0 4-5
Edward VII, King, 212
Egyptians, 107
Elgin, Lord, 20-1
Ellenborough, Lord, Ig
England, 2, Ig, 43, 59, 70, 88,
102,11 1,163, 16g
English education, 14, 16
English legal system, 5-Q
Europe,82,100, 103, 149,152
Famine, 11-12
Famine Commission of 1880, 12
Far East, 149
 INDEX
Fazl-i-Hussain, 144
Fazl-ul-Haq, A. K., 144, 148, 154,
164,166,170
Federal Legislature, 139
Federation ofIndia, 139-40
Female infanticide, 16
First World War, 97
France, 158,210
Fraser, Sir Andrew, 70
Frere, Sir Bartle, 5 n., 6-7
Fuller, Sir Bampfylde, 63-5
Gandhi, Mrs Indira, 193 n.
Gandhi, M. K., 50, 92,103,106-7,
IIo-II, II9, 127, 131-2, 141-2,
149, 152, 154, 156-7, 159-00,
165, 172, 180, 182n., 185-6,
188, 193-4, 213, 215; emer-
gence of, 81; speech in Calcutta
1915, 86; life and career of,
87, 88, 89; in South Mrica,
90-1; at Motihari, 93; non-
violent resistance, 94; Ahme-
dabad cotton dispute, 95;
national politics, 96, 105; non-
co-operation movement, I 12-
II3, II5; as Congress Leader,
II4; imprisonment, II6, 122,
134; Dandi salt march, 133;
second Round Table Confer-
ence, 135; meeting with Wavell,
167-8; meeting with Jinnah,
169
Gandhi-Irwin Pact 1931,134
Ganpati,63
Gaya, 122
George V, King, 108
Germans, 147
Germany, 86, 103, 149, 158, 165,
172
Ghadr Party, 9
Ghose, Aurobindo, 51,70
Ghose, Motilal, 39
Ghose, Rash Bihari, 52
Ghose, Sisar Kumar, 39-40, 168
Gita, 27-8,46, 88
Gladstone, W. E., 23
Gliddon, G. R., 22
Gobineau, Count, 22
Gokhale, G. K., 37, 48-51, 65,
72-5, 78,83, 92, 97, 119
Gorakphur, II5
Great Britain, 86
Greek, 27, 30
Gujerat,87
Gupta, K. G., 74
Halifax, Lord, 138. See also Irwin,
Lord
Hamilton, Lord George, 9, 21
Hardie, Keir, 44
Hare, L., 64, 66
High Courts, 4-6, 56, 75
Highgate, London, 70
Hindi,30
Hinduism, 2, 17, 28, 30-2, 34-5,
50,57,83,88,121
Hindu Dharma Vyayasthapaka
Mandali,34
Hindu Mahasabha, 34, 119, 150
Hindus, 17, 20, 28-33, 36, 47,
55-7, 60-5, 68, 72, 75-6, 78, 82,
90, 96, 106, 109, 115, 119, 121,
123, 126, 140, 142, 143, 154-5,
170, 173, 188, 189, 209, 213;
percentage of total population,
2; religious conflicts with Mus-
lims, II7-18; Cabinet Mission
Plan 1946, 179
Hindustani, 114
Hitler, Adolf, 152
Holland, 158,210
Home Rule League, 99, 101
House of Commons, 45, 100, I II,
138,172,176,202,204
House of Lords, I I I
Hughli river, 13
Hume, Allan Octavian, 41-3, 60-
61
Hume,Joseph,41
Huns, 100
Hunter, Lord, 108
Hunter, W. W., 57
Hunter Committee, loB, 1 I 1
Hyderabad, 74, 139, 206, 207,
208; area, 2, 56; Nizam of, 59
 INDEX
Ilbert, Sir Courtenay, lZl
IlbertBill, lZl, 41
India (journal), 44
Indian Army, 3, 58, 6g, 174 n.;
organisation of, 10
Indian Association, 40-1
Indian Civil Service, 39-40, 43,
45, 51, 60, 74, 85, 167, lZ04;
administration of, 9; personnel,
10
Indian League, 39-40
Indian National Army, 174, 176
Indian National Congress, 43, 45-
46, 49-50, 55, 60-4, 66, 7lZ--6,
78-g, 81-2, 84, 92, 96, 101,
II6--17, 123-5, 127, 13 1, 133,
135--6, 141-2, 145--6, 148-50,
153-9,161-3, 165,168-74,176--
177, 184--6, 188-g, 194-5, 197,
~!O3, 207, 214-16; birtb of, 4lZ;
objects, 43-4; Calcutta Ses-
sion 1906, 47-8; Surat Session
1907,52-3; growtb of violence,
68; Constitution of April 1908,
97; Bombay Session 1915, 98;
Lucknow Pact, 99; Bombay
Session 19 I 8, 103-4; British
Committee of, 44; All-India
Congress Committee, 166, 182;
Amritsar Session 1919, 108, 110;
Calcutta Session 1919, II3;
Jinnah quits, 114; divided, 120;
Gaya (Bibar) Session 1922, 122;
Calcutta Session 1928, 126;
Lahore Session 1929, 132;
elections of 1936, 143; on
August Offer 1940, 160; on
Cripps Offer, 164; resolution
of 6 July 1942, 166; civil dis-
obedience, 167; General Elec-
tion 1945, 175; Cabinet Mis-
sion 1946, 178-83; Mount-
batten Plan, 200, 202
Indian Princes, 10, 18, 45, 133,
136--7, 150, 206--7; protection
of,3
Indian Sociologist, 70
Indian States, 3-4, 18, 131, 133,
136--7, 139, I 78-g, lZ03-4, 206-
207; division of, lZ; Cripps
proposals, 162; Instrument of
Accession, 207
Indore, Raja of, 206--7
Iqbal, Dr Muhammad, 144
Ireland,68
Irwin, Lord, 130-1, 134
Islam, 29, 32-3, 55, 57, 85, 121,
123, 148, 153
Ismay, Lord, 196--7
Italy,82,158
Jainism,87
Jains,2
Jalianwala Bagh, 107
Jama Masjid, 106
Japan, 68, 161-2, 165--6, 172,
174n., 203
Jats, 33
Jayakar, M. R., 52n., 126
Jews,2
Jhansi, Rani of, 18
Jinnah, Fatima, 193 n.
Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 97, 101,
104, IIO, II3, 122, 124, 144-5,
147-50, 152--6, 159--61, 163-73,
175, 181, 185-8, 193n., 194-
197, 202-3, 205, 208-g, 216;
joins League, 98; leaves Con-
gress, 114; temporary exit from
politics, 126; in London, 137,
143; meeting witb LinIitbgow,
157; General Election 1945,
174; Cabinet Mission 1946,
177-9, 182-3; Mountbatten
Plan, 201
Jinnah, Ruttenbai, 124
Jodhpur,207
Johnson, Colonel, 161-3
Joint Defence Council, 205
Jones, Sir William, 27, 30
Junagadh, 207-8
Justice Party, 143
KaIidasa, 27, 30
Kanpur,85
Karachi, 176,201 n., lZ05, $log
 INDEX
Kashmir, 139, 16g, 207-8; popula-
tion and area, 2
Kathiawar,88
Kemal Atatiirk, 120, 143
Kennedy, Miss and Mrs, 70
Kesari,7 1
Khaira,95
Khaksars, 20 I n.
Khaliquzzaman, Choudhry, 146,
153
Khalistan, 198
Khan, Abdul Ghaffar, 204 n.
Khan, Abdul Qaiyam, 173, 204
Khan, Kizar Hayat, 167, 169-70,
188-g
Khan, LiaquatAli, 144, 186n.
Khan, Nawab Mehdi Ali, 66
Khan Saheb, Dr, 171
Khan, Sir Sikandar Hayat, 148,
154, 167
Khan, Syed Ahmad, 6-7, 57~2,
81, 21 3, 21 5
Khaparde, G. S., 52 n.
Khilafat, 114, 120; Movement,
117, 215; Committee, 2n.,
123, 124
Khoja,12
Kimberley, Lord, 9
Kingsford, D. H., 70
Kolhapur, 45
Koran, 143
Kripalani,J. B., 202
Krishak Proja Party, 170
Krishnavarma, Shyarnaji, 70
Lahore, 33, 155, 169
Lenin, V. I., 89
Liberal Federation, 116
Linlithgow, Lord, 138, 149, 152,
154-5, 157-g, 167-8, 195,216
Liverpool, 65
London, 4, 8, 40, 62, 70, 73, 82,
88, 100, 130, 133, 135, 137, 144,
153, 163, 168, 170, 171, 187,
191,196,200
Lucknow, 82, 97
Lucknow Pact, g8-g
Lytton, Lord, 19
Macaulay, T. B., 14
MacDonald, James Ramsay, 44,
128, 135
Madras, 26 n., 29, 33-4, 60, 99,
105, 109, 119, 122, 142-3, 196;
population and area, 2; land
revenue, 11; University, 15;
army, 27; political associations,
40n., General Election 1945,
174
Maine, Sir Henry, 5 n., 23
Malabar, 114
Malaviya, Madan Mohan, 78,
114,126
Malaya, 165
Mandalay, 6g
Marshall, Sir John, 27
Mane:, Karl, 8g
Mayo, Lord,21,23,57
Mehta, Sir Phirozshah, 89, 97
Menon, V. P., 195, 199-200,
206-8; Menon-Mountbatten
Plan,202
Middle classes, 7-8, 14, 19-20,
26, 28, 36, 40-1, 45, 62, 94,
106, 116, 136, 213; education
of, 16; emergence of, 37;
entrance into politics, 38;
Bengali, 39; Hindu, 55, 57,
60-1; Muslim, 55, 56, 76,
83-4, 96-7, 105, 113, 152-5,
201,214,216
Mieville, Sir Eric, 191 n.
Mill,J. S., 19
Milton,John,28
Minto, Lord, 47-8, 63-8, 71, 73,
75~, 78
Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental
Defence Association, 62
Mohenjo Daro, 27
Mohsin-ul-Mulk, 66, 82
Montagu, Edwin, 10Q-2
Montagu-Chehnsford Report,
102-4
Moplah, 114, 116
Morison, T., 60
Morley, John, 49, 64-7, 72-4, 76,
,8
 INDEX
~onrison, 1rheodore,85
~oscow, 1'27
~otihari, 93
~ountbatten, Lady, 193
Mountbatten, Lord, 15'2, 188--g,
191,193-'200,'20'2-5,'207-10
Mountbatten, Pamela, 193
Mueller, Max F., '27
Mukherjee, Ashutosh, 75
Multan,40
Munro, Sir Thomas, 11, '23
Muslim League, 76, 79, 8'2, 84,
86, 97, 101, 11'2, 119, 124, 139,
144-50, 15'2, 156--61, 164, 166-
170, 17'2-3, 176-7, 184-6,
188--g, 195, '203, '214-16; birth
of, 55, 66, 71; objects of, 67;
politics of, 81; 1915 Session,
Bombay, 98; Amritsar Session
1919, 110; Calcutta Session
19'28, 1'26; Elections of 1936,
143; Assembly at Lahore 1940,
155; General Election 1945,
174-5; Cabinet ~ission Plan
1946, 179, 181, 183; Mount-
batten Plan, 200
Muslixns, 20, 33, 37, 55-65, 68,
72, 78, 81, 83-6, go, 96, 98-g,
106, log, 11 1-13, 115, 117-'21,
1'23-6, 133, 140, 14'2-4, 146-8,
150, 153, 158, 168, 170-1, 181,
19B, 209, '213; percentage of
total population, '2; in Assam,
47; separate electorates, 75;
on legislative councils, 77;
Cabinet ~ission Plan 1946,
179; riots in Punjab, 189
Mutiny, 1857, 3, 5-7, 15-18, 20,
38-g, 56-7, 69, 117, '21'2; army
policy, 10; causes of, 58-g;
impact of, 19
Muzzafarpur, bomb case, 70-1
Mysore, population and area, 2,
139
Nagas,198
Nagpur, 13,5'2,8'2,113
Nana Saheb, 18
243
Nanda, N., 14'2n.
Naoroji, Dadabhai, 43-5, 48
Natal,go
National Conference, 41
National Defence Council, 161
National Liberation Federation,
104
Near East, 83
Nehru, Jawarharlal, I I I, 114-16,
119,13'2,134,140-1,143-5,147-
50, 15'2, 154, 157, 159, 16'2, 165,
171,180,18'2, 184-7,193-6,199-
200, 203, 206, '215; entry into
Congress politics, 1'27; elected
President, 131; imprisonment,
138; election tour 1936, 14'2;
with Wavell, 167; Cabinet
Mission Plan, 183; at Simla,
198; Menon - Mountbatten
Plan, '20'2; Independence Day
speech, '209
Nehru, Motilal, 114, 116, 119,
1'21-3, 1'25, 1'27
Nehru Committee, 1'25-6; Report,
1'27
Nevinson,H. W.,44
New York, 70
New Tork Herald, 35
Noakhali, 184
Nomani, Shibli, 84-5
Non-co-operation Movement,
112-16, 1'20-1
Northbrook, Lord 1rhomas, '20
North-West Frontier Province, 86,
1Ig-'20, 124, 142, 144, 164,
168, 171, 173, 188, 195-8, 203-
204; population and area, 2;
General Election 1945, 175;
Cabinet Mission Plan 1946,
178,180, 183
North-Western tProvinces, 56-7,
61, 63; population and area, 2
Nott,J. C., 22
Olcott, Colonel, 34n.
Orissa, 2, 142; General Election
1945,174, 196, 19B
Oudh,18
 INDEX
Oxford, 27, 85
Pakistan, 75, 97, II9, 144, 152,
156, 15g-60, 167, 169, 171,
173-5, 183, 187~, 194-201 ,
203-5, 208, 210; Lahore re-
solution, 155; Cripps pro-
posals, 162-4; Cabinet Mission
1946, 177-&; inauguration of,
209
Pal, Bipin Chandra, 51
Pan-Islamism, 84, 96
Paris,70
Parliament of religions, 34
Parsis,2, 12, 150, 170, 185
Partition Council, 205
Pate!, Maniben, 193 n.
Pate!, Sardar Vallabhbhai, 95,
119, 134, 141, 152, 176, 180-1,
182n., 193n., 195, 199, 202,
206-8
Pathans, Ig8, 204n.
Pearl Harbor, 161
Persia, 84
Pethick-Lawrence, Lord, 172, 177,
181
Pondicherry,51
Poona Pact, 135 n.
Porbandar, 87-8
Portugal,155
Prasad, Rajendra, 119, 141, 149.
191,209
Privy Council, 4
Provisional Government of Free
India, Berlin, 165
Punjab, 17, 26n., 33-4, 57, 69,
72, 103, 109, 11g-20, 122, 142,
144, 148, 154, 161, 164, 167-8,
171, 188, 196-7, 199-200, 203-
204; population and area, 2;
patriarchal system, 6; Muslims,
56, 61; Arya Samajist Move-
ment, 63; massacres, 107-8,
I I I ; non-eo-operation move-
ment, II3; General Election
1945, 174; Cabinet Mission
Plan 1946, 178; communal
riots, 184, 18g; Colonisation
Bill, 69; Provincial Hindu
Sabha, 72; University, 15
Radeliffe, Sir Cyri!, 205
Rai, Lajpat, 33n., 52, 69, 71, 75,
114
Railways, 14
Rajagopalachari, C., 105, 121,
164, 16g, 209n.
Rajpal, Mahashe, 121 n.
Rajputana, population, 2
Ramkrishna Paramahamsa, 34
Ranade, M. G., 30n.
Rand, W. C., 6g
Rangoon, 161
Ratcliff, S. K., 44
Reading, Lord, 114
Richards, Robert, 175
Ripon, Lord, 22
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 161-2,
165
Round Table Conferences, 131-
135, 140
Rowlatt, Mr,Justice, 102
RowlattBills, 105
Rowlatt Committee, 102, 104
Roy, Rammohan, 28,30-1,34
Royal Indian Navy, 176
Royal Proclamation, I 10
Russia, I, 68, 84, 127
Rutherford, Dr V. H., 44
R yotwari, 11
Sanatan Dharma Sabha, 34
Sandhya,70
San Francisco, 103
Sangthan Movement, 121
S~t,22,27,29
Sapru, Tej Bahadur, 104
Saraswati, Dayanand, 32-3
Sastri, Srinivasa, 65-6,104,172
Sati,4, 28, 31,34
Satyagraha, 92, 95, 105, 107,
112-13, 115-16, 127, 133, 160;
in South Africa, 91; Committee,
10 5
Savarkar, V. D., 70
Sec;ond World War, 137, 152, 168
 INDEX
Secretary of State for India, 8,
20,49,64,68,72, 100, 153, 158,
172, 177, 184; Council of, 4,
74
Sen, K. C., 31--2, 35
Sevres, Treaty of, I11
Shaffi, Sir Muhammad, 125 n.
Shakespeare, William, 28, 30
Shakuntala, 27
Shoiapur,13
Shraddhanand, Swami, 106, 121
Sikhs, 2, 33, 57, 102, 109, 142,
188, 189,lgB,200, 203
Sikhism,33
Simla, 66, 16g-71, 173, 19B, 216;
Cabinet Mission, 178
Simon, Sir john, 124
Simon Commission, 130
Sind, 2, 27, 119, 124, 134, 142-
144, 1540 164, 166, 171, 196-7,
202, 204; General Election
1945, 175; Cabinet Mission Plan,
178; Direct Action Day, 184
Singapore, 161
Singh, Ajit, 69
Singh, Baldev, 200, 202-3
Singh, Tara, 189
Sinha, S. P., 75
Sivaji,62
Smith, Dunlop, 66
Smuts, General, 91
South Africa, 86, 90--2, 96, 105
South-East Asia, 103, 174n., 210
Spain,155
Stephen, Sir james, 23
Strachey, Sir john, 9
Suddhi Movement, 33, 121
Suhrawardy,Shaheed, 184
Surat, 52, 96, 115
Swaraj Party, 122-3
Switzerland, 2
Syihet, 203-4
Tagore, Debendranath, 31
Tagore, Rabindranath, 9
Taj Mahal Hotel, 98
Taluqdars, 11, 18, 19
Tamil,26n.
Tanzim, 120
Tata,jamshed,45
Terrorist Movement, 6g
Terrorist Samities, 69
Theosophical Society, 34
Tilak, B. G., 37, 47, 51-3, 62, 68,
98, 101, 10g-IO, 113-14, 119;
imprisonment, 50, 71, 97;
Home Rule Movements, 99
Tilak Swaraj Fund, 121
Times, The, 74, 99
Tod,james,27
Tojo, General, 165
Transvaal, 91
Travancore,2,206,207
Treaty of London, 85
Tripoli, 82
Turkey, 82-6,9h 120
Turkish Empire, 81
Tyabji, Badruddin, 60-1
Ulema Party, 146
Unionist Party, 142, 167, 170
United Indian Patriotic Associa-
tion,62
United Provinces, 84, 115, 119,
142--6, 148, 152-3, 196, 201-2;
non-co-operation movement,
113; civil disobedience, 166;
General Election 1945, 174
Untouchables, 36, 83, 135, 150,
185
Upanishads, 28, 30
U.S.A., 35, 102, 161
Vedanta,35
Vedas, 28, 32, 46
Victoria, Queen, 18, 212
Viqar-ul-Mulka, 82
Vivekenanda, Swami, 28, 34-6,
46
Wahhabi Movement, 56, 57
Wahhabis,57
Wales, 2; Prince of, 74,115,156
War Advisory Council, 160
Wavell, Lord, 152, 167-9, 171,
173, 184-8,193,195,216
 INDEX
Webb, Alfred, 44
Wedderburn, Sir William, 44, 60,
72,82
West Bengal, 47, 177, 189, 195-7,
204-5
West Pakistan, 202, 209
West Punjab, 204-5
Widow Remarriage Association,
34
Willingdon, Lord, 136, 138
Wood, Sir Charles, 7, 20
Young Turks Movement, 83
rugantar, 7°
Yule, George, 44
Zamindary Association, 38
Zetland,Lord,153-4,158