Table of Contents

Iransporlalion, and
Ports Chapter 1

('trlryrighr 2017 by Vcnancio l.

Besavilla. Jr.. All
Ktghts Reserved. No part ol rhis publication mav
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
he reproduced. stored in a retrieval ,ystem,
oi
-'
transmitted. in.any form or by iiny means. electronic,
lnecnan tcal. photot'opying. recordinc, or otherwise.
wrthout the prior written permission 1. Planning of National Roads 1-3
oT the publisher. 2. Maximum Speed of Cars 3-5
3. Capacity of Roads 5-5
4. Turnouts 6-7
5. Parking Maneuvers 7*B
6. Provisions of Safety Sight Distance B-10
7. Curbs and Gutter 10-11
ISBN 978- 621-956r-0-9
B, Traffic Lanes 77-72
9. Highway Intersections 13*18
10. Road Barriers t9-20
11. Sizes and Colors for Traffic Signs 20-39
12. Pavement Markers 20-39
12 Lane Lines, Barrier l,ines, Edge Lines 43-48
14. Pavement Messages and Pavement Markings 48-50
15. lnterchanges 51-60
3-6. Prohibitions of Traffic Signs 6t-75
VlIl 17. Types r:f Pavements IRigid and Flexible) 76-79
p",,u 1ii,...,, c.t,,'[r,r "ilil']l
Puhlishcr, #2 SIinr John Srrcel. Il
i,ll"rB,serr
Villagt"
79-82
18. |oints in Concrete Pavements
19. California Bearing Ratio 82-85
20. Modulus of Sub-grade Reaction 85,87

2t. Plate Load Test 87-BB

22. Thickness of Flexible Pavement Using Craphical Solution BB_90
L -t. Asphalt Mixture 90 - 118
24. Compondnts of Pavements tlg - 725
25. Geometric Shape of Traffic Signs 1"25 - 126

26. Types of Crack and Wearing of Concrete Pavements 1,26 - 727

27. Practical Problems of Highway Costing 128 - 130

 

Table of Contcnt.s Table of Contents

Chapter 2
22. Passing Sight Distance for Summit Vertical Curves 252

TRANSPORTATION & HIGHWWAY 23. Headlight Distance [stopping Sight Distance) for Sag Vertical Curves 252 - 253
24. Stopping Sight Distance for Sag Curves 254
ENGINEERING 25. Sight Distance for Horizontal Curves 254 - 255
26. Cross-Sectional Areas of Earthworks 256 - 26r

27. Volume of Earthworks [End Area Method and Volume with

1,. Traffic Capacity 132 _ li;i Prismoidal Correction Method 261, - 265
2. Min. Radius of Curvature for Horizontal Curves 136 _ l,4A 10 Finished Grade of Roadway 266 - 269
3. Fundamentals ofTraffic Flow (Braking Distance, Stopping Distance) 141
- 156 29. Limits of Free-Haul, Economical Haul and Overhaul Volume 268 - 269
4. Tractive Force, Rolling Resistance, Aerodynamic Resistance
30. Mass Diagram 270 - 271,
and Grade Resistance 156_ X60
5. Space Mean Speed, Time Mean Speed and Mean Free Speed,

Standard Deviation 1,61 - lT3

6. Peak Hour Factor 1.73 * 174
7. Capacity of Roads/Time Headway l,Z4 _ tVS Chapter 3
o
fam Density, Free-Flow Speed and Space Mean Speed 176 _ \g3
9. Highway Safety and Accidenr Analysts fAverage Daitry Traffic] lg4 _ n},Z
PORTS and Harbor
10. Crash Reduction Factor irg} - lg3.
11. Traffic
r Queue 1. Harbors 273 - 275
Under-Saturated Infinite eueue Lg4 _ Lgg
r Under-Saturated Finiteeueue ZA0 _ZOI 2. Waves, Wind and Tides 275 - 292
t2. Stochastic Queue ZA1, _ZO3 3. Shallow Water Waves 293 - 294
13. Service Rates of Ramps;Connecting Freeways 203._ ZZI
4, Deep Water Waves 294 - 299
14. Sight Distance, Braking Distance, Stopping Sight Distance, 5. Significant Wave Height 299 * 300
Distance for Horizontal Road Surface 6. Saint-Verant and Flamant Theory (Distance fiom Stillwater and
ZZFZZ|
15. Vertical (SummitJ Parabolic Curves ZZ3 _ ZZ7 Center of Rotation of the Wave 300 - 301
1,6. Vertical [Sag) Parabolic Curves ZZZ _Z3Z
7. Long Waves 301 - 303
t7. Unsymrnetrical Parabolic Curves 233 _ 236 B, Relation Between Deep-Water Wave Length and Shallow-Water
18. Spiral Transition Curve 236 _Z4S Wave Length 303 - 304
T9, Passing Sight Distance (Overtaking Didtance] on a Level Road Surface 246 _
Z4g
9. Length of Fetch 304 - 305
20. Sight Distance for Vertical Summit Curves 10. Residrral Water Level 305- 307
_
Z4B 250
21. Stopping Sight Distance for Vertical Summit Curves ZSI
11. Seismic Forces Acting on Marine Structures 307 - 309
t2. Angular Frequency of a Wave 309 - 310
 

I'able of (.onlcnl.s Chapter

HIGHWAY
13.

14.
Mooring anrl lJollards
Marine Structures
il1 il3
'-t14, t I6
1 ENGINEERING
15. Navigation Channels 31,6 - -t t7
16. Wind Pressure and Wind Forces Acting on \Iessels and Fier 317- 318
17. Maximurn Width of Channels and Water,ways 3t&-322
18. Length and Width of Pierand Slip 3ZZ-373
t9. Elements of Standard Ships in Relation to lts Depth o,f Floatation 3,24 -3:25
20. Forms of Littoral Drift 376 -329
27. Motions of Ships Caused by Sea Water Waves 329,- 330,
22, Principal Dirnensions of Vessel 3,31 - 33Z
23. Dead Weight Tonnage,. Gross Tonnage and D,isplacement Tbnnage 332 - 33;,4

24. Design Water Depth 334 - 340)

 

2 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING HIGHWAY ENGINEEFiING 23

1.ll,l' 1.114 Problem {.{{8 Problem

Device used in place of rigid barrier posts Standard color used as a background for
Standard sign shape for STOP sign. Standard sign shape for warning signs.
or traffic cones with a minimum of 450 mm STOP signs.
by 50 mm wide with alternate bands of
* a) a) Pentagon
contrasting color as seen by approaching
b)
Octagon
Circle
b) Circle [€ a) Red
traffic for delineation of traffic.
c) Equilateraltriangle ns c) Equilateraltriangle b) Black
a) Barriers d) Rectangle d) Rectangle
c) Yellow
b) Delineators d) White

c) Temporary curbing
[€ 0 Bofiard 1.1{O Prsblem
{.{t$ Problem 7.',29 Problem
Standard sign shape for directional signs'
,l,lt2' Standard sign shape for GIVE AWAY sign. roadwork signs, signs for sPecial Standard color used as legend color for
purposes, and supplementary plates for signs having white, yellow, orange'
Signs are classified in the following groups a) Octagon warning signs.
fluorescent orange, lluorescent yellow
according to their use. b) Circle green background and as chevron for

l. Regulalory Signs * d)
c/ Equilaterattriangte
a)
b)
Pentagon hazard markers.
li. Warning Signs
Rectangle
c)
Circle
a) Red

lll. Guide Signs or lnformative Sign

Equilateraltriangle
re b) Black
lV Signs for Expressways
KA d) Rectangle
c) Blue
V. Signs for Special Purposes d) Brown
Vl. Hazard Markers 1 .1
{.
Standard sign shape for regulatory signs.
a) l, ll, lll and lV only
{,r{2{
b)
c)
ll, lll, VlVand
l, lV,
and Vl only
Vlonly a) Octagon Standard sign shape for facility information
signs, instruction signs, guide signs, and
rs d/ All of the above 0g' ry Circle destinations of point of interest.
Standard color used as background color
for roadwork signs.
c) Equilateraltriangle
d) Rectangle a) Pentagon a) Red

{,1{3 Problem
b) Circle b) Black
c) Equilateraltriangle [g- c) Yellow
ug d) Rectangle d)
To be effective, the road sign should meet the
five basic requirements: 1.117 Problem
White

l. Fulfill a need Standard sign shape for additional

ll. Command attention information is:
1.1 '{.'l
lll. Convey a clear, simple message
lV. Command respect; and a) Octagon
Standard sign shape for pedestrian and ls the background color for most signs and
V. Give adequate time for proper response
r€" b) circle
school crossings sign. legends for some colored background'

a) l, ll and lV only
c) Equilateraltriangle
a) a) Brown
b) ll, lll, lV and V only
d) Rectangle
b)
Pentagon
Circle
b) Green

Bs
c)
d/
lll,
lV and V only
All of the above
c)
d)
Equilateraltriangle
Rectangle * d)
c) White
Blue
 

52 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING 53
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

r{ ;281t. {.295., : '.Problorn { ; g},,,:,:t ;:pfobl6m

The figure shown is a type of The figure shown is a type of grade The figure shown is a type of 4-leg
freeway The figure shown is a type of intersection known as: intersection known as:
interchanges known as: interchanges known as:

t-
Irg'
a)
b)
c)
y-interchange
directional
trumpet interchanges a) channelized
*'
---',L-
*_ a) diamond
d,l flyover with round-about b) flared a) Unchannelized

b)
c)
clover leaf
partial cloverleaf ,'" c) multileg intersection b)
c)
Flared
channelized
d) rotary intersection d) I\4ultileg intersection
trumpet interchanges
,,29,4
d)
Problem ,:x

The figure shown is a type of

1.292, Problem interchanges known as; I .ldXS, :.::,,::: g116bl$I1i
{,298 Problem
Ihe figure shown is a lype of grade The figure shown is a type of 4-leg
interchanges known is a type of lreeway
The figure shown intersection known as: intersection known as:
as:

iiN-_
I I

a)
b)
channelized
flared ___-4
--\
I ,r c) rotary intersection (roundabout)

,* d) multilegintersection
I

a) directional
y-interchange a) Unchannelized
b)
a) directional b) Flared
rs, b) y-interchange
d)
flyover with round-about
*c/ channelized
humpet interchanges
c) flyover
with round-about d) Itlultileg intersection
 d) humpet interchanges

4 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING IGHWAY ENGINEERING 55

{;3O l Fr,lrblem' 1,,8O4. Piclilem

The figure shown is a type of 4.leg The figure shown is a type of The figure shown is a tYPe of 3'leg No parking is a traffic sign classified under
inteisection known as: intersection known as: intersection known as:

il
a) Y with turning roadways
b) Flared T
No Porking
*c) Unchannelized T a) T with turning roadways

d) Unchannelized Y b) Unchannelized T *a) Regulatory or mandatory signs

c) Unchannelized Y b) informatory signs
a) Unchannelized rs d) Y with turning roadwaYs c) warning or cautionary signs

re b) Flared d) warning or mandatory signs

c) channelized
The figure shown is a type of
d) Multileg intersection intersection known as:

lt A highway intersection particularly

adopted to toll road connecting where the Speed limit is a traffic sign glassified under
'l.3OOr Problsm toll can be collected from both ingoing and
a) Y with turning roadways the
The figure shown
intersection known as:
is a type of 3.leg rs c)bl Flared T
Unchannelized T
interchange.traffic
outbound at the stem of
d) Unchannelized Y

{.3O3 Problem

The figure shown is a type of

intersection known as:
,* a)
b)
Regulatory or mandatory signs
lnformatory signs
a) Y with turning roadways c) Warning or cautionary signs
b) Flared T ) multilegintersection d) Warning or mandatory signs
c) Unchannelized T b) Trumpetintersection
us dJ Unchannelized Y c) rotary intersection
*a) T with turning roadways d) Orthotropic bridge

b) Unchannelized T
 c) Unchannelized Y
d) Y with turning roadways

56 57
I
Hlenwav ENGINEEF1ING HIGHWAY ENGINEERlNG

{.3O9 Prohlem {.31O Problem 1.312 Prohlem 1.314 Problem

A type of interchange which provides for Parking sign is a traffic sign classified traffic sign classified under An interchange with inner loops and outer
One way is a
transfer of traffic from one road to another under connections.
crossing it but with a reduced speed is
known as:

One Way
l'u'kitt,g
L'lowr lto.f'

*a/ lnformatory signs tr$ 6) informalory and guiding signs

a) trumpet
b) Regulatory or mandatory signs b) regulatory and mandatory signs rg' b) clover leaf
c) warning or cautionary signs c) warning or cautionarY signs c) diamond interchange

a)
b)
trumpet interchange
rotary flyover d) warning or mandatory signs d) warning or regulatory signs d) rotary interchange

[g c) Diamond interchange
d) directionalinterchange
'1.3,15 Problem
{,.3r, Problem f ,3{3 Problem
An interchange with a single one'way
End of freeway is a traffic sign classified An at-grade intersection in which there is ramp in each quadrant of a shaPe and
tr3og division orregulation of
conflicting position to provide easy exit from and
under,
movements into definite paths of travel by entrance to the major highway and to
A type of interchange which is sometimes the use of pavement markings, raised confine nece$sary left turns at grade to the
called a high speed interchange is known islands, or other suitable means to minor highway or crossroad.
as facilitate the safe and orderly move ent of
vehicles and pedestrian.

Encl d Wu,

I
*a) informatory and guiding signs L our ltg < hunntli:ttl
t\'lt.,i\l(seditrt\
b) regulatory or mandatory signs
c) warning or cautionary signs l)iunontl I nurc ltturge
a) interchange
a) diamond interchange d) warning and regulatory signs
b) trumpet ur" D) Ch an n elized intersection a) trumpet
y-type interchange
v) intersection roadwaY b) clover leaf
os
d) clover leaf d) highway or grade seParation c) diamond interchange
 [9 d) rotary interchange

58 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING EO
I

HI(iHWAY ENGINEERING

A system of inter connecting roadways in
conjunction with one or more highw4y
separations providing for the inter change
of traffic between two or more intersecting
highways, usually without at
grade
crossing of through and major
movements.
An interchange with one or more
separations and direct connections for
major turning movements
turning
: ,;3tO
An area within a roadway or between An at-grade intersection operating with
roadways from which vehicular traffic is one.way traffic counterclockwise around a
intended to be excluded. central area, circular or elliptical in shape,
or sufficient size to produce weaving
maneuvers in
lieu of direct crossing
between the various movements.

a) median

rs, b) island
*a) rotary intersection
ul ouler separation
Diru.1iond Iuttn lungt d) undercrossing b) multileg intersection
c) channelized intersection
d) unchannelized intersection
Y:lt1tc IuItrr'/turgt

a) trumpet

*a/ b) clover-leaf
interchange ng' c) {.323
directionalinterchange {r331r Probl*m
b) multileg inlersection
d) diamond interchange
n\ channelized intersection The figure $hown is a type of fully
d) rotary intersection An intersection with five or more approach directional interchange which is commonly
roadways. known as:

An expressway with full control of access.

An at-grade intersection in which the
number of traffic lanes or the pavement
width exceeds the normal number of lanes
or the normal width of the approach
roadways.

a) clover leaf
b) partial clover leaf {

a) *c) multiple inferseclion *a) three level directional

a) unchannelized intersection skyway
Bs, b/ Flared intersection b) overpass d) diamond interchange interchange
interchange b) four level directional interchange
 c) channelized intersection c)
€ d) freeway c) two level directional interchange
d) multileg intersection
d) level directional interchange

60 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING 61
HIGHWI\Y ENGINEERING

1|324 Problem ,.327' Problem t.33O Problem {,333 Froblem

The figure shown is a gpe of highway The figure shown is a type of a highway
interchange at grade which is commonly The figure shown is a type of a freeway exit The traffic s shown indicates;
interchange at grade which is commonly
known as: known as: which is commonlY known as:

(;1trc

75.(X)rn. -- 7,

*aJ Unchannelized.T
a) taper tyPe freewaY exit
a) right turn onlY
b) channelized freewaY exit
llg b)
b) Flared-T
c) unchannelized freewaY exit
no rightturn
c) T-with turning roadway
rili' d) parallel tyPe freewaY exit
c) no u turn
d) Channelized-T a) Unchannelized-T d) no entry for all vehicles
b) Flared-T
*' T-with turning roadway
{.331
c)
1,325 Problem d) Channelized-T Problem {.334
The figure shown is a type of a highway {, 328, Prohlom The traffic signs shown indicates the The traffic shown indicatesl
interchange at grade which is commonly lollowing prohibitions
known as:
The figure shown is a type of a freeway
entrance which is commonly known as:

.L .l0nr *u, no overtaking for vehicles whose

a)
a)
b)
Unchannelized-T
Flared-T a) taper type entrance
a)
b) no stopPing
no overtaking for trucks weighf exceeds 3.5f

*c/ T-with turning roadway b) channelizedentrance c) no entry to all vehicles b) no entry for cars and buses
no parking for cars and trucks
d) Channelized-T c) unchannelizedenkance II$- d) prohibitedtofortrucks
c)
prohibited to cars and trucks
g d) parallel type entrance
d)

1,3.26 Problem 1.329 Fiobtea t,332 Problem {,335 Froblem

The figure shown is a type of a highway The figure shown The' traffic sign shown indicates the
The traffic shown indicates:
interchange at grade which is commonly is a typeknown
entrance which is commonly of a freeway
as: following:
known as:

'---- - lfi)

a) Unchannelized-T *a) taper type entrance

rs_ b/ Flared-T b) channelized entrance
a) pedeskians onlY trrY a) prohibited to all motor vehicles
pedestrian crossing b) no parking to all motor vehicles
 c) T-with turning roadway c)
d)
unchannelized entrance
parallel type entrance b)
c) walk signal c) no stopping to all motor vehicles
d) Channelized-T
[g d) prohibitedtoPedestrians d) no overtaking to all motor vehicles

62 Hlguwav ENGINEERING HIGH AY ENGINETRING 63

11336.
The traffic
Problem
shown indicates:
1.3U Problefi
The traffic shown indicates The traffic sign shown indicat$: The traffic sign shown indicates:

*a/ prohibited
vehicle
to animal drawn *a/ End of prohibition timiting
weight greater than 3.i Tons
b) animal drawn vehicles ahead
b) no entry to all cars and trucks
c) slow down, animal drawn vehicles
c) no stopping to all cars and trucks

d)
ahead
animal drawn vehicles crossing thru
d) no overtaking for all cars and trucks a) use right lane only *a) obligation to continue straight
street x'r b) obligation to follow the right ahead
direction b) continue straight at your own rist
c) obligation to turn right c) no traffic straight ahead
ti83?: The traffic shown indicates: d) obligation to turn the obstacle by its d) dead and straight ahead
The traffic shown indicates: right side

a) parking area for buses only The traffic sign shown indicates The traffic sign shown indicates:

a)
b)
no entry
no stopping
b)
c)
no enlry for buses
Bus stop
€ c) end of all indicates prohibition [9 d) end of reserved lane for buses
d) end of speed limit

The traffic shown indicates:

The traffic n shown indicates:

a) use left lane only a) obligation to follow the right

a r$' b, ohligation to follow the left

direction

direction r€ b) obligation to turn right

c) fast moving vehicles use left lane c) no right turn on stop signal
a) drive slow
d)
a) min. speed limit
b) no blowing of horns
obligation to turn the obstacle by its d) right turn at your own rist

*c/
b) max. speed limit
c) noise prohibition
left side.

end
 d) to the linit
of speed
distance next municipality @ d) end of prohibition using audible
waming signal

,l

64 IGHWAY ENGINEERING 65
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

1 {.349 Problem 1.3,32 Problem {.355 Problem

The traffic n shown indicates: The traffic sign shown indicatest
The traffic n shown indicates: The traffic shown indicates

a) u turn to the right a) right turn then go skaight ahead a) u turn ahead
a) right curve ahead
b) obligation to turn around b) no right turn straight ahead tr'S' b, obligation fo use {he roundabout b) curve to right
lg- c) obligation to turn the obstacle by c) obligation to go straight c) counter clockwise traffic ahead c) dangerous double curve at right
ifs nghf side or to turn right d) no left or right turn allowed S d) dangerous right curve
d) obligation to follow the right d) go straight ahead then turn right ar{
direction the nexl corner
1.353; Problem {.356 Problem

1.347 Problem 1.35O

The traffic
Problem
shown indicates:
The traffic sign shown indicates: The traffic sig n shown indicates

The traffic n shown indicates:

a) zigzag curve
a)
b)
u{urn to the left
obligation to turn around
o-u" ai obligation to
turn left
go straight ot b)
c)
dangerous left curve
dangerous double curve at left
*a)b) dangerous double curve at left
zigzag road ahead

*c/ obligation to turn the obstacle by b) go straight ahead then turn left u,tr d) dangerous curve
c)
d)
curve to left
turn left then skaight ahead
the next corner
ifs Ieff side
Ieft turn then go straight ahead
d) obligation to follow the left direction
d) no left turn straight ahead
{,357
'1,348 '1,35{
I
Problem Prohlern The traffic sig n shown indicates
The traffic sign shown indicates
The traffic s shown indicates: The traffic n shown indicates

*a) a) left curve ahead *a) dangerous double curue at right

a) no left turn obligation to turn left or right b) turn left b) turn right then straight ahead
b) left
 c)
turn for fast moving vehicles
obligation
b) turn left then turn right c) curve to lefl c) curve to the right
to follow left direction no left or right turn u+r
rs d) obligation to turn left d) turn left or right on the next corner
d) dangerous left curve d) zigzag curve ahead

66 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING H HWAY ENGINEERING 67

1.358 Problenr ,.36{ Prob}em I

The traffic sign shown indicatesl The traffic sign shown indicates: 1"he traffic sign show indicates: The traffic sign shown indicatesl

*a) *a) a) parallel road a) headlights required

warning cross road curve to the right
b) merging traffic lane b) roads under repair
b) entering cross road b) dangerous right curve
c) merging traffic c) construction holes ahead
  ii d)  g d)
c) entering major cross road c) sigzag curve to the right
narrowed road approachingtrafficlight
d) accident prone area d) dangerous double curve at right

{.36'*
The traffic sign shown indicates: The traffic sign shown indicates $rarning
The traffic sign show
shown
n indicat
indicates:
es: The traffic sign shown indicatesl signs lor:

maior cross+oad

 s
a) warning cross road
entering cross road ,* a) curve to left
b)
a) entering
road intersection ahead a)
b) men working ahead
slow men working ahead
D/
c) entering major cross road
b)
c)
dangerous left curve
sigzag curve to the left
c) road under repair c) excavation ahead

d) accident prone area d) dangerous double lefi curve

lli\' d) mergingtralfic lg d) roads under reqait

{.3,66
The traffic sign shown indicatesl The traffic sign shown indicates warning
he traffic sign
sign shown indicates:
shown The traffic sign shown indicates:
signs for:

a) school zone
a) airport ahead
a) entering
entering cross
cross road
 €
a) toilbridge
[9 b) pedestrian crossing
b) warning cross road D/ airport vicinity b) river ahead
 €
c) road intersection at grade c)
d)
warning airplanes ahead
airplane parking area
It'c) Hanging bridge c)
d)
disabled crossing
parents and students area
d) entuing major cross road d) approaching river

6A HIGHWAYENGINEERING HIG,HWAYENGINEERIN(i 69

,.37O Problem 1.373 Problem {.376 Problenr {.3?9 . Problem

The traffic sign shown indicates warning The traffic sign shown indicates warni The traffic sign shown indicates waming
The traflic sign shown indicates warning
signs for: signs for: signs for:
signs for:

d) animals plowing *a/ steep downward road ll rI' a) river ahead a) land fill area
r€ b/ Animal crossing b) steep upward road b) cliff ahead
b) excavation ahead
c) excavation ahead c) caution for landslide
c) disabled crossing c) watch for falling objects
d) pedestrian crossing d) watch for falling objects d) slippery road g d) caution lalling stone

{.3711, ,,,Froblem, ,1.374 .Problem 1.?7V ::,Froblem', t,380 "Prolilem,,

The traffic sign shown indicates warning
signs for:
The . traflic sign shown indicates
signs for:
-r] The traffic sign shown indicates warning
signs for:
The traffic sign shown indicates warning
signs for:

* a) narrowingroad
rg'
d) steep downward road
a)
b)
rotary interchange ahead
a)
b)
entering cross road
b) parallel roads b) steep upward road
c)
eircumferencialroad
no enhy for Pedestrians
c) cars movement towards center excavation ahead
no parking
c) disaster area
d) lwo way road
c)
d) watch for falling objects
ll,,\ d) approaching (a d) railroad crossing

,fi3 91, ,:$15$ft6 t.375, 1.378 ,Problem

The traffic sign shown indicates warning The traffic sign shown indicates warni The traffic sign shown indicates warning The traffic sign ehown indicates the

signs for: signs for: signs for: following:

*a) a) check brakes a) reversed direction *a) zigzag right

rough road
b) inclined road b) merging traffic b) dangerous curve
 b) cut and fill ahead c) exhaust free zone lL,,r c) two way road c) curve at right
c)
d)
excavation ahead
smooth road
rs d) slippery road d) no overtaking on both sides d) accident prone area

0 HIGNWAV ENGINEERING HIGHWAY ENGINEERING 71

t;385 ,{.0P"1,,, Ftoblp,rn,

{;38&,:l rFiobleni
Ihe traffic sign shown indicates tha The traffic sign shown indicates The traffic sign shown indicates the The traffic sign shown indicates the
following: lollowing: following:
following:

{1f,} LEe'
*aJ zigzag left a) pedestrian crossing *a) a) boat

b) dangerous curve b) athletic stadium

end of overtaking Prohibition
no entry of all cars
rs b) terry
c) ferrY station
b)
c) curve at left c) running kack and field
no parking for all cars
d) accident prone area us d/ school
c)
d) car park d) sPeed boat

{.383 Problern 1.386 Problem {.389r Problem 7

The traffic sign shown indicates the The traffic sign shown indicates The traffic sign shown indicates the The tratfic sign shown indicates the
following: following: following: lollowing:

ilil1ffi )t
a)
b)
railroad crossing
a) cul desac a) entering major road a) parallel road
pedestrian lane
b) side road ns" 0€ b) narrowbridge
n€ c) level crossing (guarded) c) T-intersection
b) side road (left)
c) nanowing road
d) level crossing (unguarded) ra d) dead end uoss road
c)
d)
intersecting grade
turn left
d) embankment

"{;38* ',3AT Problem {;390 Problem {.s93

The traffic sign shown indicates the The traffic sign shown The traffic sign shown indicates the
indicates The traffic sign shovrn indicates the
following: following: following: following:

a) railroad station a) entering major road a) follow direction of anow

b) raikoad crossing
[S a) steep hill b) entering cross roads
 c) level crossing (guarded) u€ ol side road (right)
intersection grade
b) steep downward road c) no left turn
 s d) level crossing (unguarded) d) turn right
c) steel upward road [a d) no turn
d) cauthn for land slide

73
 
72 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING I HIOTTWEY ENGINEERING

.394" "Problem ,397 Prohlem t.4OOr:'. Problem

f .4O3, Problem
The speed limit sign shown indicates what
The traffic sign shown indicates the The .traffic sign shown indicates the The traffic sign shown indicates the
type of traffic signs.
following: following: following: .I',"

3
o
Z *

og'
a)
b,
c)
d)
own risk
I
go straight ahead or turn at your

no overtaking
overtaking allowed
no u{urn
*a)
b)
c)
d)
+
comfort room

f
no entry for both men and women
only men and women allowed
gays not allowed
ffi
a)
b)
c)
d)
It
lefl lane move slow
two waY traffic
right lane move fast
Priori$ to this dkection
a)
b)
na c)
d)
guide signs
warning signs
regulatory signs
prohibitive signs

Problem
{.395 Piobtem {.3gg Problem
The traffic sign shown indicates the The haffic sign shown indicates the I.AOA Problem
The traffic sign shows indicates what type
The traffic sign shovrn indicates the following: following:
of traffic signs,
following:

& 1z',
t'"

J
a) bicycle lane *a/ picnic area
a)
b)
road closed
dead end
*a) guide signs
b) warning signs
b) no entry to bicycle forest zone c) cul de sac
b) c) regulatory signs
*c) for disabled person c) agricultural zone Itg' d, no through road d) prohibitive signs
d) bicycle crossing d) pine tress ahead

1.4;A2., Profilem t.4OS Problem

{.39S Problern {.399 Problern
The stop sign shown indicates what type The traffic signs shown indicates what tYPe

The traffic
following: sign shown indicates the The traffic
following: sign shown indicates the of traffic signs,
t2'* ---
of traffic signs.
Not

@
J I
7, t2'- Z.

s.0.s.

. a) guide sign
a) EMT a) road crossing a) guide signs
[g b) warning sign
 *c) b) telephone office
emergency telephone b)
c)
Red cross
Green cross no'
b)
c)
waming signs
regulatory signs c) regulatorY sign
prohibitive sign
d) telegraphic transfer [A d) hospital with emergency use d) prohibitive signs d)

74 HIGHWAY ENGINEEFIING
75
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

1"406 Problem,
The traffic sign shown indicates what type The traffic sign shown indicates: The traffic sign shown indicates:
of traffic signs.

-12' -"--
a c) 4
a)

' b) 3 d) 5
a) guide sign
rg' Jg a) [€
b/ warning sign
regulatory sign b)
parking
no parking
a) no blowing of horns
cross road ahead
't.4'15 Problem
b)
d) prohibitive sign c) police station
c) dead end ahead Reflectorized thermoplastic rumble strips
d) thru stop d) quiet zone shall be bonded to typical asphalt or
concrete surfaces to provide the following
1,4trt Problem
The traffic sign shown indicates what type
{;410 , Probleltr Froblenr
traffic controls,
Warnlalert drivers of uPcoming
of traffic signs. The traffic sign shown indieates: 1.4',3 sign shown indicates: l. roadwaY condition such aE
intersections, sharP horizontal
The traffic
curves, narrow bridge aPProaches,
toll plazas, ages and tunnels
tl. Use as complimentary/enhancement
to advance warning signs such as the
7' StoP Ahead or the various Curve
4' signs.
lll. UJe to prevenUlessen the effect of
a) go straight ahead drowsiness during long drive, in
b) cross road ahead attention and highwaY sYnoPsis'
a) guide sign
os c) turn left or right (irunrl ltYLl
a) I and ll onlY
b) warning sign r€ d) road junction approach la a) route marker sign b) I and lll onlY
c)
d)
regulatory sign
prohibitive sign b) road junction aPProach c) ll and lll onlY
c) warning sign [€ d, Alloftheabove

tr,l08 Problem
The traffic sign shown indicates:
d) regulatory sign
. iPrsblo,m
The traffic shown indicateg:
1.414, {"4{6
Types of Chevron signs:

Chevron signs shall be used to guide

l. HM-IA < 60 kPh
drivers through a change in horizontal
ll, HM-18 > 60 kPh

alignment ol the road such as curves and

lll. HM-IC < 70 kPh
bsl than sharp turns, lt is recommended lV. HM.1D > 70 kPh

,* that the spacing ol the chevron signs * a) andllonlY

*a) end of speed linit
a) no parking
park at your own dsk
should altow the driver to see at least
b) ll and lll onlY
b)
 b)
c)
do not enter
resume speed
c) parking from 8:00 - 1 1:00 A.M. only -
igns in view while negotiating the curve
untit ttre change in alignment eliminates c)
d)
l, lll and lV onlY
All ofthe above
d) parking from 2:00 - 4:00 P.M, only the need for the signs.
d) dead end

76 IG HWA N (, N EERI N G HIGHWAY ENGINEERING 77

At the edgeof Thickness of Pavement

pavement: Mcleods Method
D
A.\I)IktI a t)ttt R,It, l\u.attk,ttI
2(X) ntot t) u.W T=Kloo '-
"r, s
-l0O onn 2

,=*I
loo nrnr rol P =wheel load
2{)0 nrnr

,, \rtltqru,L S = subgrade pressure

t)tllt
.\kllt \t\t
2xt)
K = constant value from table
\hatrllc'lii^r,lwt_t. .\ltottltlLt m
Asphqlt coilcrete paveileill Pavement Thickness Using 'r  = \Zf
I-
Californ ia Bearing Ratio
nsion Press ure Method Atthecenter of c
Portlarul ceuotl the pavement : P/A
('onctue payernent
Asphoh t- exwnsion pressure CBR=
CBRfor 5 mn penetration
w
(Yncfele ave rage pave ment de nsity u=YI 1 A= area of piston plunger
4

Rigid Pavement: (Olders {r)

2xti
P=load applied

ANXregate

tr- \l@
Shoultltr tu.y E
A
Travel

Portlond cement concrele pqyerr,ent

shoullcr
Without dowels ortie bars: K='
- Mnltilane 4r 0.125
The critical secllon rs at the edge of
contraction joint it wilt a
crack
(thickness at the centel
lt
.P
r--
approximately 45" with the edges. A
Two Ge neral Types of Flexibl Pa vements: D- load cauing a setflanent of 0.125 cm in kg
M=Wx rt= area of standard plate (75 cm diam)
,X l(= mdulus of
f=
6M ,f
a^=Y A,=nr' subgrade in kg / cm3

A. Flexible pavements
A flexible pavement is constructed
bd'z
By ratio and proportion : t4 Shrin Factor
M =Wx
with asphaltic cement and aggregaiei A, A, t'u,enat
and usually cons,sfs of seveial tiyers. b= 2x ' = (t+l'
The lower layer is cailed the
subgratii. d=t W
lt
lz
'=[ffiJ,,
. rr' f
S , shrinkage factor

12=(t* 0'
6Wx e,=insituvoid ratio
I
,50 nrn [) I (I) n0 2x t'z ez.void ratio after compacting
| fi] mn k) 2-i0 mar W

Fff
lln mnr () rt+r'zl=1nf r
Joints in Cement Concrete
25() nlm i
(thicknexof pavement
,t
at edge aN at ce,tler)

f , allowable fens/e sfress t+r=s56aff Pavements

of concrete in
, psiorkg/cnz Az Location of joint
B. Rigid pavements W = wheel load in lb. or kg t=o.saff-r ,,/
-
SLAB LEN(IIl
. A rigid pavement is constructed I :t
with poiland cement concrete and @ With dowels ortie bars: I F
e
aggregates as shown with flexibte Purpose af dowet is to transmit t,=o.suff.r 4
 pavements, the subgrade
pavements), the base layer
(ttte
is optional.
lower
pavement.
the
slresses due to the load from the adjacent
I

7A
 

HIGHWAY ENGINEERING HIGHWAY ENGINEERING 79

nsion Joint itudinalJoint t.4llg gE Board 2Ai75 A=n 12

L
Scaling r45

,",'
(A) Plain Butt Joinl What is the stiffness factor of a pavement if 85806 -n r?
Suier its modulus of elasticity is 180 MPa and r=165mm
whose subgrade modulus of 40 MPa?

tJonttrt Do\ Ll
I= \R
Solufion;
E- E
,=
modulus of elasticity
t. =o.s6a E-r
f,
1l

trrttr lr
S.F 3,j r =0.564.@-',uu
l,' = 39 mm fthrcknessof
"i,'i,,:::ill:;:;.r,' lilE, E subgrade modulus
Y 0.41
6
(lt) Buu Joint With 'I-ie Ror
"=
pavomerl)

Tra nsverse Contraction s.r l 0.605

t, =t-t,
l -tao
Joint With Dowel Bar t, =184-39
Seoling l, = 1il5 mm (fiic*ressof base)
I d/-\ b dt[ I
'1
i? l).il-
1r'l
A flexible pavement carries a static wheel
d 'r;::;:::a_&@g&ewe''
I
.,
(C) Tongue atd Groove Warping load of 53.5 kN. The circular contact area
of the tire is 85806 mm2 and the transmitted
1"421 Problem
Determine the thickness of a rigid
load is distributed across a wide area of pavement of the proposed Nagtahan road
*-
' I;illt l'uintcri the subgrade at an angle of 45". The to carry a of 60 kN,
max, wheel load
subgrade bearing value is 0.14 ltlPa, while dowels. fc' . 20 MPa.
Neglect effect of
DOWEL BAR
that of the base is 0.41 MPa. Design the Allowable tensile stress of concrete
ht8 thickness of pavement and that of the pavement is 0,06 fc'.
Tra nsverse Construction Ih tnn,nttt,h'0),1 base.
Solutlbn;

Joint
(A) $uil.loiilt With Dowel Bar
E Eoard
So/ufiron;
Flexible Pavement r=.8=
\\I t @
1l 0.60(20)
=3,,3nm
20{,s
 
I 2
Compute the thickness of a flexible
,I
^ _w ,l
Joints In Concrete
di2 pavement for a wheel load of 50 kN,
if the
allowable bearing pressure on the base of
A=fi12 Pavements
the pavement is
0.15 Mpa and the A A1
,.422
equivalentradius of the contact area of the
(t + r'?)
DOWEL I]AR tires is equal to 165 mm. r;   t=(J't+ Joints placed in concrete pavements,
Wf1
(B) Ratt Joint llith Tie Bar Solution:
fi12 which are usually. placed transversely, at
Suling ffi.
r' 1t+42 regular intervals, to provide adequate
Conpound t t- expansion space for the slab to expand
= 0.564
mm
Yr rt+r)'=0.s6+ E- r when the pavement is subjected to an
increase in lemperature.
11
d t =0.564.@-,uu a) Hinge joint
Y 0.15
t=0.s64.@ -',uu b) Contraction joint
0.14
 t= mm Y
r€ c) Construction joint
173.4
IIE
d
TIAR
Fulb Bonded Ful\, Boded t=184mm Expansionjoint
 

1a^2 HIqHWAY ENGINEERING HIGHWA.Y ENGINEERING 103

{.483,r.,,Fi1r&}em 1.48,* Widening Required for a

Pavement Width on Curves
Design the thickness of a rigid pavement
{concrete) having a modulus of rupture of Determine the thickness (uniform) of a
equal to 700 psi. The modulus of subgrade reaction Extra widening required:
based- on plate l;a; te;il; 200 psi, concrete pavement to carry an 18000 lb.
wheel load is 75000 tb. Use a factor of sifety equal
to 2. axle load on dual tires using Sheets

Solution:
formula for doweled joints with modulus of Y1=nt *-g.oJR
-
rupture of 700 psi and a modulus subgrade 2R
reaction of 100 psi per inch. Assume a
factor of safety of 2. where:
W = extra widening requied
l9 Solution: n = number of lanes
\ L = standard wheel base of vehicle (6.1 m)
\ \ \ L Y V = design speed (kph)
(: t8 1.1
.( R - radius of hoizontal curvQ
$1 r\ \
;\ 2' /)
1.0
\ +i t7

\ \
\ \ 0.9 {.485 Problem
\ \ \ \\ \ \ '7--._ l6 0.8
Determine the extra widening required for a
\ \\ \ \ 15. pavement width of 7 n. (2 lanes, at 3.5
f:: 0.7
100 200 lm 4(x) -50() mllane) on a horizontal curve of radius 250
.=
\ l-", l.t.S Motlulus rtf suhgrutle rctu'tkn K m, if the longest wheel base of the vehicle
expected on the road is 6.1 m. Design
( //
i speed is 70 kph.

r
r.r
,,/ I
t-
Y 1.92W
Solution;
d2

7 a)
\ \ i\ u w.(* 2R 9.5./R
,4 From the diagram
x w_
2(6.1)'? 70
+
;
,11,.'
7 l0 C = 1.0 (250) 9.5./250
/rt
'/rt
( 9
W =4.il0 (0.305 m.on inner and outside

'/ lJsing aiactor of safety of 2 of thecurue)

'/ /// 8 ^ 700
5=
/) t/ \(
7
-2
S = 350 psi
Length of Transition Curves
.-1 /, 1,92Wc
ral and Cubic Parabola)
6 e-
d . 0.0702v3
"cR
2
Refer to table From the table at left, locate 350 psl and
draw
Using factor of safety = 2 horizontal line until it lnlersecls the curue K ,." _ 1.92(18000X1)
JJU-
Modulus of rupture = 700 psi (modulus of subgrade reaction). From thrs point d' C = allowable rate of change of centrifugal
 700 a vertical line until it rnlersecfs the load line of acceleration in m/sef
ulress d = 9.94 inctes
= -
2
Stress = 350 psi
lb. At this point of
and read on
intersection draw a horzontal
the ight side which the required
R = radius of the cicular curue
V. design speed in m/s
-
af the pavement, 14.75 in. say 15 in. L", length of transition curue
,r-
 

130 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

Chapter

2 TRANSPORTATION and
I
,.583 o/ufion; I

TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
x = increase in toll fee in centavos

A driver of a car moving at 50 kph observes

v-s120-
Soox -
a warning sign ahead of him. After moving
50
32 m., he starled to read the sign then the
distance traveled while reading the sign V=5120-16x
until he finished reading the sign is 20 m.
Toll iee.x+200 . Toll Booth
At the moment he finished reading the
sign, it was observed that side mounted Total revenue:
sign has a lateral offset of 1,80 m. from the *. a
path of the driver and the limit of R=(5120-16x)(x+200) tll
rl il
comfortable vision of the sign is 10" for -
dR
= (5120 - 16x)(1) + (x + 200)(- 16) = 0
I
side mounted sign. Compute the legibility 0x
distance of the warning sign from the point
where the driver observes,the sign. 5120- 16x = 16(x + 200)
',i
32x.5120 - 16(200)
Solufion:
x " 60 centayos
Iti*t liilrli l)tt,) \rrj,h,

. Curve Highway
:0 nr
I Frqblem
A local tourist will pay P300 for each hour
L = legibility distance save when marking a trip from Manila to
Baguio which is 280 km from Manila.
L=x+20+12
llao Cost of Travel lime oftravel
10'=
tan
X By air: P6000 2 hrs.
By train: P4500 4 hrs.
x = 10.21 m
By car: P3000 7 hrs,
L= 10.21 + 20 + 32
Which mode will make this trip economical
L= 62.21 m.
and how much will it cost him? . Train
So/ution:

l;584' Probliiih By air: Total cost = 6000 + 2(300) = P6600

By train: Total cost = 4500 + 4(300) = P5700

The current demand (flow of haffic) of the By car: Total cost * 3000 + 7(300) = P5100
Old Mactan Bridge is 5120 vehicles per day
when the toll fee is P2 per vehicle. The
demand will decrease by 800 vehicles per
By car is economical with a cost of P5100
only.
day for each
Determine
50 centavos increase in toll.
the amount of toll increase in
order to maximize the revenue.
 

136 RA NSPORTA Tto & RAFFI c E NG NE R IN G TRANSPoRT,ATIoN & TRAFFIC TNGIN EERING 137

M inimum Radius of v2 6) Max. speed at which a car can Solutron;

Curvature for Horizontal R
round a curve without
s(e+0
Curves skiddin
u'f1ooo )' \12
tan(0+ot)=l
i
0:15
w | 3600
gr
ft=
s(e+0
O= angle of banking
V2 \
R tanct=u
(3.6)'zg(e + f)
wvz /gR V = max. speed in m/s
R=127(tv' + s1
r= radius of curue
g = 9.81 m/secz gr
Si

'.
Min. radius of curvature
e
2.28'.t.'- GE Board Hov. 1998 R
V'
R=
127 @+11 A highuay curve has a super elevation of

R = min, radius of curuature 7".

there will the
Find radius
be no of the
lateral so that
curve be$reen
pressure
For small angles Sin e = tan 0
w e = super elevation in m/m
f= coeff. of side friction or skid
the tires and the roadway at a speed of 40
Sino=
015
reslsfance mph?
w 1.5
wY2tgR V= design speed in kph
Solution: tan0=- 0.15

V = design speed in kph

V=40mph 1.5
.?.l ree of c urvature:
e = super elevation ,,_ 40(5280) a-E
gr tan0=- WV2
f = side fiction ^
_ 1145.916
3600(3.28) grw
R = min. radius of curuature in m. R V = 17.89 nfsec.
D = degree of curyature in degrees v2
It2 R tane=
R = radius of curuature in meiers
tan(o*q1=S( tane=l 0 gr
gr
gR , Centrifugal ratio or im pact
0.15 V2

W factor; 1rn 7'=

(17'89)'
1.5 9.81(420)
9.81r
I
I t2
tan(s+q)={ lmpactfactor = r = 265.71 m.
V = 20.30 m/s
gR gr
gr \/_ 20.30(3600)
tano+tan0 V = design speed
tan(o+o,)
'- 1-tanotanrr g = 9.81 m/secz of
r = radius of curvature in meters
car in koh 1000
Y = 73.70 kph
an o =e (suprebvatian)
Z.ZFi;iCf Board llov. 2OO{
tan q, =f gldefridion) 4'.
ldeal an e of embankm ent:
tan(o+s1-- 11 A raihvay curve having a radius of 420 m.
tano=f has a distance between their rails of 1,5 m.
1-
1-ef
gr and the outer rail is 15 cm.'higher than the 2.2A GE Board illay 2O15
 ef = almost Eual to zero
9 = 9.81 m/se inner rail. Find the max. speed that a train
v2
0 = angle of embankment could move along this curve so that there Compute the impact factor for a horizontal
-gR =e+f V = vel. of a car in m/s
r = radius of curue in m.
will be no lateral pressure on the wheels
and the rails.
curve radius of 400 m lf the design speed
is 120 kph.

13a TRANSPORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TRANSPORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 139

Solution:
.
tano=
WV, V' \12
\12 tan(o+01 = R=
lmpact factor = -a -. M gr 127(e + f)
gr
.v2
tano=-
,, _ 120000 gr tan 49.4'' I ft=
gr 127(0,08 + 0.16)
3600
.
lana= ' (13.33)'?
'
V = 33.33 m/s V'? = 9.81(100) tan 49"4' R= 82.02
9.81(121.e5)
g rl

lmpacr factor = 9.81(400)

(33 $)'? = 8.45' ll V = 33.83 m/s

. . 33.83
(3600)
2.32 Problem
lmpactfactor - 0.283 1000
When aligning a highway in a built up area,
V = 121.79kph
it was necessary to provide a horizontal
The rated speed of a highway curve of
circular curve of radius 325 m. lf the design
m. radius is 65 kph. lf the coefficient
speed is 65 kph, determine the super-
friction between the tires and the road
elevation rale.
A highway curve having a radius 0.60, what is the maximum speed at
is banked so that there will be noof 400 ft.
lateral car can round the
skidding?
curye *nn.rl Super-Elevation of
Horrzontal Curves Solution;
pressure on the car's wheel at a speed of
Super-elevation to fully counter-act centrifugal
48 kph. What is the angle of elevation of
Solution: force use only 750,6 of the design speed.
the embankment?
e.Slt (0.75 V)'
Solution:
e=-
127 R
A delivery truck of Johnson and Sons lnc.
w
passes thru the expressvuay exlt ramps at a _ [0.75(65)]'?
N design velocity of 50 kph connects with a 127(325\
w local road in a T-intersection. A separate
lane is provided on the local road to allow e = 0.058
ramp traffic to turn right without stopping
wv2/, WV2/gr at an acceleration of 1.57 m/s2. The turning
tr roadway has stabilized shouldes on both
cides and provide for a one lane one-way
a33
operation with no provieions for a passing Compute the ruling minimum radius of
,,_ 65(1000)
stalled vehicle. Super elevalion on the horizontal curve for a design speed of 80
N
3600
tuming roadway is 0.08. Determine the kph.f=0.15,e=0.067.
V = 81.06 m/s. minimum radius of curvature for the ramp
in metirc. Solution;
400 tane = { (V + 16)'
r=
,281
gr
Solulion;
p =(f + e)(127) For rulinq min.increase fhe
- (18'06)'? design Jpeed by 16 kph.
R = 121.95 m. 13n g = ._a
l--
e.81(100) g
f = 0.15
V = 48kph
 0 = 18.4'
,,_ 49000 .
t- 1.57
e = 0,067 (standard values)

tan o = 0.60 (80+16)'?

9.81
3600 g=31"
f
^_ 0.217(127l,
V = 13.33 m/s = 0.16
R.33Lt10m.
 

146 TRANSPORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TRANSPORTATTON & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 147

v'z=vf -2asz
2.SS ljjiiai
g _ 2(10) S,
= {22.22),
A motorist traveling at 80 kph Oown al A test of a driver's percoption-reaction time A vehicle travel a distance of lo m, before
S, = 24,69 m
grade of 5% on a highway observes aI ls being conducted on a special testing collidlng with another parked vehicles, the
S, + S, +y=69 crash ahead of him involving an overturnedl kack with wet pavement and a driving weight of which is 75 percent of the former.
truck that is completely blocking the road,tr cpeed of 50 kph, When the driver is sobei After collision, if both vehicles skid
44.44 + 24.69 + x= 80 through 14 m. before stopping, compute
lf the motorist was able to stop his vehichl 0 stop can be made iust in time to avoid
x = 10.87 m 10 m from the overturned truck. what warl hitting the'obiect that is visible 40 m. the initial speed of the moving vehicle.
his distance from the truck when tre firctl ahead. After a few drlnks of San Miguel Aseume frlction coefficient of 0.62.
observed the crash? Assume perceptionl beer, under eractly the same condition' the
Solution;
reaction time is 2.5 sec. and the vehichtr driver falle to etop in time. and stdkes the v1* v2+
object at a speed sf 30 kph, Oetermine the {nL ,{r\-
rO:J# .tdtE+--€ i
I
driver's perception-reaction time after he
A test vehicle moving at 40 kph was ffi;-at3.44m/sec2? was drlnking. Aseume coefficient of friction
1,, m--
ls 0.60.
I

stopped by applying the brakes and the v v v -+o

length of the skid mart was 12.2 m. lf the v, v--
average skid resistance of the level Bhttr \ot dprtil,l hpte :Stt Solution;
pavement is 0.70, determine the
efficiency of the test vehicle.
brake r
s
s2 l0m
l
Yr-50 kph Yr=30 lph t{ee+l}
__rm--
----o,*[-lm-
ffiGfffi=Gil
v Yro
Solulion; Soooo
Y. = =22"z2mls vy' D=vz-v rl2c I
3600
v Y14 s, =22.22(2.5) l4

s, = 55.55 m
After mllision:

'' - 3600
,, _ 50000
Wa +wo;ts,
=f N w
.€ -(w.
*#u;.v;)
a =
s V, = 13,89 n/s
0-v'?
IE -f S^ = '
,, _ 40000 s
=rw ,,u'-
_ 30000 '29
3600
=fl vf = 2gf s,
3600 r_
t-
a
- V, = 8.33 n/s vl
V' = 1(9.81X0,62X14)
11.11 n/s s Ne\f
3'4 v: .v: V, = 13'05 n/s
^v2 f=
9.81
=0.35
2gl Momentum before impact
2gt = momenfum afterimpact
^_-
s2 (13.89)'z -(8,33)'z
(1'11)' W,V, _ (W. *Wo) ,,
2,2 = 2g(f - G) " 2(9f 1xo"6o)
2(e.81X
Sr= D = 10.49 m.
s-g"
f .0.516 2(e.81X0.35 - 0.05) 4 =o'is4
s,
40=V t+ D W" V, _ (W. +0.75W") ,,
Effciency' = 83.88 m
 ffit''*l S=S1 +52 +10
40=13,89t+10.49 s-s"
Efrciency=f3.71 l=2t2ser,. 4 = 1.75v,

S=55.55+g3.gg+tO vz = 1.75 (13.05)

S = 149.t43 m vr=22.84m(s
 

150 TRANSPORTATI()N & TRAFF'C ENGINEERING TRANSPORTI\TION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 151

S = 25(2.5)+
Qsr 2,63 Problem V, =V, *at 2,66 Problem
2(e.81X0.48)
ln a certain accident investigation, r).
Toooo
- 8t A vehicle traveling at 40 kph was stopped
S = 128.87 m traffic enforcer tries to measure the 3600
wtthin 1.8 sec. after the application of
Sigttt distanceto avoid collision attwo of the skid marks on the roadway t = 2.43 sec. brakes. Determine the average skid
recorded it to be 36.20 m. Assuming resistance.
approxhing cars : coefficient of friction between the
S=V t- 1 at'
,2
and tires is 0.10 and the road is flat, Solution:
Min. sight distance = 2(128.87) was the velocity of the car at the time
Toooo
Min. sight distance = 257.74 m brakes were applied? 5= (2.$\ -8(243)'
3600 2 V l>& V=0
Soiufion: S = 23.63 m.

2,62 Pr.oblem v1 v Distance the car stop from the stalled vehicle

= 30 - 23.63
'w
Gompute the intermediate sight distance
for a freeway with a design speed of 80 kph
=6.37 m.
Vr=ltat
if the perception time is assumed to be 2.5
seconds with a skid resistance of 0.70. v: .v: o= 4o(1ooo) -r,.,"u,
$= 3600
Assume brake efficiency to be 60%. 2g(f + G)
a = 6.17 m/sec2
-(0F
Solution: 36.20 = ln a braking test, a vehicle traveling at a F=ma
2(9.81X0.16 + 0)
speed of 30 kph was stoppod by applying
V
"'>-
v Y=0 V, = 10.66 nls brakes fully and the skid marks were 5.7 m tw={a
g
= 10.66(3.6)
in length. Determine the average skid
Y resistance of the level pavement surface.
f=9
IAg v
DiltdA(e Brokinll V, = 38,38 kph s
S =Y t 13.6+V t
z -Y o2 l2g(3
Solution:
. 6.17

V 9.81
Y=0 f = 0.63
,, - 80
3.6 A driver traveling at 70 kph sees a
V =2..22m1s car 30 m. ahead, lf the driver applies a
brakes immediately (perception .
V' time is zero) and begins slowing
S=Vt*2s(r) vehicle at 8 m/sec2.
\,/=
30 A vehicle was stopped in 1.4 sec. by fully
jamming the brakes and the skid mark
S = 22.22(2.5) +
(22.22)'?
deceleration) how far from the stalled
will the car stops to avoid hitting -.6 measured 7 m. Determine the average skid
2(e.81X0.42) stalled vehicle? V = 8.33 n/s resistance on the level pavement surface.
S = 11547 m
Solufion; ^V,
= Solution;
2g(f + G)
 lntermediate sight distance = 2(115.47) Vt Vz=2
kph
+ Stalled Car
., (8.$)2
rr.l.>

u t --
lntermediate sight distance = 8A.94 m

onrlyq
f = 0.62 7

152 TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRATFIc TNGINEERING TRANSPORTATI()N & TRAFFIC ENQI N EERING 153

V =V -at
0=V -at
After Collision : 2.O&lir: Problem *;?0, Prqhlofi
M+W)
_.4 p,fg.=.a(W+W)o,N: _V:) A cargo truck of weight 6000 lb. hits
V, =at a A van having a weight of 8000 lb. hlts
g'29 Mercedes Benz having a weight of 1600 lb. parked Toyota car of weight 2000 lb. and
a

vj =vl + zas
and both the vehicles skid together
0-v'z, both vehicles skid together through a
o=(at), 1 2aS -fS^= through a distance of 5 m. before coming distance of 6 m. before coming to stop.
a2 *12 =2aS
'2s to stop. Compute the initial speed of the Compute the velocity of impact if the van
cargo truck if it does not apply brakes applies brakes and skids through a
a= *2S
t2.
v,'?=29f s, before collision.
friction = 0.60.
Ass.
coeff. of distance of 4 m. before collision. Assume
coefficien ol friction is 0.50.
F=ma
v,' = 2(9.81X0.6)(10)
Solufion: Solution;
flru=Ia %=10.85m.s
V3.-1- Vd=0+,'*
0
Momenfum before impact = momenlum after impact l VAN V Vz+
r_
t--
a TOYOTA

s WV^ d z
-
(W+W)
t a D? t,

Toyola

gs
I-15
= -;-- applied are cff
t'g 4000U _ (4000+2000)
After coalition

. 2(7\
gs V.
-(w *w,)fs, -
(W, *Wr)
(v;'v3')
Vglocity oJ Impact
vt+ Va=Q-S-
= 0.728
(1.4)'? (9.81) 29
,, _- 10.85(6000)
-fS2= o '
-looo V,.VJ Impact
"
2;68
29
. F&blem Vz = 16.275 mls
0-v:
- 0.60 ($ = ----i- After colfision:

f#
A cargo truck having a weight of 4000 lb. Beforecollision: 29
skids through a distance of 46 m. before -V,,) V, =7.67 nls (vel.of imPad) .*r, uf _vf
.Wf S = W,(V; = )
colliding with a parked Toyota land cruiser ar2g Nlomentum before impact
having a weight of 2000 lb. After colllsion
both vehicles skid through a distance F=(W +Wr)f
V .V2 = momenfum afterimpact
equal to 10 m. before stopping. lf the -f$ = z t *w,)
coefficient of friction between tires and '29 W, *W,
=
(W, *Wr)
V" -(w, +w,)f s, - (w,
(V;.V;)
pavement is 0.6, compute the initial speed
(6'275r 'V" sg 29
of the cargo truck. - 0.60(46) -
2(9.81) 6000v, _ (6000 + 1600)V" -fS = V,.V:
o '
Solution: s s '29
V7+ (16.275)'1 - Vl =- S+l.StZ
Vz+ 6000V, =7669Y 0-vl
Vr = 28.40 nYs - 0.50 (6) = ------i-
,, _
- 7600(7.67) 2g

Sr=46m ,, _ 28.40(3600)
" 6000
V, =7.67 rnls (veloctty at impact)
 '' - -1ooo Vz = 9.72 m/s
vs+ Va=Q+-
Collision
= 102.23 kph ,, _ 9.72(3600) ,, -_ 7.67(3000)
\,
"- "
looo looo

V, = 3L99kph V, = 27.61 kph

 

164 TRarusT:oRTATIoN & TRAFFIC ENGINE ERIN TFIANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING r6s ll

So/ution: Solufion:
O Time mean speed Space Mean Speed Versus Vehicles Soot Soeed (koh)
6'
fp  ,= .+-
p. Distance 1 13.40
F,=....... 2 43.50

19+2-o+25 22=20+ { n:
3 44.60
,, = =21.33m/s 20 4 45.20
3
^o2
= lrom the following data of a freeway
Space -2A rurrveillance, there are 5 vehicles under
@ mean speed
nd
o = 6.32 ubeervation and the following dislances Solufion;
Space mean speed : where n= 4
ll =- rre the distance each vehicle had traveled
It, when observed every 2 sec.

4
n
d
p,
t1
Vehicles Distance (S) m.
U, Space Mean Speed Versu
) = 1
_1 1 1
I
24.4
60+60
+_
1
60 2 25.8
It, 19   lr, 43.40 -+-+-44.60 45.20
-+ 43.50
=
20 25 3 24.7
= 8.56 sec, 4 26.9

ft *iit$O P,*ohlem I -ur

1
5 22.9 =00911
,,-#.21.03m/s The following data were taken on
Compute the space mean speed in kph
vehicles traveling a 1.5 km portion 4
@ Variance of the space distribution of
NLEX. s
1l=
'| 0.0911
Solution:
speeds
43.90rph
lr-'ntIS
Vehicles u,
,o,
p, =u. + ---1 1
Time{minute}
1.2
=

u. 2 1.0
24.4 + 25.8 + 24.7 + 26.9 + 22.9

21.33=21.03*
ol 3 1.4
,,= lr(4
21.03 '
4
5
1.3
1.1 t. = 12.47 mls
2"100.r'..,:'' Protl&
o'
21.03
' = 0.30
Determine the space mean speed in 2.47(3600) For the 5 vehicles observed at a certain
'
1
il=
o3 = o'gl 1000 segment of the South Super Highway
Solulion: passea through point A and recorded the
p,= 44.89kph following time of travel for each vehicle
and its
Distance
ll  s=_ corresponding spot speed.
Ave. time
Time Mean Speed, Space Compute the epace mean speed
vehicfe. of each
Mean Speed, and Standard Average line - 1'2 + 1'o + 1'4 + 1'3 + 1'1 Space Mean Speed Versus
Deviation of the Space 5 Spot Speed Vehicle Time of passing Spot speed
Distribution of S peeds Average time = 1.2 minutes (sec.) (kph)
1 1.70 62.6
 2 6.20 72.4
u. =
]j too)
There are four vehicles passing through
3 8.60 75.6

the poilon of the South Super Higway in a

4 12.02 68.4
What is the standard " = 75kPh
mean speed of a certain car is if20the
deviation space
m/s and
certaln period of time. Compute the space 5 15.00 65.3
its time mean speed is 22 m/s. mean speed in kph.

NGI E ING 167

ll too rRANspoRTATroN & TRAFFTc ENGTNEERTN( TRANSPORT ATI o TRAFFIC

Solution: Time mean speed : Determine the time mean sPeed Standard Deviation
U5=- 2;i*&
n 3,733
F,= Solution; Probleim:r
IJ S
fu
11 11 U, = 0.7466 km/min ur -; The following data were obtained from
a

r l,1.l =-+-+ +_+_ p, ir..rr., tr*-.ill.n." of 5 vehicles passing

tp/ 62.6 72.4 75.6 68.4 65.3 = 0.07466(60)
p. =
55.40 + 56.80 + 53.60 +48.90 ilfui a certain point of the freeway with
Pt = A.8kqh 4 ir," i,rii"ior.r spot speeds. Determine the

[1]l
r \p 0.07295 ir, =53.68kph standard deviation
distribution of sPeed. ol the space

Space rnean speed

Space Mean Speed Versus Vehicles Spot Speed (kph)

P. = *-;--
n Time Headwa Space Mean SPeed Versus 1 41.08
48.51
I(J ) Free Flow S eed 2
8r{{{ ,',,,:'',Probl6m 3 50.64
4 46.82
0.07295
= 68.54 koh
There are 9 vehicles observed in a 2.113 Problem 5 44.14

seclion of ltlcArthur highway. lf the

time headway is 4 sec., compute the spat The Southern Luzon ExPressway was
Solulion:
mean speed of the vehicles in kph. desioned to carry a free'flow speed of 50
Time Mean Speed Versus -anrt
a capacity of 4000 vehicles per
TimemeansPeed
kph
Time Solution: hour. At a
certain Point near the pr
Iu'
=
9 intersection of a road leading to Laguna n
M'14
2,11ll '
DensitvoftrafficK=
0.30
=30vehicles/km there were 3600 vehicles counted, what is
F,=
41.08 + 48.51 + 50.64 + 46.82
+

the space mean speed of these vehicles? 5

36.00
The following travel times were observed Traffic flow q
'4
= = 900 vehicles per p, = 46.23 kph

for 5 vehicles traveling a one km segment q=Kp. Solufion:

JamdensitY
Space mean sPeed;
of the NLEX. lt is required to determine the
n
time mean speed of these vehicles. 900 = 30p,
-r{
_
4q,@p Ll =-s
P, = 30r(Pl,
K
J
r(il)
Vehicles Time(minute)
_ 4(4000)
* * 1 * * 1 1 1
1.19
-(,,)-
t[[
1
1
K
1.22 50
J-ar.oa +a.ur s0.64 46.82
I Time Met#tpeed Versus
2 J
44'14
3 1.36 K = 320 veh/lm
4 1.48 I Spot Speed and Time I

= 0.10872
5 ,|.51
 p,' u, -x, u+q=o (p i
r r1l
1z.,..
' s 0.10872
Solution: = 45.99 kph
320 * 3600 = 0
u,
_rf Four vehicles passing through the - 320u
pt 50 Stmdud devidiona :
has the following observation.
n u'-50p+562.5=0 6'
7
 11111 - p,=u.+-
,I g
ti
=-+-+-+-+-
1.19 1.22 1.36 1.48 1.51
Time of passing Spot V= 32.91kqh p,
6'
46.23=45.99*
(q 733 +S.S9

1 t )=,
I

12.0 sec. 48.90

a = 3.32
 
l

176 TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIC ENGINEERINC

TRaTSPORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 177

Jam Density Versus Free ,2.139'',. Problem

Flow Speed and Space
Mean
2.1,4O :,, ;,,,rProhl&in
o=r lr-(l
'L u'
l
The mean flow speed at a portion of
highway is 62,8 mph and a jam density ln a given instant, there were 2400 vehicles
lrElllr.Ttt{il counted at a specific point along the =240[, 4l
L
110 vehiclelmile. 3344
portion of the TPLEX. The highway was 601
O Compute the density when the designed to have a capacity of 3000
40 60u-u'
K='@ maximum. vehicles per hour with a free flow speed of 13.93=

where:
, lr, @ Compute the maximum capacity
vehicle/hour.
60 kph, Compute the max. value of the jam
density that could possibly occur during
60
836=60u=u2
@ Compute the speed of maximum heavy traffic.
l\ jam density (vehicle/hour)
=
u'z - 60u+836=0
Qcap= ttt?X. CapaCity Solution;
Solution; u. 38lrph
pr = free flow speed O Density when the flow is maximum K
4q
U J
p,
p.=tr,-=(K)
K
I 4(3ooo) 2,142 Problem E

2. Space mean speed q=Ku" 6,60 = =2uvetricles/ km

A section of the
Cebu.Balamban
u. H,K Trancentral Highway has a free-flow speed
tr"=t+-i-6) qE pf
of 95 km/hr and a density of 175 vehicles
^[ K
I 2.141 Problem per km, lf the space mean speed is 30 kph,
where: 62 8K' determine ttp jam density in vehicles per
/./s = SpOCC l?leOn Speed
o = K(62.8)
'- 110
A portion of the extension ol SLEX is km.
known to have a free-flow speed of 60 kph
pr= free flow speed
 1 2(628) and a capacity of 3600 vehicles per hour. lf Solution;
K1= jam density
K = density
dK=62.8- 110 K-o in a given hour 3344 vehicles
countered at a specified
were
point along this
wherc:

K= SSvehicle I mile v=sp6cerneanqpeed'

highway, compute the space mean speed

f)
U=U, u,={reoffow@
@ Max. capacity
of these 3344 vehicles.
[,  <=density invehides / km
K = jamdansity inveltides / km
. Av volume of flow
o* =rtozer-llf r,
Solution:
U, 5 K =175 u=30

[, f]
use:q=-
K K)
q= p,K ln
I q* =55(62.8)- ,=r,
K
H/ Or' whercK jandensv [',- -IKI
=

here: g* = 1727 vehicles hour u.

space mean speed
175
u,=freeflow sPeed
q = averry volume of flow in q'flaw of trafrc
30=95
K
vehicles/hour @ Speed of max. flow (space mean speed) I

Jam density : 175

pn= speed nax. flow U 0.316 = 1
 u, =pf - (K) K
K= densly Kr
t< = I

0.684 = E
t(1= jam density lr,
p. K
=62.8-
# O, 4(3600) _ 240 l
K
)
60 K =256
F" = 31.4 nPh )
 1
 

2.U-6 TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 207

h=24 (20) Solufionl

2000
h * 480 vehicles hr = 60(30)

fz= 46 l20l hr = 1800 20 r900

y2= 920 vehicles hz = 80(30)
L r 800
Max. queue = 920 - 480 ha = 2400 h
I 1700.
Max. queue L=hz-hr r 700
= 440 vehicles h1

I
L = 2400 - 1800 I
l- 1600
@ Time that the vehicles waited for the long L = 600 cars
-l
30 min. r 550 300
queue before the blockage was cleared. r 500
Total length of queue = 600(4.5)
10 min 15(
t.=-
4A0
'46
Total length ofqueue = 2700 m
r400
r 350 I 350. 400"
t, = 9.56 min. I 300
Nl ax. dela 30(
Time the vehicles waited for the queue

= 20 - 9.56 A toll plaza at the entrance to the NLEX 1200

consists of 3 booths each of which can ,r1
= 10,44 min. handle an average of one vehicle every 6 ll00 L

sec. The peak traffic of a toll booth is I 100

@ Time the queue was cleared recorded as follorrvs from 7:00 AM to 1000
lx. queut
8:00 AM. 300 300
y3=46x
900
10 min. Cumulative
Y+=65(x-20) Time Period
Volume Volume 800
Ye=Yt+ 440 7:00 - 7:10 240 200 800
46x=65(x-20)+440 7:10 -7:28 400 600 700
19x-1300+440=0 7:20 - 7:30 500 1 100
600 // 300
7:30 - 7:40 250 1 350 500
x
' 45.26 min.
7:40 - 7:50 200 1550 r00
Time the trafiic was cleared = 6:tli.26 AM 7:50 - 8;00 150 1 700 500
500
O Determine the service rate of one toll 400
booth every 10 min. 300
2.216 @ Determine the maximum queue.
@ Determine the longest delay to an 300
The Northern Luzon Expressway (NLEX) is
designed to have a roadway capacfi of @
individual vehicle in min.
Determine the total delay in vehicle-
200
200
{ .L

120 vehicles per. minute, But due to min. /

resurfacing ol the portion of the 100
 expreEsway, the road capacity was Solution:
reduced to 60 vehicles per minute, The O Service rate of one toll booth every 10
7:00 7: l0 7:2A 730 7:40 7:50 8:00
lraffic arrivals are 80 vehicles per minute. min.
The traffic then resumes after 30 min. 1o(60)
Compute the maximum length of the queue service rate = 6
if the average length of one car is 4.5 m.
Service rate' lNveh px10 min.

04 TRANSPORT,A.TION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TRI\NSPORTATION & TRATTIC ENGINEERING 209

Q) Maximum queue Solution:
o=1100-(200*300+300) O Time the queue on the ramp begins and
ends 464 queu( ends here
o = 300 vehicles 450
Serylcerate= i
1 0(60)
440
@ Longest delay to an individual vehicle in 6
min. Service rate = 100 fiom 6:30 - 6:40 420
Longest delaY = 10 min.
servtce rate = r
1 0(60)
400
400
100
@ Total delay in vehicle-min
Service rate = 60
10
fom 6:40 - 6:50
Area of diagram = total delay 380
10(60)
lqlE * (-1-09-1390)
'22
Totatdetav= 1161
12 360

* tso),.,0, Service rate = 50 from 6:50 - 7:00

(300 +250),,,01 (250
* * 340
22 Servrcerate=
1
'
0(60)
' 330
320
* ]{rrol
10

1 Service rate = 60 fiom 7:00 - 7:10

r00
300 80
Total delaY ' 80N veh'nin' servicerate-
10(60)

6 280
Service rate = 100 from 7:10 -7:20 270
260 Max no. of yel icles
i|278',t ; Problem, r,; Servtcerate= '
10(60)

6
' in li te ramp qt ue
I

Morning peak period starts from 6:30 AM Service rate = 100 from 7 :20 - 7 :30
240
@
up to 7:30 AM in an .off-ramp meter of 220
Queue sfals from 6:40 and ends up 60
TPLEX which allows one vehicle per cycle
to pass the signal. The tabulated data 7:30 AM. 200
shows the number of vehicles demanding I
service on lhe ramp during a particular @ Max. number of vehicles in the r80
time interyal. ' queue 170
r60
Max. number of vehicles in the queue

Time Period
10 min. Cumulative
Meter
Cycle = 270 - 190
140 1'
Volume Volume
(sec) . 80 vehicles 140
6:30- 6:40 80 80 5
t20

r
6:40- 6:50 90 170 10
@ Total delay due to queuing on the ramp 60
6:50- 7:00 100 270 12 r00
* (30*Q
7:00- 7r10
7:$-7:24
60
70
330
400
10
6
Totaldelay =
ry (to)
80
80

7:20 50 450 6 (891 0)1rq

 -7:30 * * CI91 Q1101 gueue \lartli here
60
O Determine the time the queue on the
/
ramp begins and ends. * flrror 40
2'
@ Determine the max. number ol vehicles /
in the ramp queue. Total delay = 2400 veh-min. 20
@ Determine the total delay due to Total delaY = tl| veh ' hr' /
queuing on the ramp in veh-hour.
6:30 6:4O 6:50 7:00 7:10 7:15 7:30

2"to TRANSPORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TRATSpoRTATIoN & TRerrIc ENGINEERING 211

ri) I\ilax. queue.

15 min. Gumulative
15(60) Time Period
= 150 veh/18 min. Volume Volume
The metering scheme of a ramp meter installed along the Pampanga-Subic Expressway 6
one vehicle to pass the signal. The cumulative demand for the ramp for the morning peak
8:00 - 8:15 800 800

ramp meter cycle for each interval are ehown in the table.
15(60) 8:15 - 8;30 1000 1800
= 90 veh/15 min,
10 8:30 - 8:45 1200 3000
Meter 15{60) *75veh/1bmin, 8:45 - 9:00 800 3800
10 min. Cumulative
Time Perlod Cycle 9;00 9:15 700 4500
Volume Volume lsec] 12 9:15 - 9:30 1000 5500
Max. queue = 95
6:30 - 6:45 75 75 6
O Determine the max. queue.
6:45 - 7:00 100 175 10 @ Determine the maximum delay to Solufon:
7;00 - 7:15 125 300 12 vehicle. Q) Maximum delay to any vehicle = 15.5 min.
7:15 - 7:30 1r0 410 12 @ Determine the total delay.
O Time the queue clears = 9:15 AM
7:30 - 7:45 80 490 10 o Total delay
7:45 - 8:00 65 555 6
Totatdetay=ry- f @ Max. number of vehicles in the
rrsl queue = f200
Solution: 600 (60 + +
5t5
Mox. delay to
* 22
95),.,u, + (95 85) (15) @ Longest delay suffered
vehicle = 15 mrn.
by any

550 ' any tehicle

* Errsr
525 I 5.5 min 2' @ Total delay
500 Total delay = 3750 veh-min. Area of diagram :
475
450
Total delaY = 62.5 veh - hr.
Totaldelay = ql'- 500 + 1200
2
5)

425
4t
400 - U:U#gQlrsy* $rrsr
375 The capacity of the SGTEX is 8000 vehicles Total delaY = {Q500 veh-min,
Mar. queue 95
350 per hour in each direclion under normal
Total delaY = 675 vdt - hr.
325 conditions. On a certain holiday, an
300 I
accident occurs at 8;00 AM at a portion
75 near Tarlac. After the accident, the capacity
275 of the expressway in this direction Nofe:
is
250 reduced to 2000 vehicles/hour. At 8;45 Aftl,
Service rate from I : 00 to I : 45
225 the vehicles
removed frominvolved in thelanes,
the traflic accident is
which 2ooo(15)
200 =
lncreases capacity past the point to 4000 60'
175 vehicles per hour and at 9:00 AM is
150 removed. completely, which restoies = 500 vet/15 min.
 125 capacity of 8000 vehicles per hour. Seruice rate from 8 : 45 to 9 : N
90
100
't5 (l) Determine the time the queue clears. _ 21000
(15)
75 @ Determine the max. number of vehicles 60
50 in the queue.
25 O Determine the longest delay suffered = 1000 veh/15 min
by any vehicle.
6:30 6;45 7:00 7:15 '1;3O 7:45 8:00 r0 Determine the tohl delay.

TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 213

2"t2 TRANSPORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
Solutlonl
6000 .r.) Time at which the number of vehicles in @ Total delay in vehicle-hour
queue is 150 is at 7:45 AM.
5600
Totar deray - 100(15) + (100 + 150)(15)
'22
5200 O Number of vehicles in the queue
5500.
* (150 + 250),,51 * (250 * 200),,u,
s(60)
2 2 '-',
1
4800 Service rate per booth = -; '
4500
4400
peue clears
Service rate per booth = 150 veh/15 min. * ruo(s)
2
Service r ale for 2 booths = 300 veh/15 min.
4000 here Total delay = 10500 veh-min.
3800
Service rate for 3 booths = 450 veh/15 min.
3600 Total delay= 175v&-hr.
Max. queue = 250vehiclxat8:(N AM
3200
3000
2300
2800
Max. qu 2800 22m I
2400
longest rm( 2 r00
2050
2000 20u)
I 800
zoo-]
I 600 i 900
500
I 800
ttso'
lJuu 500 I 700
ROO I 65C
800 4\t booths open)
I 600
qu(t|e tarts here Mat.,
400 1500

1400
B: l-5 8:30 8:45 9:00 9: 15 9:30
I 300

t2u)
45t (3 booths
I 100
1 100

l0u)
s00

A toll booth in the Marcelo Fernan Bridge can handle on the average of one vehicle every 6 800
(j
Morning peak period traffic volumes starts from 7:00 AM to 8:30 AM due to some workers in 450 booths ryen)
700
free zone in Mactan lsland. Before 7:00 AM, two booths are open. At 7:30 AM, a third booth' 6na
600
opened until 8:30 AM. roo --71
500
 O Determine the time at which the Time Period
15 min. 500

number of vehicles in queue is 150. Volume Volume 400

// 300 (2 booths tpen)
@ Determine the max. queue and the time
it occurs.
7:00
7;15
-
- 7;30
200
400
500
200 300

200
2N r l

@ Determine the total delay

hour. in vehicle- 7:45 -7:45
7:30
- 8:00 550 100

8:00 - 8:15 400 2050

:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00
l

8:15 - 8:30 250 8: 15 tl:10

2300

214 TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIc ENGINEERING

TRANSP()RTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 215

Protlem ,r, Number of vehicles in queue at 7:45 AM O Determine the time when the queue is
15(60) maximum.
The toll booth in the totl bridge of San Juanico Strait in Tacloban City controls the flow
of traffic
service rate per booth - @ Determine the max. length of queue.
6
thru the bridge. The toll plaza consists of two booths, eich of which can handle one vehicle @ Determine the total delay due to
every 6 sec. ServiQe rate per booth = 150 veh/15 min. queuing in the ramp in vehicle.minute
vehicle.minute..
The volume of traffic and its corresponding times during morning peak period is tabulated
as
shown. Service rate of 2 bo oths=3N veh / I5 min

15 min. Cumulative Solution:

Time Period Volume Volume
O Determine the number of vehicles in
r:)j Max. number of vehicles in the O Time the queue is maximum
7;00 - 7:15 200 200
queue at 7:45 AM. queue =150
7:15 - 7:30
7:30 - 7:45
250 450
@ Determine the max. number of vehicles
service rate for 6 sec. cycle " 14,r,
350 800 in the queue.
7;45 - 8;00 400 1200 :t, Total delay in vehicle-minute Service rate for 6 sec. cycle = 200 veh/10 min.
@ Determine the total delay in vehicle.
8:00 - 8:15 250 1450 minute. Totarderay= lSP * 150'1 91rs1
8:15 - 8:30 200 1650 Service rate for 12 sec. cycle =
{fltrl
Solution: + __:r(15)
(150 + 100).
-. .
f-
100(15)
Service rate for 12 100 veh/10
I 7(X) 2 2 sec. cycle = min.
650
I
Total delay = 4\Nveh.min. Service ratefor 10 sec. cycle =
I 6(X)
{ptrl
I 5(X) 3tx)
Service ratefor 10 sec. cycle = 120 veh/l0 min.
t"1.s0 .
1.1(X)'
2.2fr ' Problem
IiX) Queue is mafimum at 5:10 PM.
350
300

200
r 200 300 l
During Christmas vacation, ramp meters
150
along the expressway are open during the @ Max. length ofqueue = 790
100
evening peak period from 5:00 PM to 6:00
000 PM. The metering system of the SCTEX @ Total delay due to queuing in the ramp
allows vehicles per cycle to pass the signal
900 100
I so that (for instance) a 6 sec, cycle Totatdetay=ry-G 9itrol
t{u)_ corresponds to a service rate of one
8U)
t* -5()
i
vehicle every 3 sec. or 1200 vehicles per (50 + 190)(10) (190 + 30)(10)
+ +
7fi) I
hour. The cumulative volume and meter
cycles in each 10 min. period is recorded
22
600 -100 as follows: + 30(10)
l_
l 2
I
00
450 Total delay = 29N) vdt - nin.
400 :
Time l0 min. Cumulative Illeter
 Period Volume Volume cyclersec
300 ------T l0 150
ll
l
I 5:00"5: 150 6
2oot- I
5:10-5:20 120 270 12
5:20-5:30 150 420 10
5:30-5:tll) 140 560 10
i
5:40-5:50 {60 720 6
7:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00
I

15 5:50-6:00 170 890 6

T
8: 8:30

216 TRANSPoRTA,TIoN & TnaTTIc ENGINEERING TRANSP()RTATION & TRI\FFIC ENGINEERING 217

O Determine the time the queue clears. @ Max. number of vehicles in the queue = 900
@ Determine the max. number of vehicles
in the queue. @ Longest delay suffered by any vehicle
@ Determine the longest delay suffered .
Longest delay from 10:45 to 11:00 AM
/ by any vehicle.
I @ Determine the totaldelay. @ Totaldelay

I Solution: Totatderay = * lamJ i9)1ts1

O
ry,
Time the queue clears
o-qlli
72Or
(900 + 700)
4000(15) +
Service rate = 2
60
Total d. iay = 30000 veh-min.
Service rate = 1000 veh/15 min. from 10:15 to 11 :00 AM
560 2W Total delay = fflJveh-hr.
Service rate = 2000 veh/15 min. from 11 :00 to 11 :15 AM
190 Time the queue clears is 11: /5 AM. (seefigure)
190

120 8000
50_ 760A
7500
7200

6800

6400
150 6200
6000
I 100
5600
I
I
2m0
5200
4900
4800

4400
5:00 5:10 5:2O 5:30 5:40 5:50 6:ff) 4100
4000
Mu , queue 100 )
3600

3200
3200
2800
A newly constructed expressway (TPLEX) 26ry, 100 )

has a capacity of 8000 vehicles per hour 15-min. 2400

Time Period
(2000 vehlmin.) in each direclion under Volume
2000
normal conditions. On a particular day 10:00 - 10:15 1200
roo )
10:15-
/
(Sunday) an accident occurs somewhere in 1 1400 1600

Pangasinan at 10:00 AM. After lhe accident, 10:30 - 10:45 1500 1200
1200

the capacity of the freeway in this direction - 11:00 800 4900

is reduced to 4000 vehicles per hour (1000 11:00 - 11:15 1 100 6000
800

vehicles every 15 min.) until the carc 11:15- 11;30 1500 7500 400
involved in the accident is removed at
11:00 AM. 10:00 10:15 10:30 10:45 1l:00 ll:15 ll:30
 

fi
224 TRANSF:ORTATI()N & TRAFTIC E:NGI N EERING TRaruspo RTA
RTATION
TION & TRAFFIC EN(iIN EE R N (, 225
Solufon:
O Value of K
Check:

K= |A H-f{0,-0,)
A symmetrical vertical summit curve has
h2 tangents of +6t7, ,n6 .4%. lf the stationing
A'9,-9, ,_
II-
280(3+4)
100
and elevation of the P.T. is l0 + 020 and
8(1oo)
n=s-(-a) 225
1 2.63 m. respectively, compute the
H=2.45 elevation and stationing
A=7 v 2.45 of of
point of the curve. Length thecurve
highest
is
280 120 m.
K= = 40 m. (120)' (140)'?
5=325 m 125 rr

7
y=1.8 Using slope diagram method Solution:
€r Stationing of the highest point of the curve Elev. A = 30 + 0.03(120) - 1.8 h, = area of shaded section

S-Kgr Elev.A=31.8m .n= 0.02fi25\

S = 40(3)
,2 ' /

h, = 1.25 m u. t42
S=120m (10+D0) P.T,
6{)m 60 rr
Check:

^ s,L
s= ",",=120m
"' = 003(280) Elev. A. 1%.60 - 22i(0.02) + 1.25

9, - 9, 0'03 + 0"04
A +5.2010 grade is followed by a .270 grade Elev"A= 191.35m.
of a vertical summit parabolic curve at 120-r , =4{i
Stationing of highest point station 2 + 230 with an elevation of 194.60
= (10 + 120) + (120)
m. The parabolic curye is 450 m. long.
I : Stationing of point C whose elevation is
=10+240 O Compute the length of curve per 1' I 1s5.35
il_
Ustng s/ope diagram method:
(l
change in grade. ,t. t85..t5
lt By ratioand propotbn
@ Elevation of the highest point @ Compute the elevation of the highest
0.06
r=27.1.1i6 m '.7.

point of curve. 0.04

Uslng slope diagram methad:
@ Compute the stationing of point C
325
120 -x x
t+0
whose elevation is 185.35.
,n^=0.052(32s)
' '
x=48m
.
h area ofshaded porfion
I
Solution;
h
O Length ofcurve per l"change in grade h, = 8.45 m. ofhe sloped diagram

A =9, -9, y1 =191.35-185.35 .n=0.04(48)

' '
I
A=5.2-(-2) Y, =6m
h = 0.96
A=7 2 Using square properly of parabola.
120 6{)
Elev. of highest point of curve = ,l42.63 + 0.96
r

L 9=62.im 8.45 _ 6
 K=
h = area of shaded section
r
A= 7.2 $2q'? x', Elev. of highest poinl of curve = 143.i9 m

.
h=
120(0.03)
' '
x = 273.86 Stalioning of highest point of curve

2
@ Elevation of the highest point of curve Stationing ofA. (l + 230) + 100 =(10+020)-48
S=Kgr StationingofA=2+llg
h=1.8m
S = 62.5(5.2) Stationing ofC = (2 + 330) - (273.86) = (9 + 972)
Elev.A=30+1.8 S = 325 m. (location of highest point of
Stationing of C = 2 + 056.14 m
curve from P.C.)
Elev,A=31.8m
 

24 TRANSP()RTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING :TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 229

2248 GE Board May 2O{5 Solufion; Solution:

_80
260
A -6% grade and a +2% intersect at 10

STA 12 + 200 whose elevation is at 14:375 T,

t'.(:.
h
lr,T. A 300 m. vertical parabolic sag curve are
m. The two grades are to be connected by
connected by tangent grades of -5% and
,.\6._
&_ +l% which intersects at station 10 + 050
a parabolic curve, 160 m long. Find the I.05 m
and elevation 374.50 m.
elevation of the first quarter point on the
l2+125
curve. 8l,.25 Eler'. 14.2
O Compute the length of curve per 1'.
Solution: change in grade.
n= (0,-s,) @
80 80 f 260-,S

S= 108.31
Compute the distance from the P.C. to
the lowest point of the curve.
n= @ Compute the elevation of the lowest
t.c. u.:1.
$t-ooo-ooz) point of the curve.
{).042 ybr tItttr.
H=-1.6m. (sqcurue) t.o.n.il

Solufion;
(40)'? _ (80)'?
0.30 nr O Length of curve per 1

EI.14."t75 Y, 16 1.35 m
change in grade

r=A
I .()5 nr
)/1 = 0.40

H=f{s,-0,) Elev. of P.C. = 25.632 + 80(0.06) = 30.432

A=gr_9.,
Elev. of tirst quarter point:
A=1-(-5)
H=
T (0.02+rs6; Elev. = 30.432 - 40(0.6) + 9.46

Elev. = 28.432 m.
By ratioand propaftion A=6
H = 1.6 0.042 0.03
x=S
v H 260-S S 6
K= 50 m.
(40)' (80)' 0.072S = 260(0"03)

..
Y -
_ (40)'(1.6)
(8or
A descending grade of 4.2% intersects an
S = 108.33

h = area of shaded section

@ Distance from P.C. to the lowest point of
ascending grade of 3% at sta. 12 + 325 at the curve
)/ = 0.40 elevation 14.2 m. These two grades are to
"_
0.03(108.33) Sr=Kgr
be connected by a 260 m. vertical parabolic
Elev. A = 14.375 + 40(0.06) + 0.40
curve. A r
einforced concrete culve( pipe
2
Sr '50(5)
Elev.A=17.175m. with overall diameter of 105 cm. is to be h = 1.625 3t = 250 m. from the P.C.
constructed with its top 30 cm. below the Eiev. P.T. = 14.2 + 0.03(130)
subgrade. What will be the invert elevation r 50 r50
of the culvert? Elev. P.T. = 18.10 P.C I
 Elev. of A= 18.10 - 1.625 h
t30 r30
h'ia ponil o/.rr'( t
Elev. of A = 16.475 m.
A -6% grade and a +2'/o grade intersect at P.C. P.T.

STA 12 + 200 whose elevation is at Elevation of invert of culvert = 10.475 - 0.3 - 1.05
25.632 m. The two grades are to be
connected by a parabolic curve, 160 m 1.05 m Eievation of invert of culvert
. 15.12 m
long. Find the elevation of the first quarter l7+3?5
0.05
point on the curve. lilev. I 4.2

ll zso TRA,NSeoRTATToN & TRAFFIc ENGTNEERING TRANSPoRTATION & TRaTTIC ENGINEERING 231

Check; Using slope diagram Using slope diagram miltd. Elev.A=51.10+0.80 Solufion;
0.05 0.01 180-S_ S Elev.A=51.90n,t. l-t2
s1
Lt2
300 -s] 0:025 0.01 Elev. B * 50.90 * 0.008(40) P,a,' f0't- ll'J1)'1tt
,,1.
15 - 0.06 S1 1.8-0.01S=0.025S h
Elev.B=51.22m
Sr =250m.ft0mP.C. 0.035 S = 1.8 tlol'
0.75
y=51.90-51.22
Check: S = 51.43 m. 5t).4{) nr
200+70

S.= 9rL y = 0.68

Check usingformula: E.=I50 nl

' 9, -9, g,L

^ H= (e,

5. =
-o o5(3oo) p.C.
b=s
- 9, 8
9r)
u= (gr -9,)
= 250 m. from '9,
' -0.05-0.01 s
c _ 0.01(180) H=
8
(- .01 0.008)
r= Io or 1-o.oosy]
-
@ Elevation of the lowest point of curve: 0.01- (- 0.025) 8
H =- 0,002501 (negative sign indicates
using slope diagram
S ='51.43 m. ok H = 0.001881
Elev. of PT = 374.50 + 150(0.01) a sagcurue)

Elev. of PT = 376 m. t \2 ,. \2 Etev. A= 150 + 70(0.01)

x-90-51.43 (5) _ (b-40)
Area of shaded diagram

oo(50)=g.25
. h
x = 38.57 m.
H- oss
Elev.A=150.70m.

Elev.B=150.40+0.75
6= L2 -401{1600
2 Stationing of lowest point = (100 + 00) + (38.57) L2 -_____-4-
Elev.B=151.15m
Elev.ofA=376-0.25 Stationing of lowest point = lN + 38.57 4(0.00251) 0.68
y = 151.15 - 150.70 m
Elev. of A = 375.75 m L - 1601 6400
L2 +

0.01 4(0.68) Y=0.45m

2'72L
-12 - 16oL + Moo t' y ,2 =H
0.01 (i - 70J (l)'
A -2.5Yo grade is
connected 1e 3 +1.0% A vertical curve ioins a grade to
-1.2o/o
grade by means of a 180'm. verlical curve. +0.8% grade.'The P.l. of the vertical 272L=t - 1601+6400
The P.l. station b 100 + 00 and the P.1. is at is at station 75 + 00 and elevation 50.90 ( -nzt+&too-o
:---;
0.45 0.001881(4)
t
elevation 100 m. above sea level. What is above sea level. The centerline of the ( -r0)'
the stationing of the lowest point on the roadway must clear a pipe located at L= 416.M say 117 m.
0.45 0.00752
station 75 + 40 by 0.80 m. The elevation of
(r-to)'
vertical curve?,,
L
the top of the pipe is 51.10 m. above seh
Solulion: level. What is the minimum length of thq
Q
x
90
sJ
vertical curve that can be used? (t-zo)'-
\z
0'451

' 0.00752
Solution: A vertical curve joins a 4.5% grade to a lil
 +1.0% grade. The P.l. of the vertical curve
(t -zo)' = 5e,841
Ltz l-t2
is at station 200 + 00 and elevation 150 m. l2
I{ above sea levEl. The c€nterline of the :- -701+4900=59.841
h roadway must clear a pipe located at
3c1t' station 250 + 70 by 0,75 m. The elevation of f -zaot+19600=239.361
the top of the pipe is 150.40 m. above the L'z - 51 9.361 +1 9600 = o
rr
sea.level. yUhat is lhe minimum length of
.10
Pt,
180-s ,' &ll.=50.r0
L=
n1
vertical curve that can be used? 418.39 m.
 
I

34 RANSP()RTATION & TRATTIC ENGINEERING

TRANSPoRTATIoN & TneTTIc EN(iIN EEIRING 435
Let 93, be the slope of the common Sr = location of the highest or lowest
tangent of the parabolic curve. Solving for g
s in equation @.
of the curve from the P.C.
2H: 12 6 - L2 2
.i An runsymmetrical parabolic curyo has a
s1 Likewise, the location of the lowest ot
forward,tangent of - 8% and a back tangent
8r @. rc)L/2
highest point of the curve could bd _ g3=
(O
2H+Lzgz
of *5%. The length of cure'on the left side
\, computed from the P.T. of the curve, this t{ of the curve is,40 m. long,nthile that of the
\
0,
-83L,12 holds true when
Ln
is greater than
right side is 60 m. long. 'The P.C. is at
P.C H,,

Lt t'
Considering the ligure shown, let usj Substrtute equation @ in A. station ,6 + 780 and hasangbvationof
110 m. An outcrop is found at station 6 +
Considering the symmetrical parabola
assume that the highest or lowest point ofl o _ gzlz
o2-gr-g, 800 hc an elevation.of 108.40 m. Compute
the curve is found on the right side of the| the.elevation of ,the highest:point of the
AVF, the location of the highest point of
the sag is obtained from the relation.
parabota. il gzlz ourye.
S2 - 2A + Lzgz
--f

o s,  =g L bl
Lt gt
L2
'9t Solufion: I

FromtheP.T.when >H
9r-9s 2
8*)u2
:

^ 9z$z\2 I 20

Substitdintg lhese yalues and solving far

gJ, we have:. 52=
gzLz2
2H "2=ril;I;;lL#s,
gzLz
52= from the P.T,
2H
o L,
H=7(or-9s) s2
&780
t:l.= {tn Lr-ArJ t".4,
2H=1191-1193 Lr 0r
When
f > H, the highest or lowest point 2H Lz@t - gz)
9aLr=Ltgr-2H
of the curve is located on the right side of the 14 = L1 *h
L191-2H
93=-- 1
8t. curye. ..412(.st-gz)
^2H
tl) - ' H= 2G;6
9e=91 - Ll
$ ,,
(60) I0.05 - (- 0.08)t
A o when tt-
u _ 40
2(40+60)
Fron equation O subsltute equation L2 H = 1.56
s2=ff fromtheP.T.)
@.
0r L. use, lli\h?st toi,1r

"1
-g', -g., Considering the right side of the parabola,
St25.6l
VFCD.
grlr
^'l2H\
5r:-- v
Lr 0n
@ When
9r-\9r - q / t.n
L2l2(&-gz) E.=l08.d0m
s2

9r L1
I.,
Use: 51=# ffromtheP.C.)
e78{)
LF4o Lz=60
51 =
(gr Lr - 2H)
 9r- L1
Lr gt 40 (0.05)
uLt2 L2 2 2 = 1.0 < H
Sr =,
grLr- Lt+2H 0o Lr o,
(, 5r=-
=1f
Lo2
L1 ' 9r-92 Sr fromP.C.

,r=ff €) H=i(s3-s2)
L, c
"1 -_ 0.05 (40)2
2 (1.56)
& = 25.64 m.

I
 

296 TRANSPoRTAT|oN & TRAFrtc E NGINEERING TRarvseORTATIoN & TRAFFIG TNoI N EER I N G 237
HYz
=rr#ry iral Curves 6 angle of interseclion of spiral 3. Offset distance from tangent at S.C.
t+F easement curve L2
f,
tz=--[py
1.56 Q5.64\2
- 71. angle of intersection of simple '
= ----L
6R,
curve
Y2= 0.64 B T.S, tangent to spiral 4. Offset distance from lhe tangent at
Elev. of E = 1 10 + 0.05 {25.64) - 0.64 9R. radius of simple curve any point in the spiral
Elev. of E 110.642 m. Dc degree of simple curve l3
= 10.
11, L.T, long tangent
X=XrL'l
12. S.T. short tangent
13. Es external distance of the spiral 5. Deflection angle at any point on the
spiral
curve
A. 3% grade meets a +5% grade near an
14. L.C. = long chord of spiral transition .S
underpass. ln order to maintain the l- -
15. Xc = offset from tangent at S.C. 3
minimum clearance allowed under the
bridge and at the same time introduce a 16. Yc = distance along the tangent from
Distance point in
vedcal transition curve in the grade line, it
is necessary to use a curve that lies 200 m.
l=42 the T.S. to S.C.
6. the spiral along tangent at any
17. X offset from tangent at any point

'
L5
on one side of the vefiex of the straight
grade and 100 m. on the other. The station
on the spiral \,=l
'+oniL]
--

18. Y distance along tangent at any {

of the beginning of the curve (200 m. side)
point on the spiral
is 10 + 000 and its elevation is 228 m, 10 e 7 Distance along tangent at S.C. from
vc spiral angle at S.C.
Determine the stationing of the lowest

A
,r;, ,R,, T.S.
point of the curve. 20. i deflection angle at any point on
the spiral, it is proportional to v --L
Solution: the square of its distance. 40 R:
Lth 200 (0.03) 21. Lc Iength of spiral
2 =-i- =3m'>267
22. L length of spiral from T.S. to any 8. Tangent distance for spiral
The lowest point of curye is on the right side. point along the spiral _ L (_ x)
T=*-L+lR +--rltan- 1

200 100
' 2 [' 4) 2

SUMMARY OF FORMULAS
t'{.
t:l.223 it
s2
FOR SPIRAL CURVE 9. External distance

E + *- - sec 1
Rc
1. Spiral angle at any point on the spiral s c
2

i(I|2(X) t (rao)
 O, Lr2
Elements of a curve: 2R. L.[ n / 10. Angle of intersection of centra
centrall simple
curve
2H
1. lc = l-2s"
^ -Tdfrf
sz=
0.05 (100)2 = spiral to curve
S.C. 2. Spiral angle at S.C.
0

2.. C.S. = curve to spiral DL

Sz = 93.63 m. S.T. * spiral to tangent
cc 11. Length ofthrow

Sla. oflowestpoint of curve = (10 + 300) - 93.63

4.
3. Ts = tangent distance "40r- [rao\ p
X

Sta. of lowest point curye. 10 + 2A6JT 5. T. = tangent distance for the curve ' 2R.( n /
4

23A TRANSf5oRTI\TIoN & TRAFFIC ENGIN EERI NG TRA.NSPORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGIN EERING 239
12. Super.elevation where K = velocity of
car in kph
x=_ L3

6RL
-_ 0.0079 K, c
A spiral easement curve has a length of An 80-m spiral connects a tangent with a
R
100 m. with a central angle having a radius 180-m radius circulaf curve. The maxlmum

13. Super.elevation considering 75% of K

to counteracL the super.elevalion x I&l_
6(300x100}
of 300 m. Determine the degree of spiral at
the third quarter point.
velocity in kph lhat a car could pass
through the curve without skidding is
nearest 1o:
0.004 K,
(75)r Solution:
x:
6= _
R 1145916 Solufion;
6(300)(100) D= @egreeof simplecurve)
14. Desirable length of spiral
R . 0.036v'
x, = 2.311. _ 1145.916 'R.
, _ 0.036 Kl
D=
300
"R D - 3.819" 80=-
0.036v3

- 180
15. Deflection angles vary as the squares Deoree of soiral when L =
2
Y L V =73.68kph
of the length from the T.S. 4

i_1, A spiral easement curve has a length of L = 9ttoot

iL2
LC 120 m with a centrai curve having a radius
4',
L=75m
of 300 m. Determine the offset distance
16. Degree of curve varies directly with from the tangent to the third.quarler point D,=D
A spiral 80 m. long connects a tangent \rith
i
the length from the T.S, of the spiral. LL. a 6.5" circular curve. Oetermine the
D=L D1 3.819 detlection angle at the first quarter point.
_
D. L"
Solution: 75 100
Solution:
D, = 2.86'

X2
s
C
,
A spiral easement curve has a length of
100 m. with a central curve having a radius Z0
r.s ,
of 300 m. Determine the offset distance The degree of curve of the central curve of =Bo
T-5.:n0{?nt bvtuil f.S.-t0 .il tu \\tll
from the tangent to the third.quarter point S.C.-\pirdt tu ..t/t a spiral easement curve is equal to 6'. ll the S.{..vnn k,&^/
of the spiral. max. design velocity of the car passing i-lditn,,UNL'rt I. )t)
S-\ilnl a\h ut 1..,)t)
thru the spiral curve is 75 kph, determine
Solution: the required length of spiral.
x=-
6RL
L3

Solution; r
 S=-rad.
_ 1145.916 2RL
fl = '-'--=5=190.99
Xa 1145.916 ac
(90)3
s.c 'D6 __ 1145.916
6(300x120)
, _ 0.m6v3 6.5
x = 3.375 m
tR.
r..t. L R = 176.29
7.5.-toil8crt kt vhdl
S.C..tpiill to.ut\\, L
_ 0.036(75)3 _
79.52" L" .99
whenl=
190.99
44 =21y

24a TRANSPoRTATIoN & Tnarrlc ENGIN EERI NG TRANSPORTATI()N & TRAFFIC E:NGI NEER I NG 241

20)' Solufion:
$= L 180
2(176.2e)(80) S ----.S-- .
2Rc 7\.
A fitlin. value of centrifugal acceleration:

S = 0.01418 rad. Compute the deflection angle at the end

(80) (1 80)
^80
"7{T-v
point of the spiral if the length of spiral is S
c _ 0.01418(180)
1t
80 m. with a degree of curve of the centrat
curve of a spiral easement curve is 6.5".
2(1e2.U) lE
^80
=fr;m
s. = 11 88"
S = 0.8125'
C
.J Solulion: S = 0.516 m/s3
t- -
3
'3 @ Length of spiral curve:
. 0.8125 i =
1188
=3.g0' Lc-
0.0215 V3
3 CR
3

i= 0.27' r.s
.
L. =
0.0215 (80)3
T.S. nn$dh)till
o^sG76
i,.iel\\iln'
S.-\tta .ntL.rt
ankk at S.('.
S.C- 2.26lE Problem Lc= 82'05 m'

2.?S5 .r'Problem *" = 1q# =176.2em A spiral easement curve has a length of 80
@ Lengthofthrow:
m and the radius ol the central curve is 200
The length of the spiral curve is 82 m. and L' m. Determine the niax. velocity that a car
P=7
x"
" =.2 R" 'tL
the radius of the central curve of the spiral S .1180
could pass thru the spiral curve.
curve i$ 260 m, Compute the length of r2
throw.
s= 8o .l 9=r:. Solution;
--
X, =
Lc
6-E
' 2(176.29) n 0.036 v3
I
.R
=-
- _- (82.05)2
Solufion; c

''=?=f=a'rs' 0.036 v3 ". 6 (260)

Xc= 4'32
80=-
200
D _4.32
t-
I5 V = 76.3 kph 4

(.s. P " 1.08 m.

;
7.
The spiral easement curve has a length of
,a R spiral equal to 80 m and the radius of the
2.269 Problem
2.270,,. Probldtn
centralm.curve
192.84 of
thedeflection
Compute the spiral curve is
angle at The design speed of a car passing thru an
the end point of the spiral. easement curve is equal to 80 kph. The The tangents of a spiral curve forms an
radius of the central curye ol the spiral angle of intersection of 25' at station 2 +
 Solution: curve is equal to 260 m. long. 058. Design speed is 80 km/hr. For a radius

P= t'
t2 of central curve of 300 m. and a length of
24R O Compute the value of the rate of spiral of 52.10 m..
centrifugal acceleration in m/sec for
o - (82)' this speed. O Find the stationing at the point where
@ Compute the length of the spiral curve the spiral starts.
24(260) I.S f.S.=Lnetil n'\?nll
based on the centrifugal acceleration. @ Find the stationing of the start of
P=1.08m @ Compute for the length of throw central curve.
i , -d.11;tni 0 1. 4t s .(
5,= rpr il dttt. it s.<'
@ Find the length of central curve.
 

TRANSPoRTATIoN & TR,qTTIC TNGINEERING 245

1l zaa rRANspoRTATroN & TRAFFTc ENGTNEERTNG
L, = De (200)
2.2701,,; Fi(i]tlear,,rl
(2) Spiral angle. Solution: L, = 3.6(0.08X200)
^
b=-
L" 180'
, _ 0.m6v3 Given a horizonlal curve with a 410 m. L' = 57.60 m. say 60 m
" 2R. n R radius, estimate the length of spiral,
(multiple ot 20 nt)

necessary for a smooth transition from

c _ 92.95(180") - 0.036(140)3
'' - 2(2oo)tt 250 tangent alignment to the circular curve if
R the design speed is 90 kph, 2,27', Problcri
R 395.14 m
s. = 13"19' = Solufion:
A circular curve with a radius of 350 m. is
V'
R= .R
0.036v3 connected by 60 m. spiral lransition curves
(9 Central angle:
127(e + f1 to tangents with a deflection angle of 0.349
rad. lf the stationing of the TS is 105 + 40,
l.=l-2S. (4q'1 0.036(90)3
395.14 =127(e + 0.20) L
 
410
determine the stationing of the ST.
l' - 50'30'- 2(13"19')
L =64m
e = 0.19
l"= 23'52' (central angle ofthe new curue)

2,277 Problem.;r
2.273 ,Probleh
A twoJane highway of the Northem Luzon
A horizontal curve has a radius of 400
Expressway has a width of 3.6 m. per lane R:350
Compute the minimum length of the
Given a horizontal curve with a 400 meter with a design speed of 100 kph. lt has a l0S + Jl)

radius have a design speed of 90 kph. necessary fpr a smooth transition 400 m. radius of central-curve. Determine
Compute the minimum length of transition tangent alignment to the circular r

the lengfih of spiral if the difference in

Assume that the maximum su Solution;
curve nscessary for a smooth transition grade between the centerline and edge of
rate should a 0 = 0.349 radians
from tangent alignment to the circular not exceed
side friction value of 0.12. 0.08 and travelway isf limited to 1/200. Assume
curye. friction factor = 0.12.
t= 0.349(1' 80)'
/L
Solutronl Solution: Solufion;

, _ 0.036v3 _v2
R=-
D = width of one lane
0=20'
127(e + l) L" = length ofspiral L" =R0
R
e = super-elevation rate L.
,_ 0.036(e0)l
400= -
27(0.08 + 0.12)
V2 = 350(0.349)

400 200. L" = 122.15 m.

L= De_
L, 200
1
65.61 m V = 100.80 kph Stationing of S.T.
Length of spiral :
L, = De (2oo) = (105 + 40) + 60 + 122.15 + 60
 ,sR
_ 0.m6v3 = (105 + 40) + (2+ 42.15)
illfittl ,rPlbblqlitl
R=127(fV'+ = (107 + 82.1i)
, _ 0.036(100.8)3 el
A l-km long racetrack is to be designed ' 400
4og =
(oo)'? ,"
II
with turns 250 m, length at each end.
Determine the super-elevation rate for a
design speed of 140 kph and a side friction
L, .92.17 m. 127(0.12 + e1
t
e = 0.08 (supbrelevationrate)
lactor of 0.20.
 

248 TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRaTTIc ENGINIERING TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIC TNGINEERING 249

:Piriiblgml Sight Distance for Vertical O For stopping sight distance Design standards for stopping sight
Curves fu = height of eye level from the distance or sight distance for sag vertical
pavement
Compute the minimum passing sight
curves are based on an assumed headlight
distance for the following data: A. For crest (summit) vertical hr = 1.08 m height of
600 mm and an upward
curves. hz. height of object divergence of the headlight beam of 1'.
hz = 0.60 m
Speed of the passing car = 90 kph
Speed of the overtaken vehicle - 80 kph a) WhenScL A=gr-gzin% @ For passing sight distance
Time of initial maneuver = 4 sec.
Average acceleration .
Time passing vehicle occupies the left
2.4 kphlsec. hr = 1.08 m
hz = 1.08 m 0 WhenS<L
r 12
lane = 9 sec, h2 . ,1.)

Distance between the passing vehicle at

P.C.
^s
P.T. @ Design standards used in the 12U | 3.5S
the end of its maneuver and the opposing L Philippines
vehicle = 80 m. Sight Distance Driver Eye 0bject
AS2 @ WhenS>L
l= Type Height (m) Height (m)
Solution:
r\ t, ttt L t. Lr, l, fio(,[zh,.,lrt\) Car Stopping
1.08 0.60 , _rc
L-LO--
120+3.5S
"t",tt.' Sight Distance
\1r t,t\\it\ t,|il,
tl l, A
rt&h(\ Nltt A Truck Stopping
2.33 0.60
Sight Distance
b) WhenS>L Maneuver Sight
1.08 0.60
@ Comfort Criterion:

14h. ru$nr ri .eht il;h,ti t,

Distance
Passing Sight
.
L---
AV2
I
1,08 1.08 395
hi P.T.
h2
Distance
*@D &B Car Headlight A. gr- g, in%
to Road V = design speed kph
2t1d) 0.60 0
n)
Surface Sight
r Distance L= length of vertical curve
-'*{'[i '{i)'
Irl \in sighr listin(
Truck to Car
'- 'u A TailSisht 2.33 0.60
@ Appearance Criterion:
[Iin. passing sight distance = d, * Ou * Distance
f do
a) When V > 60 kph but A < 2%
c) When hr = 1.08 m. and hz = 0.60 m.
@ California slandards length of vertical
butd.=?d- L.60 m
" 3' curves "L"

Min. passing sight distance =

A

d, *
L=
# rvhens<L a) When design speed V < 60 kph
Use L= 60 m b) When V < 60 kph
i O,

d
, = distance between passinl vehicleat the L= 2s-T whenS>L
b) When grade breaks { : gr - gz is less L.60 n
end of its maneuver and opposingvehicte lhan2olo c) WhenA<2%
 Usel=60m
d, =Vt d) L=6q L=60m

o, = 9{ffiQ =22s m.
K = length of vertical curue in meters c) When V > 60 kph and grade
for 1% change in grade break> 2o/o d) WhenV>60andA>2%
L A=gr-gz Use L= 2V L= 2V
Min. passing distance = + 80
5(225)
Min. passing distance . 380 m.
e) R=100K d) When V
break < 2olo > 60 kph but grade
R = radius of parabolic curve Use L= 60 m
 

2.54 TRANSPO RTATION & TRZTTTIC

ENGINEERING TRANSP()RTATION & TRAFF.IC ENGINEERING 255
Check for appearance criterion:

V=80>60kph Using comfort criterion for sag curve.

nC=l S (approximately) (AD;: = 6z + ft2- P2 + 2 RM - M2
' Grades brakesT .l > . AV2
(AD;z'62+2RM-M2
2o/o
20a (i )'= r' +2 RM-M2
Use L =2V (AC)2=(AD)2+M2
L = 2(80) , s (roo)'
L= ' '
c2
i =2nn't (AClz=62+2RM-M2+M2
395
L=160m. (AC)2=62+2P14
L = 126.58 m.
Check for comfort criterion: ill= 52
Assume S<L 8R (AC),=(?)2+zRM
. AV2
395
. AS2 M = clear distance from center of roadway
120 + 3.S S to lhe obslruction
7.1(80)'? g
S = sight
,_
L = distance along the center of Le
Lett AC
395 s (rgo)' roadway
I

* =*# -,*,
L = 115.04 m tzo+es(1e6) R = radius of center - line curve
L = length of curve
Use L = 115,04nr L=2N.94m.
okasassumed D = degree of curve
32=52-2SL+12+gRIr/
UseL= /26.58rn R-M
cos0= R 8RM=2SL-12
StoppinE Sig ht Distance for
R-M=RCoso
Sa Curves
Sight Distance for
M=R-RCoss
M=R(1-Coso) ,,UffiII
Horizontal Curves
@ When S>L
curve thatthe
Compute minimum length of vertical
will provide 190 m. stoooino O When S<L

sight distance for a design ,p.eo oijod

kph at the intersection ot-a _'Z.OZ, A highway curve has a radius of 80 m and a

anda+2.40%grade.
trale length of 90 m. lf the required, sight distance is
60 m, how far off the center of the road could
M you allow the bushes to grow?
Solution:
V = 100 kph > 60 kph
, ,,R Solufion;
A=gr -g, R'-, .'R 80m
R
A =2.6 - (.2.4) ,,?1,,...."'

A=5
 L+2d=S fi'
,tt
Using appearance criterion S . sight distance
S.L
d=- 2 n'
i
R
L = length of curve

n.{
V>60kph
ft
(AC)2=gz+14P;z
A>2% (AC)2=(AD)2+M2 8m
(AD;z = gz - (R - ty;z
ThereforeL"2V .
(AD)2=(A0)2-(R-W2
L = 2(1oo) - 2oo m.
(AOlz = Pz - (R2 - Z Rtrl +
(AD)z=2RM-M2
n4z)
(A0)2=(AE)2+R2
80=
gf 8m

(AD)2 = (AE)2 1 Pz - 1R - tvt;2 rn = 5,625 meters

256 TRANSPORTATI()N & TNATTIC ENGINEERING TRANSPORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 257

Solution:
Z-2gll . Problem M-
S' (D Side slope of the section ,Prehlem
8R ".29,4.
The clearance to an obstruction is 40 m. and S' The following notes are for irregular cross-
the desirable sight distance when rounding a
5.8 =8(120) 2.1 section. Compute the cross-sectional area.
horizontal curve is 600 m. Determine the 1)
Width of roadway is 12 m. with side slopes
minimum radius of horizontal curve if the S = 74.62m < L (Use smallestS fordesrgn 2.3.S Bt2 Ill2 s ol 1:2.
length of curve is 550 m. long speed of cars utilizingthe road)
6..15 4.5

V'
c2.67 C3.33 C4.00 C2,83 C2.33 C1.67
Solution: .l=600 m.
S=Vt* 11.U 8,00 4.00 0 s.00
i
B
l-=550 nt 2g(f + G) +2,3S=6.45 9.34

/, P.C T,
74.62 =VQ.S\
B
+ S =4.5 Solution:
2(9.81X0.35 + 0) 2
1.3 S = 1.95
V'1 + 17 17V - 512.42= 0
It ft S=1.5
V = 15,62 m/s
:J; V = 15.62(3 6)
L(2s'L)
M - (D Width of road base
1.61 l.a
8R V = 56.25 kph 3.14 l l.l4
B
L(2S-L) -+ S- 4"5 Li4
^_
0
2 f.14
8M
B
D_ 550[2(600)-550]
-+ 1.5 = 4.5
8(40) Eafthworks 2

R= 1117.19 n. l| = m. o=4#Q1sy*G$-M roe+l

Areas of Cross-Section Notes
of an Earthworks -
334(.6i) * 11. 3)1a1
2.29.2 Prohlem
G) Area ofthe cross-section 22
2.293 Problem m
.jr
* (8 + 2.67),,
*) _
2.67(5.34)

A building is located 5.8 m. from the centerline 22

of the inside lane of a curve section of Given the cross.section notes of an ..1
A= tB.14m2 -

highway with 120 m. radius. The road is level.

earthworks for the proposed extension of .5
.0

Perception+eaction time is 2.5 sec. and NLEX. 3.45 1.5

coefficient of friction is 0.35. Determine the sTA.10 + 100 6.45 ,1.5

appropriate speed limit in kph considering the Left Center Right

stopping sight distance.
 6.45 0 4.5
3(2.3) 1.5(6.45) 1.5(4.5)
A_
3(1)
*23 *1.5 + + +
Solution: +1.0
2222 The cross-sectional area of a road with
width of 10 m is 42.9 square meters. The
O Compute the side slope S of the A= 13,16 m2 cross-sectional area is as follows:
) section. 9.8 0 7.4
@ Compute the width of road base.

r, .r'. @ Compute the area of the cross-section.

zlit.z
',R

a'-. i ,,R Determine the value of x

\t

25A TRANSPORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TRAruST'ORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGIN EERI NG 259

Solution:
2.297 Problem
;r _ 9.3 h'-4 2
|') 1.2 + 3.2 12+Zhr - 12
,t.2.54m 6h,-24.12+2ht
24 Find the area of the given cross-section if
1.2 the width of roadway is 12 m, l),J -a=6.76m 4h,. 36
Left Center . Right 1
hr=9m
9.u '7.4
A = -(1.96)(3 2) = 3.136 m'
fi.2
A=Ar+A2+43+44 sjq
3.2 2.8
0 4.21 "2'
r,,.
)e.s+lit.z)
+ s.s(1.2) r llfo.rl h,-hl
zhL+n+2h,= 12
2

42.9 = %(5)lQ.4)+ %(xX9.8)+ %(xX7 .4),+%11.2)

Solution; 9-hL 1
x= + 3.91
)tztxr.rt 2h;;12*18 =6
A,,,, = 9,404 m2
:r.2
54-6hL=2hr+30
2.296 CE Board Nov.2O16 8h1
' 24
9.8 ,t.2 hL' 3 m.
A particular station has the following l.299i,',ilr,r,piii{iliiff
earthwork cross-section. A = %(6)(3.2) + %(2.8)(e.8) + %(2.8)(11.2)
66 n
9.0 4.5 +2.0 4.5 x
+%(6){4.21).
A highway fill at stations 5 + 040 has a
6

y +4.0 +2.0 +1.0 uniform ground slope. lt has a side slope

of 2 : 1 and width of roadway is 12 m. Find 9
A= 51.63 m2
lf the widlh of the road base is 9 m. and the the area of sta. 5 + 040.
side slopes are lV:1.5H, the quantity of x
and y is equal to: sTA. 5 + 040
  .4 .5 .6 t (3
Solution:
Given the following cross-section notes for
? b 0 6 ? n1
- +
2 -6(3)
9)(36) 2 -18(9)
2
Skrlx'i:1.5
a road grading work:
9:.
At = 126 m2

+-1.2 +-1.2 +-2.8

Slope l:1.5 Solution:
-3.2

yi
X, 0 3.5 r, STA 5 + 040
lr.0
The road bed is 9 m wide and the side
.1.5 1.5 4.5 slope for cut is 1:1 and for fill is 1.5:1.
X
Determine the area of cut of the section.

a.0 1.0
-=-
1.5
Solufion; \ -h1
The cross section notes of the ground
surface at sta. 1 + 200 of a road survey,
I shows that the ground is sloping at a 10%
 a=1.5 x2=7.3 n
hrl grade downward to the right. The elevation
x=4.5+a 9.3 a
2.8
of the ground along the center line of the
l9{l 12 +2h7 proposed road at this station is 150 m. and
x= 6 g l .0 h14 that of the finished subgrade is 152 m.
3.t{ Width of subgrade is 7.00 m. with side
v -1.0 2hL+12 + zhr slopes of 1.5 : 1, Compute the digtance of
4.5 1.5 rr =9.J tr
.i.5
hr -ht the right slope stake from the center of lhe
road,
y= 3

ll aoo rRANsr,oRTATroN & TRAFFTc ENGTNEERTNG TRANSPORTATION & TnapTIC E:NGINEERING 261

Solution;
3.5 ).5h,.
Eccentricity of the Centroid Volume of Earthworks
O Rod reading for grade at station 5 + 100
of the Area from the
wn' hl3
R=54.35-55.03 (1)
h,
R=-0.68m. (fill)
Centerline of the Road End area Nethod

O"ri v= z*(A, + Ar) L

@ Rod reading = 9.76 r.

* 3..5- I .5ft, *
Elevation of ground 55,03 0.78
=
. The Engineering Battalion of the Phil. Army
h.-2 1n Elevation of ground 53.57 m. constructed a road of the vicinity of z.si
3.5+1.5hr -100 -v tu Amount of fill = 55.03 - 53.57 = 1.46 m. Maguindanao. The width of the road at the t.0
formation level is 20 m, with side slopes of
h.-2:0.35+0.15hr 1:1 for cut and 1:2 for fill. The original
(O True distance from the center 4.5
0.85 h' = 2.35 ground transverse to the center of the road
hr = 1.35 + 0.68 = 2.03 m
has a slope of 1.5, lf the depth of excavation
h,= 2'76 Dr=6+5hr at lhe center of the section is 0.80 m,
Distance ol right slope stake . 3.5 + 1.5 hr D'=6+5(2.03) compute the eccentricity of the centroid of
2
Distance of right slope stake = 3.5 + 1.5(2.76) D' = 7.105 m. which is less than 10.05 m the area in cut measured from the centerline
of the road.
Distance ol right slope slake = 7.64 m. 3.9
Therefore, the paint should be ._:6.9-_
Solution:  
towards the center of the roadway.
{
l.30'lr:,',', Problem 2h, l0
ht (2) Prismoidal Formula
, Car
h ih2
A roadway had a base of 12 m and side I .35 t0 h
slopes %:1, At station 5 + 100, the elevation
of the proposed grade is 55.03 m. and the 3

7
H.l. is 54.35 m.
t0.05

O What is the rod reading for grade'at 1005=6+5h, 0.80

- 1

station 5 + 100?
@ ]f the rod held at the surface of the
10.05 = 6 +0.50(h') x5
0.50 h, = 4.05
ground rea{s 0.78 m, what is the x=4m.
h' = 8.10 m,

@
amount of cut or fill at his point?
ln setting a slope stake a total distance
h, =1
vr=f {nr +4Am+Az)

from the center of roadway is 10.05 m.

and the rod reading at this point is 1.33
Elevafion at a point 10.05 m. away
the center of the roadway, having a
h,
+14 5 A, = area of mid-section

slope of %:1 is equalto:

h, =35
m, Should the point be moved towards
 or away from the roadway? What is the Elevation = 55.03 - 8.10 = 46.93 m. AD=+(14)=7
amount of cut or fill at this point?
(3) Volume uiith Prisnoidal Correctlon:
But the elevation of point B 0D=7-4=3 (Applicable only to three level sectlon)
l:leL- 55.03 = 54.35
* 1.35 = 53.00 m. e=3+ *(10.5)
H Dt I)t -l
Therefore, the amount of cut at this point e= 6.5 m.fromtherenter
I.115

= 53.00
- 46.93 = 6.07 m.
Ar At
Dr
t(1.05

262 TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TRANSPORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 263

10+3Cr+10
2.303 I CE Board t{ov. ?6{ [= 0)
Solufion:
Ve = volume by end area 2
)', Width of base:

V., = prismoidal correction 'Dr= l l ''10

The areas in cut of two irregular {2)(72J=(20+3C,)C,
I
65 m. apa( are 36 sq,m. and 72
V.p=t(Cr-C2)(01-02) 3Ci+20Cr-144=0
respectively. Base width is 10 m., .i
l+2.0
slope of 3H: 2V. Using prisoidal c;+6.67c, -48=o ir.,
lr
(4) Volume with cuuature correction formal, find thethe
cu,m. between corrected volume of
two stations. C, = 4.35

Prismoidal Conection :
ti -*--"6.6----. -l

I et
Solutionr
V,r=
I
-C,XD, -0,)
Dz=13.5 'l
i5
- t)1 11 17 i(C, 1

l0+3C.r
v.. =
g (2 5e1 -4.35X12 .71 -z3.osll
2,It0
(t
-_---D,=44j----- '
_ t.-5c l0 t.-sc _
" 12^
-
Vr. = 50.307 B2 tlt2

ic, n,*e g,i V=4-Y. 1.2

1
l0 l0 V=3510-50.307 q
7 6.3 = 2.2S +
I
2
i_ --. P"z=23.05 . V = 3459.69 m3 q
7.2 = 2.8S +
25
'- 1.5c2
".. lll*icz 2
-- l0 t.5(_'.

0.9 = 0.6 S
A2=72 g, S=1.5
er =
1

j Dr @ositive lf fhe excess area is ic, 23o,4 Problern

AS = 2.2\1.5) +Bl
away from the center of curue)
1
t0 From the given cross section of an B=6m,
er =
3 0r @egative if the excess area
Vol.of end area:
earthuorks between A (20 + 200) and B (20
+ 220) assuming both have same slope and @ Value of cut at station B:
is towards the center of curve)
width of base.
DC
v-=[36*72)rosr
'(2 )' STA. A
0
'#.ry.TrS=,uu,
e2 =
a @ositive if the excess area ls .60 4.8
6.75x = 9.32
away from the center of curue) 4 = 3510 m' +2.4 +2.0 +1.2
x= 1.38 m.

e2= Dt
T @egative rTfhe excess area is {: 10+3C +10
(C,) 6.3
STA, B
0 7.2 @ Volume using Prismoidal correction:
towards the center of curue)
2
+2.2 ? +2.80
_2.4(3) , 6.6(2) . 48(2) , 1.2(3)
 .. (At+Az)L A=36
^
A1 - 2 - 2 - 2 -
vt=' 2
2

(20+3C,)C, =71
O Compute the width of the base. At = 16.80 m2
I
V. = (/s1 e1 + As2 e2) @ Compute the value of cut at station B if +
1p 3Cf+206,-71=g it has an area of 16.82 m2, ,,
vE-_(41 A2) L
(curuature correction) 2
@ Compute the volume between n airO A
_ 145.916
1
Ci+6.67C1-24:0
_(16.80+16.82X20)
H= D c, = 2'591 with Prism6idal Correction. ,/
Vol.=Ve+Vc Ve 336'20
"

 
-
264 TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIc ENGINEERING TRANSPORTATION & TRAFFIC INGINEERING 265

vo=${ct-e)et - Dz) 3-t.54 ,r = t(0,)

v,=ff{z- 1.38X11.40 - 13.s) A highway fill stretches between stations

,.,
{
I

+ 040 and 5 + 140 with a uniform ground = 1:01

9. i8 5
9. o
vp-'2'17 slope. lt has a side slope of 2 : I and width
el =- 12 (neg. towards the center of cunte)
V=VE-Vp of roadway is 12 m.

V=336.20-{12,17)
Stations Area  
V = 338.37 cu.m. Sta.5 + 040 126 mz 24
Side slope = 1.5 : 1 Cut Sta_ 5 + 140 206.75 m2
l2
,_ (10 + 37.54) (9.18) Compute lhe curvature correction between
F- 2 the two stations if ihe road is on a 5 degree
A = 218,21 sq.m. curve which turns to the right of the cross
ln determining the position of the balanie
seclions in cu.m.
line in the profile diagram, a horizontal
grade line is drawn such that the length of A Volume of cut: 7 (15)
the cut is 850 m. and that of fill is 1200 m. Vc = 218.21 (850)
l8
As2=2s6.ru
tgP +
L (2)

,/ir
6
The profile area between the ground line
Vc= 185,500 cu.m. As2=74.7U^2
and the grade line in the cut is 7800 sq.m. 3
i, 9
while that of fill is 8500 sq.m. lf the road
bed is 10 m. wide for cut and 8 meters wide - 14.16-- t --t+.tO- ,z=t Dz
I

for till and if the side slope lor cut is 1.5 : I

while that lor fill is 2 : 1.
,, . { loty
7 :7.08
Assume a level section with an average 9 66 e2 - 15 (neg. towards the center ol cuve)
value of cut and lill for each stretch. =
t2
O Determinethe volume of cut. 36.32
1 145.916
@ Determine thevolume of fill. ft= D
@ lf the shrinkage factor is 1.2, determine Sideslope=2:1Fill
the volume borrow or waste. Solution: *=1qll =22em.
._ (8 + 36.32) (7.08)
Solution; A-
Average depth of crt:
2
v, =
fi 1,4s1 e1+ As2e2) II
A = 156.89 sq.m.
i--'i*,-:
{)

Jflm-
-:j
@ Volume of fill:
3
v,=ffi (48){- 12)+ 74.25 (- 15)l
 \g Vr = 156.89 (1200)
Vc= '370.58 nf
V1= 188,000 cu.m.
^
,, =
7800
T56-
@ Volume of bonow:
C = 9.18 m.
Vol. of bonow = 188000 (1.2) - 185500 5 (12)
Average depth ot fill:
s1=126-Pl ) + (2)

'-. = 40100 cu.m. I

8500 Vol. of bonow 2
12oo As1 = 43 *2
f = 7.08

66
I
TRANSPORTATION & TNATTIC ENGINEERI NG 267
RANSPORTATION & TRATTIC ENGINEERING

Finished Grade of Roadway 8:it(m (14.60 + 9) (1 40)

2.309 Prabl6iii A-
^
_
2

2 GE Board 2008 From station A with center h eight of 1.4 From station 0 + 040, with center height of A = 16.52 sq.m. (fill)
tn filt, the ground makes niform slope 1.40 m. fill, the ground line makes a ,_ (10 + 18.40) (2 8)
The center height of the road at sta. 7 + 1 10 iYo to station B whose center height l$ of 5% to station 0 + 100,
uniform slope A- 2
is 2 m, fill while at sta, 7 + 160 it is 1.2 m. m. n cut. Ass uminuming
g both sections to whose center height is 2.80 m. cut. A = 39.76 sg.m. (cut)
cut. From sta.7 + 110 to the other station level sections havirng width of roadway Assume both sections to be level seclions
2 1 lor and 1.5 : 1
the ground makes a uniform slope of 4.g%. 14 m an d side
fill, compute theslope or both c ut
cross-sectional area of
with side slopes of t
for cut. fill @ Volumes of cut and ftll:

O Compute the slope of the new road. 48 m. from sta. A. Distance from sta. A O Find the grade of the finished road
@ Find the distance in meters from sta. B is 60 m. surface.
station 7 + 110 in which the fill is @ Find the area at each station.
extended, Solution:
@ By end area method, find the amount ol
@ Compute the stationing of the point 5tt cut and fill.
where the fill is extended. (D Between these two stations, is it 60-r
o id 2.8
borrow or waste?
trtro.oSI
Solution: t.+ i .r
Roadway for fill is 9.00 m. and for cut it Y
:o2 is 10.00 m,
-T
Aft,snd r=20
Srt/itrP 2tl t2 Solution:
7+l l{)
4't -
6Gr=4O A Slope of roadway:
h=2 A 6{)
t.-10
) t))l 6(5(Ix1
I 2.8 0.(i5r
t.2 t4 1.40
2 2
5(Lr {) .I
50n
0+040
-60 0+1.00
1.40-0.02x=0.05x

0t l4 i.g2 ' - 1.20

Slope ofthe new road: Slope of roadwaY = -6- 0.07 x = 1.40
21.84 x=24
Sbpe"ffi =g.P16 Slope of roadway = - 2% (downward)
By ratioand proportion 60-x=40
@ Area at each station:
x 60 -x - 2.lJ * 9.t) -' 2.x -
rD Distance in which the fill is extended 1.4 2.8 i vot. oi rrn =LrlAt + Az)
0.048x = 1.2 + 0.916159 -
0.064x'2 r, 2.8x=M-1.4x I.,10 .40

x = 31.25
x=20m. vot. of fiil,f t,u.r, * ol
 14.60
28 4A Station 0 + 040 Vol. of fill= 165.20 cu.m.
<O Stationing of the point where the fill is d 2.8 r 8.,10
extended: d = 1.96
sta.=(7+110)+(31.25)
Vot. of cut =l@, r arl
2.8
Sta.=71+141.25 (14 +21.u)
A= (1 e6)
2 .- l0 -' vot. or cut=
f trn ,o ,
,- 4.2 ,1.2 - ,,)
A* 35.123 sq.m.
Station 0 +100 Vol. of cul. 795.20 cu.m.

264 TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TRANSPORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 269

@ Slnce the volume of cut is excessive than Vol. of cut = Vol. of fill
Limits of Free Haul and STATION END AREAS (m'?)
the volume of fill, it is then necessary to
throw the excess volume of cul as wasle Economical Haul b(100-x) _ a(x) CUT FILL

by an amount equal to 22 1+000 40

1+052 33
795.20 - 165.20 = 63.00 cu.m. 7;*.ll €E Board By ratioand proportion
1+272 3.021

3= 40 1+300 0 (Balancing point)

The grading vvorks of a proposed National x 300 1 +322 3.845
road shows the following data. I 1 +502 40.18
i. FHD:50 m, LEH:450 m, d-
-15
A 1 +600 60
Cost of haul = P0.25 per meter station

The ground makes a uniform slope of 5.2%

Compute the cost of borrow. b60 Assume the ground surface to be sloping
from STA 8 + 890 to Station B. At gIA 8 +
Solution:
x 300
00 - uniformly from one end to the other end.
890, the center height of the roadway is 1

4.13 m fill. At the other station, the center CC

LEH= D +FHD
5=_(100-x) O Determine the overhaul volume.
height is 7.57 m cut. lf lhe finish road has a @ Determine the volume of borrow
z
C
uniform grade of 2.6To, what the (100 - x)(100-x) (x\ @ Determine the volume of waste.
stationing of B?
- is +so= Co(20)
0.2s
*r, 5(2) =
* '[rJ Solution:
Solution: c; = Ps.oo r= 1 ttoo - r)' 0 Overhaul volume
15 10'
5.2Yo
.li^
-F
2.67o
.57 =100-x IrHD=5o J
0.026L 0.0-s2z iJ iali o
t
i
-1.t3 t8

0.8165x=100-x
B- 4 .t3 \) .o26L The cross.sectional area of station Z +
8+8q) L is 40 mz in fill and at slation 2 + g10 is210
60 x = 55.05
m2 in cut. The free haul distance is ,l00 m: Stationing of limits of free haul along the fill -LEH-45(4
The balancing point is at station 2 + 010.
0.0521 = 7.57 + (4.13 -'0,0261)
The ground surface is sloping upward from
= (2 + 510) - 55.05
0.0781=7.57+4.13 station 2 + 210 to station 2 + 510 and also . 2 + 451.95 (3.845 +
L * 150 uniformly upward from station 2 + 510 to Overhaul volume=L 40.18)(180)
,
- station 2 + 810. Determine the stationing
H*, * Hr,,. Overhaul volume = 3962.25
Formula: 1= (along fill) of the limits of lree haul.
2.313
Gn*no -G*
(40.18 + 60X98)
L- 4.13 + 7 .57
Solution: The grading works of the portion of the (z; Volume of waste =- ,
0.052 - (-0.026) proposed expansion of the North
 expressway shows the lollowing notes. Volume of waste = 4908.82 cu.m.
L=150 FHt):1il,
60
Free haul distance 50 m, Limit of
'
Sta.ofB=g+990+150 economical haul = 450 m. (33 + 40) 52
Sta.ofB=9+U0
x @ Volume of borrow -
t0 2
Limits ol free haul distance is from
Volume of bonow = 1898 cu.m.
sta.1+272to1+322.
l(x) lfi) Llmits of economical haul is from
sta.l+052and1+502

27O TRANSPoRTATIoN & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TRANSPORTATION & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 271

Mass Diagram O Determine the volume of waste in m3.

@ Length of overhaul:
@ Determine the volume of bonow in m3.
pf,llit'' @ Determine the overhaul volume in C^C
,a,l{i0i::ir::, ir
cu.m, A single summit mass diagram from 1gu=fi +FHD
@ Determine the length of overhaul if the station 0+ 100to0ofa proposed
+ 800

From the mass diagram shown of an

earthworks, the following data were
total cost of hauling is Pl92,000. extension of Santander Highway. Has the
lollowing technical data.
+s0=ffi +so

computed as follows: Solution:

Free haul distance = 60 m.
Cost of borrow = P10/m3
O Volume of waste Mass ordinate of the initial limit of Cn " P25 per cu m. i meter station
oconomical distance = +600 m3
Overhaul = P5.00 per meter station
Free haul distance = 50 m. Total cost of haul. P1 05750.00
Compute the cost of overhaul.

Lr_-\ Limit of economical haul = 450 m.

\k i Cost of bonow = P500 Per cu'm.

Mass ordinate of station 0 + 100 ='80 m3

105750=&9#q
L= 211.50 m.

2lxxi {''i l:u*r n,'

irnx). Mass ordinate of station 0 + 800 =' 130 m3
I JXX|

?8 ill
+200
(D Compute the overhaul volume in cu.m.

Solution:
(2) Compute the length of overhaul in Total cost of bonow:
meterc if the total cosl of hauling is "4)
Cost of overhaul :
Vol. of borrow = 200 + 1 30
..80
P105,750.00
Overhaut vot. = 2000(78 _ 60) + 1000(80 - 60)
, l.r0 iD Compute the total cost of borrow. Vol. ofbonow " 330 m3
+ 1000(66 - 60) + 2000(68 - 60)

Overhaul vol, = 78000 cm3 Volume of waste = 200 + 80

cost ofoverhaur = Iqg90(5) = p19s00

Volume of waste - 280 m3 Solulion; Cost of borrow = 330 (500)
2A Cost of borrow = P165,000
t) Overhaulvolume:
@ Volume of borrow:
Volume of borrow = 200 + 130
2.31$.,:i, hrorSiLifr Volume of bonow = 330 m3
r 600

The following are the data on a simple

summit mass diagram.
@ 0verhaul volume:
LEH_45O
Overhaul volume * 600 - 200
STA MASS ORDINATE (mr) Overhaul volume = 400 m3
+ .80
 0000
0+500
.80
.130
@ Length ofoverhaul:
lnitial point of limit of freehaul 120(4oo) x
distance = +600 192.ooo = - r30
20
lnitial limit of economic haul '+200
Freehaul distance : 60 m. x= 80 m.
Overhaul volume = 600 - 200
Limit of economical distance = 400 m.
Cost of haul " P120 per cu,m per meter Overhaul volume = 400 m3
station.

Chapter

3 s and Harbor
0

- PORIS & HARBOR

A. Natural Harbors The basic criteria to be considered in

6r'ijtia developing a proposition as to the roles of a

lslantl
country's ports may b e classified into the
) following four groupsl

I ku'bor (D The national and regional development

policies of the country
(D The transportation infrastructure of the
hintedand and its prospects
3r Existing port capacity and potential for
development

3) Cargo forecasls for each port

ljtrdk\at.r

6@rlt.CIr1,
+:bu
Busiest Ports in the World
/ Hurfux' as of 2013

Rank Port Country

1 Shanghai China
2 Singapore Singapore
3 Shenzhen China

4 Hong Kong Hong Kong

South
B. Artificial Harbor 5 Busan
Korea
 Ningbo-
6 China
&r, Zhoushan
7 Qingdao China

8 Guangzhou China

o United Arab
Dubai
Emirates
10 Tianjin China
 

2aa PORTS AND HARBOR PORTS AND HARB"OR 249

3. 3.{O8 ProLlbm 3.{ I I Problem 3,1

The highest point of the wave is called. From the Sine wave curve shown, what do
you call the value of "L"? From the Sine wave curve shown, what do What zone is covered by the distance "y"?
you call the region y?
*a) wave crest L .T

b) wave kough

c) wave height lrval Li2<d tl>I-125:

d) wave Iength I- :

a) Period of wave \\n t ln,tqlt tr1\til lbtililil

''.:--,- b) Frequency of wave
d-dcpt h
-Y ,\ rdlt brttt)ul
3.{OS Problem c) Wave height a) Deep water
rs Wave length
b) Shallow zone

the lowest point of the wave.

d)
*c) Transition zone
a) Crest length region d) Shoaling zone ilt
a) wave crest
Bs b) wave trough 3.{Og Problem  € b) Trough length region

c) wave height From the Sine wave curve shown, what it

d)
Transition region
Period
3.{{it Problem
the value of h?
d) wave length
What zone is covered by the distance "2"?

.t06 Problsm 3,112 Problem

d>Ltzst d<1"t25

The distance between the highest point

and the lowest point of the wave, a)
b)
Length of wave trough
Still water depth
From the wave behavior, indicate what
zone is covered by the distance x.
 € c) Amplitude
otltu lrtttrnr

a) wave crest
d) Height of wave trough a) Deep water zone
b) wave kough os b) Shallow zone
*c/ wave height Transition zone
d) wave length d) Shoaling zone
d4/25

From the Sine wave curve shown, what do

you call the region x?
 wQrc cresl
\till H.o The average height of the sea for all stages
The vertical distance of the wave crest and
a) Depp water zone
of the tide obtained from systematic
the wave trough, J observations of sea level at equal intervals
d=depth waie trough b) Shallow zone over a long period of time along a given
a) wave crest c) Transition zone coastline is called:
b) wave trough
 g
*ci wave
d, Shoaling zone rc" a) Mean sea level

d)
height
wave length *a)b) Crest length region
Trough length region
b)
c)
Mean low water
Mean lower low water
c) Transition region d) Mean ocean level
d) Period
ilri
 

292 P()RTS AND HARBOR FonIs AND HARBoR 293

rt Characteristics of Shallow-
3 PtohIBm 3;rl
; Water Waves: d < Llz
The period during which the current is The maximum depression of the falling tide During Typhoon Ondoy, due to strong
negligible while it is changing directions is
called *_ . lt is the period during which
is called:
Shallow-water waves occurs in winds, it causes a wave length of a

water having a depth /ess than half of shallow-water wave of 80 m. long. lf the
the current is less than 1/10 of a knot or wave period (the time for two consecutive
less than 0.169 fps.
a) Trough the wave length. d < U2.
crests to pass a given point) is 7.2 sec.,
trf b) Low water determine the depth of water at that point
a) Turn of the current c) Neap assuming it to be uniform.
b) Spring water d) rbb
A. Wave longth of shallow-water
waves: Solution:
c) Diurnal time
tra- d) Slackwater ,- = [gr) t,n n l41l
(L
r=fo'lonnl'^ol
( L \2") /
8.{S4r,. :Pr,bblerir
r,,'
\2") )
e 81(7 2)', 2rd
B0 = r I trn r,l l
,3;,{31 The straight.line stretch of open water
available for wave growth without the
where:
I 2n .l leo/
L = wave length of shallow-water waves
n. n[?4) =0e8841
interruption of land is calledl 7 = period in seconds \80,
The average time interval, in solar hours
and minutes from a lunar transit to the next
d. water depth (assumed lo be uniform) W =2.57235
succeeding high water at a given place as
[A a) Fetch g = acceleration of gravrty (9.81 m/s2) 80

determined by an extended set of b) Wave length

d= 32.75 m. < lJ2
observations is called:
c) Neap
B. Ullave veloqity {celerity) of
*a) High water lunitidal interval of d) Ebb shallow-water waves: 3.137 Problem
the place
v=f9Il,rnnl49) During the Typhoon
Typhoon Butchoy, the wave due
b)

c)
Upper meridian transit
Higher high water interval
\2n) t L l to the strong winds produced a wave
length at a point on the surface of the
d) Higher water slack where: water at a depth of 4 m. Determine the
The interval of time between successive V = wave velocity in m/s (velocrty of wave length for a period of 3.88 seconds
crests of the water waves passing a wave propagation)
for a shallow water wave.

stationary point of reference is called: d = depth of water (m)

Solutian:
 a) Amplitude
L = wave length (m)
L=fdlt.nr,[?4]
The maximum height reached by each b) High-water lunitidal interval
g = acceleration of gravrty (9.81 m/s2)
\2n) \ l L
- period in seconds
rising tide is called: * c) Wave period
7
l.=rt'.qui'*t[ry)
a) Trough
d) Lunitidal period
zs rse )
b)
1
Ebb   = 23.50 tan h

* c)
d)
Highwater
Crest
By trial and error
l-,-l
L = 19.99 m. say 20 m.
:

294 PORTS AND HARBOR PORTS AND HARBOR 295

Characteristics of Deep Wavo.velocity for doep water

The wave length of a shallow.water wave is
80 m. long and its period of oscillation is
7.2 seconds, lf it has a depth of water equal
to 30 m, compute the velocity of the wave
in mls.
Solution:
Water Waves: d 2 Ll2 waYes in terms of period "T"
$gc.:
Deep water waves break when the fonivard
Deep water waves are those
velocity of the crest particles exceeds the
which occur in water having a depth
greater than one-half of the wave -t=-2nV velocity of propagation of the wave itself.
length, d > U2. s Determine the amplitude of the water
V = 1.567 waves at this condition when the depth of
A. Y\lave length of ideep watel
waves: where:
water is 64 m.

r,i

'=[*),,,n(?J / -)\ V = wave veloctty (m/s)

T. wave period in sec.
Solution:
d ^-
L=l9l l
-L =u.c
d , \2" )
{snarcw water wave)
f, L = 1.56 T2 64

fl
where: -L =U.5
30< =40 L = wave length in meters
2 L= 128
T = wave period (time for wave to travel a
,, 9.81(7.2\ .
V=--#Enn '
2n(30)
'
distance L) Tropical typhoon Yolanda hits the country L=7H
2r B0
g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/sz) which causes a storm surge in Tacloban
128=7H
Gity. The wave period at a point having a
V =11.04m/ s
B. hlave velocity of deep wated depth of 36 m. in the ocean is 6.4 sec. H=18.29 (amplitude)
wavos in lerms of wave lengtf{ Compute the height of the wave if it has a
'"..L: . . :,,,,,:, steepness of 0.14.

Problsih, ,
L=.-
2nV2 Solution:
s Wave length of deep water waves:
The length of wave in a deep water wave is V = 1.2495 r[ , gr-
114,8 m. The water will reach a shallow where: 2n Tropical cyclone "lnting" wtll hit the
water depth when the waves start to break. g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2)
country with an estimated forecast velocity
Determine the depth of shallow water at L - 1.56 T2 of propagation of wave equal to 80 kph.
this condition. Determine the approximate length between
c. water wav6 L = 1.56(6.4)'?
crest of the wave in meters.
will occur when L = 63.90 m
Solution:
Solution:
L=7H I

114.8 = 7H d>:2 lokl V = 1.24eJ[

 shallow water urhere tho
H=16.4m is equal to 1.25 of 36 , 63:90
=31.95 (deep-waterwave) v= 9
d = 1.25H 2 3.6

d = 1.25(16.4)   = Steeoness
Y =22.22m1s

d. 20.5 m H= L
22.22= 1.249J1
7
H = 63.90(0.14)
d=1.25H L.316.50 m.
where: H =8.95 m
H = height of wave (amplitude)
L = wave length in neters
d = depth of water
 

29A PoRTS AND HARBoR PORTS AND HARBOR 299

3,1$o
, 2n$8.67\'? 3.t53 Problem Relation Between Max.
PAG.ASA'issued a warning on the western 32.2 Wave Height and
seaboard. The forecast predicts waves L = 671.67 ft.
The wave length of a deep water wave is nificant Wave Hei h
having a wave length of 2g0 m. at a point equal to 160 m. long. Compute the wave
velocity that causes this wave in kph.
A
I
near the Scarborough Shoal in the i,Uest d= - hypothetical ,wave having a
Philippine Sea having a depth of 150 m. 2
Solution:
wave height and period equal
Determine the wave period that causes this
wave length. . 671.67
0=--- L . 1.56 T2 wave height to
respectively average
and values
period of of the
the largest
2
160m=1.56T2 1/3 of all waves in the train as
Solution: d = 335.84 it.
T = 10.13 sec.
counted in the order of greater wave
. height is called Significant Wave
62 0= _-
335.84 V= 1.567 Height.
2 b
V = 1.56(10.13)
156r280=146 d = 55.97 fathoms V = 15.8 m/s Hrr, = 1.87 Ht
Note: V - 56.89 kph
, _Zfi,,,
s lfathom=6ft. where:
Hnax = IfldX. wave height

r[ H'. significant wave height

V = 1.2495
3:{54 Problem
V= 1.2495 rEO
V = 20.91 m/s The wind velocity of 4.2 m/s causes a deep
water wave formation in a period of 6.67
3,{55 Problem
2n
l; Tropical cyclone ,,lnting" hit the country sec. Compute the depth of waler,
if
s with an estimated forecast of wave speed Compute the maximum wave height it
V= 1.567 of 120 kph. The has a significant wave height of 3.4 m.
20.91 = 1.56 T
surge with a frequency
cyclone causes a storm
of 0.109 heltr.
SoftJfion;
1
high.
Compute the length between the crest of Period =
T = 13.40 ser,. frequency Solution:
the deep water wave.
_1
t=_ Hr., = 1.87 Ht
Solution: f
. oT2 1
H.* = 1.87(3.4)
b-b/ = -
.2n I Hma = 6.36 m,
The velocity of propagation of a deep water f = 0.15 cycles/sec.
L = 1.56 T2

wave. caused by Typhoon ,,Senyang', is f=

equal to 40 mph at a certain point in ttre f = frequency Arithmetic Mean of All
 L
ocean. Estimate the depth
level at this point in fathoms.
of still water _1
,= 015=f Wave Height and
i @eriod)
Significant Wryq Hgqght
L=28m.
Solution:
-1
=
. 2nV2 OrOn
=9.17sec.
d= |2= +2',@ondition for deep-water wave)
H, = 0.6 H'
g L = 1.56 T2
where:
40(5290) d= 14m.
\/ _ 3600
L = 1.56(9.17)'z Hm arithmetical mean value of all
=wave herghts during a
recorded
period of
V = 58.62 fps
| = 131.18 m. obseruation
Hs = significant wave height

300 PORTS AND HARE}OR P()RTS I\ND HARB()F? 301

3.{S8', Problern So/ufion;

L
d> Peepwaterlcvel)
What is the arithmetical mean value of all The wave length of a depth water wave The velocity ofwave propagation produces Z
recorded wave height during a period of
during the typhoon at the port of Cagayan a wave length of 300 m. and a wave height
observation if it has a significant wave de Oro is 310 m. The depth of still walei is of 25 m. lf the depth of still water in the
height of 4,24 m, located 0.90 m below the centerline of the t. rt llr
ocean is 80 m, determine the elevation of
rotation ol the wave. lf the steepness ofthe the wave crest above the still water level.
Solution: wave isof the wave through from
distance
0.16, determine the vertical
Solulion;
Hm = 0.6 Hs the
botlom of the ocean if its depth of still
H, = 0.6(4.24) water is 40 m. above the bottom of the
ocean.
H^= 2.54 m. ia:=r::
',ilt)=tz 5
H=2.4m (amplitude)
Solution:
ai nt-Venant and Flamant
l=tz,-
d= 46.2- 1.2-0.3
A water parlicle at the surface of '.ttD'
a deep-water wave oscillates about a
i,tt,l,ll
h
nH'coth 2nd d = 44.70 m.
=
point whose height above the still "4LL
- L'
(nQS\') f2n(80)) 2d
h,
water "ho" is given as:
h =l ' ' lcothl
, [ L= 2144.70)
I

,-, \ryr'tc|i:ilr
Dcplh walLl wr\,cs
(
4(300) 300 ,
- _

h" = 1.76 l= 89.44 m.

'.
l 12' Steepness =
:,
u,: ,ll L Elev.of wave crest alnvethe stillwater
H
0.16 =310 Eiev.=80+ho2
+
H
Characteristics of Long
Il.f(l) s kr rr\.\ H = 49.60 m
Elev. =80 +1.76+12.5 Waves: d < Ll25
H Waves with a relatively long wave
n  =i4I)*,r,'[4q) '2
v+0.90= Elev. = 94.26 m.
length compared to the water deptLt
(41 ) d < 1/25 are called long waves.
) \L '2
v+0.90- 49'60 it
 Y = 23.90 m
3.t'59, ,Prubtefir A. Length of w-ave for long wavoa
where: h"40-23"90
ha =distance from the stilt water level The amplitude of a deep-water wave is L=TVgd
ta the
center of rotatian of waves h.16.10 m. 2.4 m. lf the depth ol water from the bottom
where:
H = height of wave or amplitude up to the crest of the wave is 46,2 m.,
L = wave length in nteters
d = depth of still water determine the hgrizontal distance between peiod in sec.
T = wave
the crests of thd wave. Assume the center
L. wave length
a = distance from the still water depth to the of rotation of the wave is 0.3 m. above the g. acceleration of gravily (9 lll ru/:;")
d. depth of water
crest of wave still water level.

302 PORTS AND HARBC)R ORTS AND HARBOR 303

B. Wave velocity for a long wave

V = r/go Determine the velocily which causes a The wave length ol a long wave is equal to A wave generated in deep-water, when
wave height of a long wave equal to 1g 120 m. Determine the wave velocity in kph reaching shoaling water changes not only
where: meters if it has a steepness of 1/9. which causes lhis wave length. its height but also jts length. The wave
V = wave velocity in m/s period however remains constant. For a
g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 n/sz) Solution: Solution: depth of 1.25 m, lhe shallow-water wave
d = depth of water For a long wave :
 = 1 fo, lono*rn length :s 20 m., determine the deep-water
v=s; L25 wave length.

 =l
L9
d=1 Solution:
120 25 L.
-1 =tanh
2nd
L = 9(18)
Gompute the wave length caused by strong d=4.8m. o -LA
L-162m.
winds along the coast of Ormoc City for i V=.6 20
_ 2nfi.25\
wave period of 17.56 sec, if the depth of
d=
.L tor long wave
=tanh
L20
water is 4 m.
-162 v =
&t4i) )n
Solution: d= E =648, V = 6.86 n/s -L = 0.37368

r =T16o
V= 1ff V = 6.86(3.6)
L" ' 53.52 m.
l- - tz.s2.,6.g14) y =.,6rr1oae; Y = 24.70 kph
L=110m.
V = 7.97 m/s
d4 1
V.
= =003636 < =0.M 7.97(3.6) = 28.69 kph
, 110 - (ok)

This is a longwave. Relationship of Deep-

Water Wave Length and The shallow-water wave length is 24 m. and
the Shallow.Water Wave the deep-water wave length is 64.2 m

Determine the period (in seconds) to cause

Length (Applicable only for Determine lhe depth of the shallow water.
very small waves/ but valid for
a wave length of a long wave equal to Solufion;
any
jL.=tanh. 2nd
The wave length of a long wave at a depth 125m.
of 4.8 m. is 122 m. Delermine the veloiity
of the wave propagation in kph. . Solution: L.
A 2nd " LA

L T\6d o =i2p[ - LA 24 .- 2nd

Solution: = T\6d -
d 4.8 .2
-=tann- 24

L m l= $ ro, nro*rr* where:

tanh
2nd
=0.37383
Lo= deep-water wave length
d
=0.03934 rL.g.g4 lotS
24
Le = shallow-water wave length
L

=6
O =
# =5 m. (depth of water)
d = depth of water
2rcd
-0.3g2g7
24
L= Tr,6[
v d=1.5m.
V
=
Srt4r)
= 6.86 n/s 125=TJ981(5)
V = 6.86(3.6)
" 24.7 kph T .17.84sec.
 

306 PORTS AND HARBOR

PORTS AND HARBOR 3U^7

Solution: Allowable h = 0.16 to 0.40 m

HWL=+l 2
Deterinine the elevation of the design low "h+0.74
tide (DLT), which is the water level that 5
guarantees about 98% of tide, which is safe H =' .30 +h
t,lyL= -0.3t) Rwt,
to the ships using the gravity type.
;J (1.30+h)=h+0.74
2
6nr H
Elev, of HWL = +1.45 m (Highestwatu tevel) MLLIv=0
2.60+2h=3h+2.22
Elev. of RWL = +0.25 m (Residuat water tevet) m

h " 0.38 m. balow ttLLW (ok less than 0.40 m)

Solution: I,W I-:

l.t5
H=1,26+0.23
4m
Seismic Forces Acting on
H=1.49m Marine Structures
?n=?(1.4e)=o.eem
,l Solution:
3
y=0,99-0.23
3'
i ln design of port and harbor facilities,
L5m Y = +0,76 m. @tevdionot RWL) seismic effects must be taken into
DLT=1
D consideration. lf A is equal to the dead
I .5m Rwt,
weight, B is equal to surcharge, and C is
MIIW 1.80
0.30 1t3(E) equal to design seismic coefficient, lind
H=1.45+h 0.30m
0_10 =l/l(1.8) the seismic force using seismic coefficient
method.
LlvL= A.i0
According to the tide table (1991) of

| =n*o'u D=3-0.30
NA['lRlA, the port of Cebu has a frequertcy
ol tide below MLLW is 213 t[mes/year. The *a) n+9 .r (i.r.1.
1.45 + h
=h+0.25
prds,nt data observed by the PPA reveals 2 )'
3 D=2.70n theloflowing results: A+B
Elev. of HWL = + 1.30 n (High water level) b) d) (A+28)c
1.45+h=3h+0.75
Elev. of RWL = 0,74 m (Residual water tevel)
2 ).
2h=0] Determine the present elevation of tide
Residual Water Level below MLLW using a sheet pile type
h = 0.35 m. < 0.40 m. ok analysis.
Pile
Elev. of DLT = - 0.35 m.
 Solu#on; The magnitude of surcharge during
ea(hquake in designing port and harbor
facilities.
Determine the elevation of the residual a) Double the surcharge considered
water level (Rttll) Ior a sh'eet pile type if the without earthquake
From the figure shown, compute the following data are as follows; b) Times 3 of the surcharge
distance from the top of the structure Elev. of ULL$I (datum)= 0.00 m considered without earthquake
o.71
(quay) to the residual water level (RWL} Elev. of HWL = + 1.26 m
* % the surcharge considered
Use gravity type method. Elev. of LWL =. 0.23 m 2t3H
cl of earthquake
without
h d) 1/3 of the surcharge considorod
without earthquake
{f)esign kNtiLl()
 
3ro PORTS AND HARBOR OFaTS AND HARBOR 311

Marine Structures oori and Bollards

A dock which is similar to a wharf and Type of dolphins which are not designed
Bollard is the mooring fitting for
often referred to as such, is backup by for the impact of the ship, as they located
mooring ships during a storm installed
A term used to describe a marine structure at the outside or outside/inside of the
ground as it derives its name from the very in back of the face of the dock where they
for the mooring or tying up of vessels, for befth far from the water line and "bitt"
nature or supporting ground in the back of will not be hit. They are located about 45'
loading and unloading cargo or for it. . is installed close fo the waterline of
embarking and disembarking passengers. offthebowandstefh. "
-''i ''i) ' ' theordinary be used for mooring ships
berth tacondition.
a) Dock a) Bulkhead
,;' .j a) Beasttru dolPhins
in
b) Pier [9
c)
b) Groin @' ry Moorlng dotPhins
t
Wharl
B€ d/
c) Jetty
c) Fixed mooring berth ,..,]lr;r;r:]lli@Iif, ,, ri,
Allaftheabove d) Breakwater
d) Bollards

M ffi
A dock which is parallel to the shore, 2"
which can be used for docking on one side
Mari;r.e structures for modring vessels Fry?iKF"I
qri,p
only, A marine structure consisting of dolphins I
lqr il.k-4 ,t'rl
I

lor tying up the ship and a platform for

a) Bulkhead * c/ Wharf
rg= a, Dolphins supporting the cargo handling equipment. DOURI-Ii MOORING RIT"I SINGI-r: MOORINC BITT

b) Pier d) Jetty b) Groin

c) Jetty a) Breasting dolphins
d) Breakwater b) Mooring dolphins
#
,,.rtl ....,
-"% i;r:i,I"
*c) Fixed berth
d) Bollards
mooring trffi. r]CILA:TS
ffi;;1'
A dock which projects into the water,
which may be used on docking for both CORNER MOORINC
POST
sides.

a) Bulkhead Type of dolphins which are designed to

rg- b/ Pier take the impact of the ship when docking
c) Wharf and to hold the ship against a broadside A breakwater is a structure constructed for
d) Breakwater wind. Therefore, they are provided with the purpose of forming an artificial harbor
fenders to absorbed the impact of the ship with a water area so protected from the
 ffiffii[
and to protect the dolphin and the ship effect of sea waves as to provide safe
from damage. accommodations for shipping. When a
breakwater supports a roadway, this is
An arlificial basin for vessels when the *a/ Breasting dolphins called:
DOABLE RI'TT BOI,LARI)
basin is pumped out. b) Mooring dolphins
a) Quay
* a/ Drydock
c)
d)
Fixed mooring berth
Bollards
b) Pier .:.. -':
-M':- -.
. -:' :::>

b) [g
a::-a.

Wet dock c) Mole

c)
d)
Quay
Jetty
d) Jetty CI,EAT
flP S)
"L5smm#,-.l
OPEN CHOCX

312 PORTS AND HARBOR PORTS,A,ND HARBOR 3r3

m
C) Sloping Lobe:
3,2OO Protlem
(:ORNI|II MOORING At a small quay wall where the mooring A type of mooring bollard which is suitable
POS'f l.ost/.D cil(x:K
l.ost/.D
ropes may not be pulled upward, then what for warping ships along berths a single
type of bollards are used? pillar type is used with lines lrom one ship
only. General mooring application where
llollords rope angle is not steep. lt has a normal
M.-.-r::::'',::;'.' POWLR (\IPI'TAN
max. working capacity of 200 tons.

All general mooring apptications

including steep rope angles. Lines from
*a) Single and double pillar
Iwo shrps may be attached without b) Tee-head

i.. MOORING BOL1ARDS interference. c) Sloping lobe

d) None of the above

Ke el
A) Singte and Double piflar:
a)
b)
Single mooring bitt
Tee-head shape
3'2Ol ,,$. oblem
c) Sloping lobe
A type of mooring bollard where all general
Generally when bollards are pulled upward lg d) Single pillar Upe mooring applications including steep rope
as shown, then what type of bollards are angles. Any one bollard should preferably
used? be allocated to lines from one ship only. lt
has a normal maximum working capacity
of 150 tons.

The mooring fitting for mooring ships a) Single and double pillar
General mooring applications where during a storm installed at the outside or
rope angles ls nol sfeep. Single piltar type outside/inside of the berth far from the Dg' b) Tee-head
should be used with lines from one ship water line is called: c) Sloping lobe
only. Suitable for warping ships along
berths, etc. a) Bitt
d) None of the above

lS b) Bollard
B) Tee-head: Keel c) Cleat
d) Closed chock &f,ot
 A typi of mooring bollard where all general
a) Single mooring bitt mooring applications including steep rope
r€ b, Tee.head shape
angles and lines from two ships may be
aftached without interference. lt has
c)
a
Sloping lobe
The mooring fifting for mooring ships normal max. capacity of 200 tons.
d) Single piilar during a storm installed close to the water
All general mooing applintions line ol the berth. a) Single and double pillar
including steep rope angtes. Any one b) Tee-head
bollard should preferabty be allocated to  € a) Bitt D€ c) Sloping lobe
line from one ship only. b)
c)
Bollard
Cleat
d) None of the above

d) Closed chock

314 PORTS AND HARE}OR PORTS AND HARBOR 315

Marine Structures
 ,2,1i Prirhlsm
A platform built parallel to the shore or
breakwater within the harbor to berth The physical conliguration of the seabed, A berth structure projecting out from the
The structure that protects the harbor from vessels is called: the measurements of deplhs of water in the shoreline.
ocean, etc. and also information derived
stormy waves and permits calm in the
harbor is called: from such measurement,
a) Groin c) Breakwater

rs
a) Dock
b) Wharf [g d) Pier
b)
ElfJ m
I)-6.5(tni ilAflAOR
\.ntL@Miel bL,. ks
c) Whart
Quay *a) Bathymetry
d) Jetty Shore b) Oceanography
c) Hydrology Problerii
d) Fathomology
A sheltered place where the ship may
a R L A K t|,A
t|, A n: k w tL I tI ilR,\ ? o I \- receive or discharge cargo. lt includes the
a) Dock * c/ Breakwater
A rubble mound and or a concrete harbor with its approach channels and
structure that protects the harbor alea anchorage places.
b) Wharf d) Jetty from wave action,
A vertical post to which the eye of a
* a) Port c) Basin
mooring line can be attached.
b) Harbor d) Quay
Problem
* a) Bollard
A solid structure, which projects into the b) Dolphin
sea perpendicular to the shore to berth c) Gravity wall
vessels, is called: BRt:IXtal ERtfll H TLTRA\(DS
d) Tetrapods
A sheltered place where the ship may
col,el ttone
a) Groin * cl Breakwater receive or discharge cargo. lt includes the
b) Bulkhead
d) Jetty
i
harbor with its
anchorage places.
approach channels and

A shore protection structure usually built a) Groin c) Breakwater

perpendicular to the coastline to retard rg' o) Quay d)
a) Dock c) Breakwater A structure for retaining or to prevent ea(h
Jetty

b) Wharf rs d/ Jetty or fill from sliding into water.

littoral transport of sedimentary matefials.

* a) Groin c) Breakwater
b) Bulkhead d) Jety
A platform deck structure built below
 or
A platform built in the harbor parallel to the the top deck level and supported on
shore and backed up by ground is called: bearing piles. The main function of tho
1Yrk.il sr:(1()N(tr i ilMxtikQttr
platform is to reduce the lateral eoll
pressure over the upper portion of the
A berth structure which projects out into sheet wall.
8T I,XIil'AD S'I'K]mD BYllg RON the water from the shore, or a berth
a) Dock structure at some distance from the a) Sea wall
b) Wharf a) Breasting dolphin shoreline is called: b) Quay

 A c) Quay
b)
[S c) Bulkhead
a) Groin c) * c) Relievingptatlorm
d) Jetty Breakwater Breakwater
d)
b) Bulkhead rg 4
Revetment
d) Berth structure Jetty
 

322 PoRTS AND HARBoR ()RTS AND H,AREIOR 323

s,ip
Determine the following: 8m

' O Total length, L ofthe pier

@
r,.
Compute the approximate length of lhe
,:r
Total width, W of the pier
@ Width of slip, S anchor chain of a ship having a length of
c a
.1)
120 m.
1t
. ., . .
..,i
t
i.i
{i Truilsit
Sfud
o I
:

 ..1 L
g d\

:
a
()
tl li il
r.,]

".ii v , lj
26m
Solutionr
Solution: .l&i r*i
{'}
liln r:.. :

Length of anchor chain = 1.5 length of ship

O Length L of the pier 3m
"e{d**
-
So/ufion:
r 01.87 Length of chain 1 .5(120) ' 18A m. bng
Clearance = 0. 1 0Lr (length of largest ship) -w
) b
Clearance = 0.10(180) = 18 m, Width of pier:

Total length ofpier= 180 1 120 + 18 + 25 + 25 W:87.87+8+8

W = 103.87 m.
Total length of pier. 368 m.

.3) Width of slip S

s
t_
S,28+30
Length and Width of Pier S=2122)+30=74m.
and sli
ll R l(ln R
{l: r) {2lm)

The length of the cargo vessel afloat has a L=190+25+25 When more than one shiP is to be
length of 180 m. lt is required to determine accommodated along the berth, determine Breast mooring lines are used to reduce the
230 m.
sway motions be
 the dimensions of the two.berth pier L= the minimum clearance length between the sway and yaw motions and should
perpendicular to the sh,p.
shown using the following data: adjacent ship if one ship has a length of
@ Widlh oi the pier "W" 180 m. and the other ship has a length of Spring mooring lines are used to reduce the
Width of apron on the sides for two-way
Area of transit shed: 200 m. surge motion of the ship along the berth
traffic:a=8m. ,
A = 8400(2) for2 berths (ship)
l--i-2111. 1...
front. They should be as Parallel as
Width of apron on the truck loading
A = 16800 m2
posslble to the berth front. The angle
area: e=12.8m. between the berth front and the shtpslde
Width of apron on the truck loading 128+y+26.230 should be equal lo or /ess than 10" .
area:c=26m. y = 191.20 lines these can be used in
PIT:R
Headaddition
and sfern = and breasl ltnes to
to the spring
Beam (width) of ship: B =22m. A=by Solufion: reduce the shrp s motlon.
Area of transit shed = 8400 mz for one 16800 = b(191.20) Clearance = 0.1 0 of the longest length of ship
berth b - 87.87 m. Min. clearance = 0.10(200) . 20 m.

324 P()RTS I\ND HARB()R PORTS AND HARBOR 325

Elements of Standard Ships 3.238 Froblem  .2*l Ploblcnt $r2rt5 ;P;s[ orr
ip Relation to its Depth of
The backward motion of a ship is called
Floatation The reduction of under keel clearance due The point at the front end of a ship is
to the suction effect induced by the higher called:
3.235 Problem
current velocity between the sea bottom
and the ship.
1tn1 . tut\hil,

lrrlq. Millilt.

The maximum
level to the highest point offrom
distance the at
the ship water
the * a/ Sguat
b) Trim c)
d)
Aft
Keel ';n,
prevailing draft. Alt I oNa.d
ltt
(rtcroll ltn*Ih

*a) Air draft 3.239 Problem otttult l(ngth

b) Scantling draft
ul Designed draft
The difference between the aft and the
forward draft.
d) Ballast displacement
1t . t,
.

5ii{1,1llt-19rfl o,,-r I ifl:]r:r rrl:r.l . a)

b)
Ahead
3.236
r'rir.1i

Problem ,\ t
Bow
a) Portside * c) Asfern
The draft for which the structural strength tr b) Bow d) Aft
of the ship has been designed. c) Slern
d) Starboatd
a) Air draft
[] b) Scanttingdraft _ lr: ,

Designed l'l

c) draft *a) c) Stern 3,Ul Problem The right side of the ship when facing
lLr,r'ri..- ..,'',1f,iiillli,,,.,' b) Bow d) Astern
to
lowards the bow of the ship is called:
The distance from the stern the
ht'lt2-1ri|)
midships.
3;240 Problem
l:' ,Dtu1: ,ilt*
The point at the backend of a ship is _l)-_,
,,"1

,.237 Problem, called:

Bthl
 .@,
ililhhi,
The draft for which the fundamental design - -'
,tlt t tt*drt
parameters of the ship are based.
o'oatt ieasth
lar t 1.
a) Air draft ' )tr
b) Scantling draft
e€ c) Designed draft :-il. . l,
d) Trim draft J
a) Portside
lll L

\r il tr.. 1...,, I
b) Aft
\1, ,|',,,i

,
\l . ,. ,
a)
b)
Forward
Bow c)
ng d,
Astern
Starboardside
*c)
',t-
a) Trim Stern c) Astern
s
f,.cl

) Bow d) Astern d) Aft

 

32A PoRTS AND H,rrrison 329

oRTS AND HARBOR

3.258 3.260 Problem o* a) Step type beach and bar tYPe D) HFIAVIN(; and Dll'PlN(

beach
The zone from landward boundary of The area between the offshore and the low
foreshore to the coastline, where waves b) Step type beach and shallow tYPe
tide shoreline, where waves break and long t
will reach during stormy weath'er is called beach '',
shore bars or steps are formed is called:
c) Bar type beach and shallow tYPe
  ,| ttt ll tttr | l 1: .. .\ t .1.t:.. - l_t\l t: beach ttia
d) Shallow type and trough tYPe
i
bLufl:r htt0\ beach
l*ttr

EI SWAYIN(;

.t\
it:
Motion of Ships Caused bY (
a) On shore Seawater Waves
On shore
b)
a) lnshore rs. bJ lnshore l) St;R(;lN(;
D€ c) Backshore
c)
d)
Backshore
Foreshore
d) Foreshore A) ROI,I,ING
, -r

3.259', Problenr When a model beach is constructed with -.L,i

natural sand
over in wave channel exposed to
The area on the ocean side where waves waves a along period of time, the I}) PITCHIN(;
do not break normally. tn many cases, the beach profile will approach an equilibrium
bottom slope is comparativety gentle is condition corresponding to thi waves
called: acting upon it. This equilibrium condition
of the beach is classified into two types.
- t .r^t nr, \tt,\'- t,q,,tt..a, til ttr. t \lt.,t
-
3.2612 Problem
-t

plane
 The movement in the horizontal of a
ship moving fonvard or backward at sea
under the impact of current, waves, and
Strp ttltt beodt wind gusts moving is called:
(tutrtutl lx,ut h)
C) YAWING
a) Pitch
0s b) Surge
a) 0n shore
c) Sway
b) Long shore
l,ore beucfi. d) Yaw

*c/ d) Offshore
Fore shore
Tr.'oyrgh
_ ' ,

llor t.vpc btut.h

Islornt b?.u.h)

30 PORTS.AND HARBOR PORTS AND HARBOR 331

&263 Principal Dimensions of B) Container ShiPs

The horizontal motion of the ship along its

Vessel
The movement in the horizontal plane of a
ship which tends to rotate the ship about longitudinal axis caused by seawater
its vertical axis due to impact of current, waves is known as:
waves and wind gusts is called:
a) Yawning ,* cl Surging
Pitching
a)
b)
Pitch
Surge [9
c)
d)
Sway
Yaw
b) d) Heaving

3t&8  ,1 tt,qt lr httt tLt ptt]ttntl itu kt r't

OtLnrll ltirvlr
1..

The vertical motion of the ship up and

down caused by seawater waves is known
Dead Weight Full
as; Overall lVlolded
The movement in the vertical plane of a Tonnage Load
ship, which tends to move it up and down a) Yawning c) Surging (DWT)
Length Breadth
Draft

due to impact of current, waves, and wind

gusts 1s called; b) Pitching Bls d) Heaving
lircc boaril Mold.d Depth
30000 tons
40000 tons
218 m
244 m
30.2 m
32.3 m
11.1m
12.2m
tons 266 m 32.3 m 13.0 m
a) Pitch * cl Heave
Iill l0 d draft
60000 tons 286 m 36.5 m 13.8 m
b) urge d) Roll
Moldcd Brerdth
The motion of the ship, which tends to
rotate the ship about its longitudinal axis
due to seawaterwaves is known as:
A) Cargo ShiPs C) Passenger ShiPs
he movement in the vertical plane of a a) Yawning * cl
b) Pitching d)
Rolling
Heaving
ship, which tends to rotate the ship about
its transverse axis due to the impact of
current, waves and wind gusts, is calledl

'* al Pitch c) Heave

Ihe motion of the ship, which tends to
b) Surge d) Roll
rotate the ship about its traverse axis
caused by seawater waves is known as: Dead Weight Full
Overall lVolded
 a) Yawning c) Rolling Tonnage
(DWT)
Length Breadth Load
Draft
 S b) Pitching d) Heaving 1000 tons 67m 10.9 m 3.9 m
2000 tons 83m 13.1 m 4.9 m
Gross Full
The motion, which cause the ship to rotate 5000 tons 109 m 16.8 m 6.5 m Overall Molded
Tonnage Load
about the vertical axis of the boat, which is 10000 tons 137 m 19.9 m 8.2 m Length Breadth
(GT) Draft
caused by seawater waves. 12000 tons 144 m 21.0 m 8.6 m
20000 tons 180 m 25.7 m Bm
The motion of the ship, which tends to 185 m 27.5 m 1.0 rn
30000 tons 1
28.4 n 8m
*al Yawning
move hsrizontally on its sides caused by
40000 tons 200 m 29.9 m 11.8 m
30000 tons
50000 tons
207 m
248m 323m Bm
seawatgr waves.
b) Pitching 90000 tons 249 m 38.1 m 14.7 m 70000 tons 278m 35.2 m 8m
c) Surging a) Yawning *c/ $waying
100000 tons 256 m 39.3 m 15.1 m
d) Heaving b) Pitching d) Heaving
150000 tons 286 m 44.3 m 16.9 m
 

36 PORTS I\ND HAREIOF? PORTS AND HARBOR

337
3.279 GE Bgard May'2O{$, Vol. displaced in seawater: Solution: When the cargo uesse/ ls a/ lhe fresh
May'20{6 W. V (sp.gr.) y,, water the total weight is only W2.

20000(1000) = Vr(1 03)(1000)

I{r=200I[0 kg
A ship having a displacement of 20000
Wz=200,000-ry
Vt = 19417.48 m3
metric tones enters a harbor of fresh water.
W2= 272368k9
The ship captain recorded a draft of 9.4 m.
while the ship was still in seawater Vol. displaced in fresh water: B.F. Wz= 272368
= 1,03). Obtain the draft in rneters (sp.gr.
of the 20000(1000) = Vz(1000) 1.5 =
272368 = d(8X 1 4X1 000)
ship in fresh water if the horizontal section
V: .20000 m3
of the ship below the water line is 3000 mr d = 2.43 m. (draft in fresh water)
in both instances. V:-Vr=h(A) water
20000 * 1941t .48 = h(3000)
@ Number of bars that il can carry:
h = 0.194 m
Solution: 8m (2)(8)(14X1000)= 200,000 + 14.79x

Draft in fresh water. 8.4 + 0.194

x. 1623 bars

Draft in fresh waler = 8.594 m.

w
.280 eE llov. A container ship 122 m. long and 12 m.
water wide displaced 8500 cubic meters of fresh
A cargo vessel weighing 200,000 kg is 14 m water. lt is placed in a lock 137 m. long
8.4m
Iong, 8 meters wide and 4.5 meters deep. lt BF and 15 m. wide and then loaded with 3640
will transport to Cebu 20 mm diameter by 6 tons of steel.
BFt meters long reinforcing steel bars. (D Pieces ofbars:
.\ea ttaler (.\p. Sr. =, I .0-l)
O lf a draft (submerged depth of the
x = no. of bars

cargo vessel) is to be maintained at 3

meters, how many pieces of the bars *r= N.*t6)(7850)x
can it carry if density of sait u/ater
equal to 1026 kglm3 and steel weighs Wz. 14.79 xkg (wt. of steet bars)
7850 kg/m3. gP
 W1+ Wr=
@ Itlhat is the draft from the cargo 200,000 + 14.19x= 3(8)(14X1026)
vessel
ll..1m
d when one half of its cargo is unloaded x=9786 no.ofbars
in fresh water?.

RFt @ lf the draft of the cargo vessel in fresh ,/) Draft from the cargo vessel: @ Determine the draft of ship before the
water is equal to 2 m., determine the Total weight = Wt + Wz
steel is loaded.
number of bars that it can carry. @ Determine the draft of the ship after the
W= 200,000 + 14.79(9786) steel is loaded.
W= 200,000 + 144736 @ Determine the increase in depth of
water in the lock after the ship has
W = 344136 kg been loaded with steel.

334 PORTS AND HARBOR PORTS AND HARE}OR

339

Solu0bn;

A boat going from salt water (sp.gr. is 1.03)

A ship of 7064 sq.m. horizontal crosr.
sectional area at the water line has a drall to fresh mter (sp.gr' = 1) sinks 7.62 cm'
of 12.35 m in sea water when loaded to r and after burning 72,730 kg. of coal rises
up by {5.24 cm.
capacity. ln the fresh water at the entranca
of the Panama Canal, it is observed that @ Find the original draft in salt unter.
the ship draws 12.6 m. Sp.gr. of sel
water = 1.03. @ Find the original draft in fresh water'
@ Find the original disllacement of ths
boat in sea water.
@ Determine the weight of the ship and
cargo in tonnes.
Solution:
r:2 m
@ Determine the ships displacement ln
' Weight of the ship and cargo in tonnes:
@
r

cu,m. lor fresh waler.

' Original draft in saft water.
V= vol. displaced in sea water ln figure A:
@ With an available water depth in thr
vol. displaced
canal, what
lightered so weight ofship
that the cargo must
can
bc
barely
v + 7064(12.6 - 12.35) =
ii.rs, in fresh water
pass into the lbcks with 0,1 m
y + 1766' vot. displaced in iresh water
clearance below the keel?
W = B.F. = tb3OY rn sea water
RFt
Solution:
A Draft of ship before the sfee/ rs /oadedr W= B.F. = 1000 (V+ 1766)
BF1=W
122(121 il = 8500 1030v= 1000 (y+ 1766) Assume that the cross-sectional area of
V = 58,867 cu.m. the shrp is unifom = A
dt= 5,806 m.

t{= (58,867)(1000) BF1= Y1 Y;

BFr = tg9r,'l,tr,^,
@ Draft of ship afterthe steel is loaded: W= 58,867,000 kg.
BF - 1030 Ay
When the stee/ is loaded: W = 58,867 tonnes

dz=5806-#ffi (r) Shrps disptacement in cu.m. for fresh

ln figure B:

RF water:
dz= 8.292 m.
Sea vdls V= 58,867 cu.m. in seawater
 @ /ncrease in the depth of water: y= 58,867 + 1766
V= 60.633 cu.m. infreshwater BF2= W
122(12)y= [ rezlrsl- 122(12)lx
1464 = 591x
1000(1) [A [
+ 0.0762)] = W

@ Change of weight fron a height of 12'6 m' W= 1000 A (y + 0.0762) e

l'0.404x to 12.4 m.
x+y+5.806=8.292 ln figure C:
wt. of cargoto be lightered:
x+y=2.486
tY= 7064(0.2X1000)
Y=2.486-x
0.404x= 2.486 - x W= 1412.800 kg

I
W = 1112.8 tonnes
1.404x= 2.486 BF
x.1.77 m.
Frush water

4e- PORTS AND HARBOR

W = 1030 Ay Solution:
1030 Ay = 1000 A f + 4.47621

1.03Y=Y+5.9762
0'03Y = 9 9762
y = 2.51

@ Original draft in fresh water. n

Draft=2.54+0.0762 0.3 m

Draft = 2,6162 m.
ia seq \|qter

@ ariginal displacement of the boat in sea

water.
ln O W= 10304(2.54)
W = 2616.24 O

Bft= 1tY -rrrrO 4.8

1000(1) [A 0- 0.0262)] = w -72,730

10004 (y- 0.0762)= W -72,730 CI
in the Panama Canal

ln @ 1000A (2.54 - 0.0762)

= 2616.24 -72730 1 marine ton = 2240 lb. = 9.988 kN

2463.84 = 2616.24 - 7 27 30 10000(e.e88)

vol, drsplaced rn seawater
152.44 = 72730
A= 477.23 m2 Vol. displaced in seawater = 9994.80 m3
= 1 oasgr)

ln@ W=2616.2(477.23)
W = 1,248,529k9
W = 12,248 kN
Vol. displaced in Panama a.rr'=
Tffi
Vol. displaced in Panama Canal = 10181.45 m3