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Fluid Machinery IM#3
Fluid Machinery IM#3
Fluid Machinery IM#3
College: ENGINEERING
Campus: BAMBANG
Lesson 3 presents the kinds of pumps, particularly the different classes of centrifugal pumps
based on specific speed. It also explains the characteristics and performance curves of centrifugal
pumps; pump specific speed; basic laws for similar pumps; and affinity laws. Sample problems follow
the discussion each topic.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES:
V. LESSON CONTENT:
2. Displacement pumps are pumps in which energy level is periodically added by application of force to one
or more movable boundaries of any desired number of enclosed fluid-containing volumes, resulting in a
direct increase in pressure up to the value required to move a fluid through valves or port into the
discharge line.
• Desired to provide a given amount of fluid to a system for each of the pump.
• Made with very close clearances between moving or rotating and stationary parts to minimize
the flow back through pump or slip
• Able to pump against high pressure but the volumetric efficiency is low.
Displacement pumps should be protected with relief valves to prevent damage from overpressure.
I. RECIPROCATION PUMPS
A. A piston and a plunger type reciprocating pump
1. Steam or direct acting – Double acting pumps
a. Simplex
b. Duplex
2. Power or indirect acting pumps
a. Single acting type pumps
i. Simplex pumps
ii. Duplex pumps
iii. Triplex pumps
iv. Multiplex pumps
B. Diaphragm type pumps
1. Simplex pumps
a. Fluid operated type
b. Mechanically operated type
2. Multiplex type pumps
a. Fluid operated type
b. Mechanically operated type
II. Rotary pumps
A. Single rotor type pumps
1. Vane type pumps
2. Piston type pumps
3. Flexible member type pumps
4. Screw type pumps
5. Peristaltic type pumps
B. Multi rotor type pumps
1. Gear type pumps
2. Lobe type pumps
3. Circumferential piston type pumps
4. Screw type pumps
FLUID COUPLING
Fluid coupling can be loosely used to describe any device utilizing fluid to transmit power
CATEGORIES OF FLUID COUPLING
1. Hydrokinetic
2. Hydrodynamic
3. Hydro viscous
4. Hydrostatic
TYPICAL PUMPING INSTALLATION
The following figure shows a typical installation of a pumping system. The check valve is normally installed at
the discharge side near the pump, the gate valve is installed after the check valve.
CATEGORIES OF PUMPS
1. Reciprocating pump is used for low discharge, high head, low speed and self-priming operation.
2. A centrifugal pump is used for high discharge, low head, high speed and not self-priming operations.
3. A rotary pump is used for low discharge, low-head operation, and for pumping viscous liquid like oil.
The types of rotary pumps are
a. Gear pump
b. Screw pump
c. Vane pump
d. Cam pump
4. A turbine pump is used for pumping water with high suction lift, and for pumping condensate
5. A jet pump (injector) is used for pumping boiler feed water and as an accessory for a centrifugal pump
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
The centrifugal pump is a machine in which the pumping action is accomplished by imparting kinetic
energy to the fluid through a high-speed revolving impeller with vanes, and subsequently converting this kinetic
energy into pressure energy either by passing the fluid through a volute casing or through diffuser vanes.
• The impeller imparts velocity to the liquid resulting from the centrifugal force as the impeller is rotated.
• The casing gives direction to the flow from the impeller, and converts this velocity energy into pressure
energy that is usually measured in feet of head.
• The shaft transmits power from the driver to the impeller
• The stuffing box is a means of throttling the leakage that would otherwise occur at the point of entry of
the shaft into the casing. This is not a separate part of the pump, but is made up of group of small details
as follows:
- Packing is the most common means of throttling the leakage between the inside and outside the
casing
- Gland is used to position and adjust packing pressure
- Seal gauge, also called the water seal or lantern ring, provides passage to distribute the sealing
medium uniformly around the portion of the shaft that passes through the stuffing box.
- Mechanical seal provides a mechanical sealing arrangement that takes the place of the packing.
• The shaft sleeve protects the shaft where it passes through the stuffing box. It is used in pump with
packing but often eliminated if mechanical seals are employed.
• The wearing rings keep the internal recirculation down to a minimum. Having these rings as replaceable
wearing surfaces permits renewal of clearances to keep pump efficiencies high. On small types, only one
ring is used in the casing, and on larger sizes companion rings are used in the casing and on the impeller.
• The bearings accurately locate shaft and carry radial and thrust load
• The frame is used to mount unit rigidly and support the bearings
• The coupling connects the pump to the driver.
POWER LOSSES
1. Mechanical Losses include frictional losses in the bearing and packing box it is difficult to predict these
losses exactly so they are usually taken to be 2% to 4% of the BP.
2. Disk friction is the power required to rotate a disk in a fluid. This power is transformed into heat that
may increase the temperature of the fluid.
3. Hydraulic losses are losses on friction and turbulence.
4. Leakage loss lowers the capacity (lps), therefore, increasing the BP. To prevent leaking, close
clearance labyrinth sealing or wearing rings are used.
PUMP EFFICIENCY
Pump efficiency, Ɛ, is the ratio of the pump theoretical power to the pump break power.
Ɛ = WP/BP
Important features:
- Flow from it is continuous
- Its discharge can be throttled without the pump’s building up an excessive pressure or overloading
its driving unit.
TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
1. Volute type – single stage and multi stage
2. Diffuser type – single stage and multi stage
3. Peripheral turbine
4. Mixed flow
5. Propeller or axial flow type
When single suction is insufficient to move a large volume of liquid, two impellers are
used back to back, and suction occurs on both sides. This, then, is the double suction type. Double
suction improves the efficiency, and the axial thrust, in theory, Balance. However, because of
structural complications, double suction is not used in other volute-type pumps.
1. Enclosed impeller
• The vanes are supported between two disk or shrouds so as to form closed passage between
them.
• The impeller is efficient with minimal spread of performance between units.
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 8 of 18
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair use of copyrighted work of Republic Act
8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No3.: MECH05-2S-2021-2022
• Liquid containing foreign matter cannot be handled at all. This is used only for fresh water.
• Spread of performance between units is higher than that of the closed impeller.
• Liquid containing slight amounts of foreign matter can be handled without clogging.
- Specific Speed Ns is the speed in rpm at which geometrically similar pumps impellers operate to
develop one foot of head when discharging one gallon per minute.
- All wheels with the same specific speed have the same efficiency except for variations due to
viscosity of the fluids.
Formula:
𝑁√𝑄
1. English Unit, N = 𝐻 0.75
Where, NS = specific speed, rpm
N = pump speed, rpm
Q = Pump capacity, gpm
H = (HT/n) = Pump head per stage, ft.
HT = Total head of the pump, ft
n = number of stages
𝑁√𝑄
2. SI Unit, Ns = (51.65523641) ( )
𝐻 0.75
Where:
NS = specific speed, rpm
N = pump speed, rpm
Q = Pump capacity, m3/s
H = (HT/n) = Pump head per stage, m.
HT = Total head of the pump, m
n = number of stages
Examples:
1. Determine the specific speeds of the following single stage pumps and specify the type of pump that
would probably be used for each:
Solution:
𝑁√𝑄 1150√3500
1. For pump A, Ns = = = 2150 rpm
𝐻 0.75 1000.75
Pump type: Francis type (1500 to 4500)
𝑁√𝑄 885√12000
2. For pump B, Ns = = = 12720 rpm
𝐻 0.75 150.75
Pump type: propeller type (Ns > 8000)
𝑁√𝑄 675√20000
3. For pump C, Ns = = = 5080 rpm
𝐻 0.75 500.75
Pump type: Mixed flow type (4500 to 8000)
𝑁√𝑄 625√9000
4. For pump D, Ns = = = 6780 rpm
𝐻 0.75 180.75
Pump type: Mixed flow type (4500 to 8000)
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 10 of 18
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair use of copyrighted work of Republic Act
8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No3.: MECH05-2S-2021-2022
2. A six-stage pump delivers 1500 gpm against a net pressure rise of 700 psi. What is the specific speed if
it rotates 1750 rpm?
Given: 6 stage pumps; Net pressure rise = 700 psi; N= 1750 rom
Required: The specific speed
Solution:
𝑖𝑛2
(700 𝑝𝑠𝑖 )(144 )
𝑃 𝑓𝑡2
Solving for the total head, HT = = = 1,615.4 ft
𝛾 62.4 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3
𝐻𝑇 1615.4
Then, head per stage, H = = = 269.23 ft
𝑛 6
𝑁√𝑄 1750√1500
For the specific speed, Ns = = = 1020 rpm
𝐻 0.75 269.23 0.75
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
• Characteristic performance curves for centrifugal pumps are shown in Figure 3.7. These curves
are shown for a rpm. Changing the pump speed will result in similar curves, with the head capacity
curve shifting up or down when the speed increases or decreases, respectively.
• When a pump with performance curve such as ones illustrated below is installed in a piping
system, its operating point is determined by the so-called system resistance of the piping and the
valves and fittings.
Pump basic laws are derived using the principles of dynamic similarity and dimensional analysis.
These laws only hold true at differing operating conditions as long as the pump efficiency is constant.
AFFINITY LAWS
Affinity laws are used to predict the performance of a pump when operating at a speed other than at
which it is tested.
1. Variation of impeller speed or change in speed without changing the impeller diameter,
𝑄2 𝑁2
• The capacity varies as the speed, Q = N, =
𝑄1 𝑁1
Where: Q1 = Capacity of pump at speed N1, gpm, m3/s, lps
Q2 = Capacity of pump at speed N2, gpm, m3/s, lps
N1= Capacity of pump at which characteristics are known, rpm
N2 = The desired new speed.
• The brake Hp or brake power varies as the as the cube of the speed, P = N 3
𝑃2 𝑁2 3
=( )
𝑃1 𝑁1
General relation:
𝑵𝟐 𝑸𝟐 𝑯𝟐 𝟑 𝑷𝟐
= = √ = √
𝑵𝟏 𝑸𝟏 𝑯𝟏 𝑷𝟏
2. Variation of impeller diameter or changing the impeller diameter without changing the speed
If the impeller diameter is cut, at the same speed, the pumps characteristics will have a definite relation
to its original characteristics.
𝑯𝟐 𝑫𝟐 𝟐
=( )
𝑯𝟏 𝑫𝟏
General relation:
𝑫𝟐 𝑸𝟐 𝑯𝟐 𝟑 𝑷𝟐
= = √ = √
𝑫𝟏 𝑸𝟏 𝑯𝟏 𝑷𝟏
Examples:
3. A DC motor-driven pump running at 100 rpm delivers 500 gpm of water against a total pumping head of
90 ft with a pump efficiency of 60%
a. What motor Hp is required?
b. What speed and capacity would result if the pump rpm is increased to produce a pumping head of
120 ft assuming there is no change in efficiency?
c. Can a 25 Hp motor be used under conditions indicated in item B?
Given:
Required:
a. The Hp required
b. The speed and capacity that would result if the pump rpm were increased to produce a pumping head
of 120 ft assuming there is no change in efficiency.
c. Can a 25 Hp motor be used under conditions indicated in item b?
Solution:
a. For pump Hp,
𝑃1 = (𝜌𝑔𝑄1𝐻1)/33000𝜂
𝑙𝑏
(8.33 )(500 𝑔𝑝𝑚)(90 𝑓𝑡.)
𝑔𝑎𝑙
P1 = = 19 Hp, Use 20 Hp
33000(0.60)
b. For the resulting speed and capacity, using the equation for geometrically similar pumps,
𝐻2 𝑁2 2
▪ Solving for N2, = (𝑁1)
𝐻1
𝐻 120
N2 = N 1 √𝐻2 = (100)√ 90 = 115 rpm
1
𝑄
▪ Solving for Q2, = C; Q1/Q2 = N1/N2
𝑁𝐷3
Q2 = (500) (115/100) = 575 gpm
Pump Capacity: QT = Q1 = Q2
Pump head: HT = H1 = H2
𝑯√𝑸
Pump specific speed: Ns = 𝑯 𝟎.𝟕𝟓
( 𝒏𝒔𝑻 )
2. Pumps in parallel – an arrangement of two or more identical pumps used to increase discharge with the
same head.
Pump Capacity: QT = Q1 + Q2
Pump head: HT = H1 + H2
𝑸
𝑵√𝒏 𝑻
𝑷
Pump specific speed, NS = 𝟎.𝟕𝟓
(𝑯𝑻 )
Example 4.
A pump is to discharge 10 m3/s at a head of 5 m when receiving at 300 rpm,
a. What type of pump will be required?
b. Suppose that the required speed is 350 rpm and mixed flow type is to be used, what could be
done?
Solution:
a. Solving for the pump type
𝑁√𝑄 300√10
Ns = (51.65523641) ( ) = (51.65523641) ( ) = 14655.75 rpm
𝐻 0.75 50.75
- Therefore, use a single suction, single stage, axial flow type pump.
𝑁√𝑄 359√10/2
Ns = (51.65523641) ( ) = (51.65523641) ( ) = 12 090.38 rpm
𝐻 0.75 50.75
- Not applicable for a mixed flow type
𝑁√𝑄 359√10/5
Ns = (51.65523641) ( ) = (51.65523641) ( ) = 7646.63 rpm
𝐻 0.75 50.75
Therefore, use five identical pumps in parallel, single suction, mixed flow type
pumps in parallel.
QUIZ NO.3
d. 1576.67
12. What is the new brake power of a pump mentioned in item 11 if its efficiency is 78%?
a. 139.75 kW
b. 646.97 kW
c. 466.97 kW
d. 319.75 kW
13. Determine the efficiency of a pump if its capacity is 360 lps, head is 61.7 m, and brake power is 257.4
kW.
a. 85.45%
b. 88.35%
c. 84.65%
d. 86.45%
14. In a centrifugal pump, which is true?
a. The pumping action is accomplished by imparting kinetic energy to the fluid by a high-speed revolving
impeller with vanes.
b. The pumping action is accomplished by back and forth movement of the vanes.
c. The pumping action is accomplished by adding energy to the plunger.
d. Pumping action depends on the size of impeller
15. It is a vertical turbine pump with the pump and the motor closed-coupled and designed to be installed
underground, as in the case of a deep well pump.
a. Booster pump
b. Vertical shaft turbine
c. Submersible pump
d. Centrifugal pump.
VII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)
VIII. ASSIGNMENT: Read, Analyze and Solve the problems stated below. Submit the assignment on
or before the deadline.
1. A centrifugal pump, driven by a DC motor, running at 100 rpm delivers 500 gpm of water against a total
pumping head of 75 ft. with a pump efficiency of 68%.
a. Specify the motor Hp required
b. Determine the resulting pump speed and capacity if the pump rpm is increased to produce a
pumping head of 110 ft assuming the efficiency remains the same.
c. Can a 15 hp motor be used under this condition indicated in item b?
2. A plant has installed a single suction centrifugal pump with a discharge of 68 m 3/hr under 60 m head
and running at 1200 rpm. It is proposed that another pump be installed with double suction but of the
same type to operate at 30 m head and delivers 90 m3/hr. determine the following,
a. Speed of the proposed pump
b. Brake power of the existing and the proposed pumps assuming that the efficiency is 82%
c. Impeller diameter of the proposed pump if the diameter of the existing pump is 150 mm
d. Type of the pump.
IX. REFERENCES:
Francisco, Jose R. (2007) Guidebook in Fluid Machinery. C & E Publishing, Inc. 1672 Quezon Avenue.
Disclaimer: this document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed textbooks. The information presented here is merely collection
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