1.

UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

1. A quantity which can be measurable is called physical quantity.
2. To measure any physical quantity a standard of the same quantities are essential and this is called a unit.
3. The numerical value (N) and the unit (U) of a physical quantity are inversely proportional to each
1
other. N (or) NU = constant. N1U 1  N 2U 2 .
U
4. Mass, Length and Time are fundamental quantities.
5. In F.P.S System the Units of mass, length and time are foot, pound and second.
6. In C.G.S System the Units of mass, length and time are centimeter, gram and second.
7. In M.K.S System the Units of mass, length and time are meter, kilogram and second.
8. In S.I System there are seven base quantities and two supplementary quantities as a whole total nine
fundamental quantities.
S.NO PHYSICAL QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL
1. Length meter m
2. Mass kilogram kg
3. Time second s
4. Temperature kelvin k
5. Current ampere A
6. Amount of substance (or)quantity of mole mol
7. matter intensity
Luminous candela cd
8. Plane angle radian rad
9. Solid angle steradian sr
360
9. Radian   57 0181.
2
10. The quantities which can be derived from the fundamental quantities are known as derived quantities.

Multiplication Factors
MULTIPLIER PREFIX SYMBOL
1018 exa E
1015 peta P
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo K
102 hecto h
01 deca da
10-1 deci d
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro 
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f
10-18 atto a
1
11. Dimensions: The powers to which the fundamental units are raised to obtain the unit of a physical
quantity are called the dimensions of that quantity.
displacement length L
Ex: velocity     LT 1 .
time time T
Now the dimensions of velocity are 1 in length and -1 in time.
12. The physical quantities which do not possess dimensions and do not have a fixed value are called
dimensionless variables.
Ex: specific gravity, refractive index, co-efficient of friction, strain etc.,
13. The physical quantities which are having a constant value and possess dimensions are called
dimensional constants.
Ex: Planck’s constant, universal gas constant, gravitational constant, Stephan’s constant etc.,
14. The physical quantities which are having a constant value and do not possess any dimensions are
called non-dimensional constants.
Ex: mechanical equivalent of heat.
15. Dimensionless variables:-
Practical Units of Length:
1. 1 par sec = 3.26 light years.

2. 1 light year = 9.5  1015 meters.

3. 1 micron = 10 4 cm (or) 10 6 m.

4. 1 angstrom unit = 10 8 cm (or) 10 9 nm (or) 10 10 m.

5. 1 Bohr – radius = 0.5  10 10 m used to measure radius of atoms.

6. 1 x-ray unit = 10 11 cm (or) 10 13 m.

7. 1 Fermi = 10 13 cm (or) 10 15 m.

Time is measured with instruments like chronometer and metronome.
Radiation pyrometer, thermopiles and bolometer are the instruments to measure heat radiations.

2
 Dimensional formulae and unit of some physical quantities.
Derived Physical Quantities:

S.I Unit of
S.N Derived Physical Dimensional
Formula physical
o Quantity Formula
quantity

1. Area lXb [ ]

2. Volume lXbXh [ ]

3. Density [ ]

4. Specific Gravity [ ] No units

.
5. Frequency [ ] hertz

6. Angle No units

7. Velocity m/sec

8. Speed m/sec

9. Areal velocity

ℎ
10. Acceleration

11. Linear momentum mXv kg m/sec

kg-m/ or
12. Force mXa
Newton
kg-m/ or
13. Weight w=mg
Newton
Moment of
14. force/Torque/ Force X arm kg
Couple

15. Impulse Force X time kg m/sec or Ns

16. Pressure Force/area N/ or Pa

17. Work Force X distance Nm or Joule

18. Kinetic Energy mv2 joule

19. Potential Energy mgh joule

Gravitational
20. Force X (Length)2 / (mass)2
constant
Gravitational field
21. Force/mass
strength
Gravitational
22. Work/mass
Potential

23. Force constant (k) Force/length

24. Power Work/time W or J/sec

Moment of Inertia
25. Mass X distance2 kg
(I)

26. Stress Force/area N/ or Pa

27. Strain Change in length/orginal length No units

Modulus of
28. Stress/strain N/ or Pa
Elasticity
Lateral strain/longitudinal
29. Poission’s Ratio No units
strain

30. Velocity gradient Change in velocity/distance

kg (or)
Coefficient of
31. Stress/velocity gradient N-sec (or)pascal-
dynamic viscosity
sec or)poiseuille
Kg/sec2, (or)
32. Surface Tension Force/length
N/m
Angular
33. Arc/radius no Units
displacement ( )
Angular
34. Angular displacement/time rad/sec
velocity(ω)
 Angular
35. Angular velocity /time rad/
acceleration(α)
Angular
36. Radius X liner momentum
momentum

37. Angular Impulse Iω

kelvin or degree
38. Temperature --------------- or K
Celsius
Expansion
coefficient (α,β,γ),
39. temperature Strain/ temperature /kelvin
coefficient of
resistance

40. Specific heat

41. Latent heat Energy/mass Joule/kg

42. Entropy Heat/temperature

43. Thermal capacity Mass X specific heat

44. Gas constant

coefficient of
45. thermal
conductivity

46. Pole strength Current X radius Am

47. Magnetic Moment M = m X 2l

weber ; ;
48. Magnetic flux Φ=BXA
J/Amp
Magnetic field,
49. magnetic flux Force / pole strength Tesla;
density (B)
Permeability of
50.
free space
 Magnetic
susceptibility or
51.
volumetric or bulk
χm = μ r − 1 no units

susceptibility χm

52. Electric Charge Current X time Amp sec , coul

53. Electric potential Work/charge Volt

54. E.M.F Work/charge Volt

55. Electric Capacity Charge/potiential Farad

Ohm (Ω) or
56. Electric Resistance V/I
volt/amp

57. Resistivity RA/L Ohm mt (Ω-m)

58. Conductivity 1/ρ Siemens/m

59. Permittivity ϵ0 =q1q2/(4πFd2) farad/m

Electric Siemens (or)

60. Current/resistance
conductance mhos

61. Electric power VxI Watt

Electrical Ohm (Ω) or

62. V/I
Impedance(Z) volt/amp
Electrical 1/Z(Reciprocal of electric Siemens (or)
63.
admittance impedance) mhos
weber/amp or
64. Self-Inductance(L) e=L
Henry
Boltzmann’s
65. ENERGY/TEMP J/kelvin
constant

66. Stefan’s constant

Co-efficient of dimension
67. = ,N=Normal reaction no units
friction less scalar
Dielectric constant
dimension
68. or relative ----------- No units
less
permittivity
69. Planck’s constant h=E/υ J.sec (or) eV.sec

70. Refractive index μ no units

Distance between center of the

71. Focal length(f) L meter
lens(mirror) to its focus
The reciprocal of the focal
72. Power of a lens (P) length of a lens in meters is diaptors
called power of a lens; p=1/f

73. Wave number No.of waves/distance

74. Wave length Length of a wave L meter

Applications of Dimensional Analysis:

1. To Check the Correctness of an Equation.
2. To convert one system of into other system.
3. To derive equations.
Principle of homogeneity of Dimensions:
All the terms on either side of an equation must be the same dimensions. The physical quantities
having only units and no dimensional formulae are plane angle and solid angle.
The physical quantities having no dimensional formulae and no units are
1. Strain
2. Relative density (or) specific gravity
3. Poisons ratio
4. Coefficient of friction
5. Refractive index
6. Reynolds number
7. Relative permeability.
8. Susceptibility.
9. Dielectric constant etc.,
The physical quantities having same dimensional formulae
 LEVEL - I
1. The dimensional formula for viscosity is
1) MLT-2 2) ML-1T-1 3) MLT 4) MLT-1
2. The dimensional formula for Newton’s gravitational constant G is
1) MLT2 2) ML2T-2 3) M-1L3T-2 4) ML3T-2
3. The dimensional formula ML2T-2 stands for
1) Surface tension 2) viscosity 3) Work 4) Young’s modulus of velocity
4. Dimensional formula of angular momentum is given by
1) M0L0T0 2) ML2T-1 3) ML0T-1 4) ML-1T0
5. Wavelength of certain light ray is 800A0. The same in microns is
1) 0.8 2) 0.08 3) 0.008 4) 8X10-4
6. Which of the following is dimensionally correct?
1) pressure = energy/unit area 2)pressure = energy/unit volume
3) pressure = force/unit volume 4) pressure = momentum/sec
7. If the unit of force is doubled, units of length and time are increased four times then the unit of mass is
increased by
1) Two times 2) four times 3) six times 4) eight times
8. The unit of energy can be written as
1) gram/cm 2) gram cm2 /sec2 3) gram/sec2 4) gram cm2
9. Which of the following is a dimensional less variables?
1) Strain 2) plank’s constant 3) frequency 4) none
2
10. 420dynes/cm =
1) 42dyne/m2 2) 42 N/m2 3) 4200 N/m2 4) 420 N/m2
11. The unit of gravitational constant
1) Nm2kg-2 2) Nm-2kg2 3) Nm2kg-1 4) N-1m2kg2
12. The quantities having same dimensional formula are
1) work and torque 2) angular momentum and work
3) energy and young’s modulus 4) light year and wavelength
13. The dimensional formula for energy density is
1) ML-1T-2 2) MLT-2 3) ML2T-2 4) ML-2T-2
14. Which of the following is not the unit of energy?
1) Watt-hour 2) electron-volt 3) Newton-meter 4) kgm/sec2
15. erg/sec is a unit of
1) Force 2) Momentum 3) Power 4) Acceleration
16. One shake is equal to
1) 10-10 2) 10-3 3) 10-6 4) 10-8
17. One Torr is equal to
1) 1cm of Hg 2) 1atm pressure 3) 1mm of Hg 4)1 N/m2
18. Which of the following is not the unit of time?
1) Leap year 2) microsecond. 3) Lunar month 4) Light year
1Nanometer
19. is equal to
1 Attometer
1) 106 2) 108 3) 107 4)107

9
20. The unit of radius of gravitation is
1) L 2) L2 3) L-1 4) L0
21. Becquerel is SI unit of
1) X-ray 2) Fission 3) Fusion 4) Radioactivity
22). SI unit of Luminous flux is
1) Lumen 2) Candela 3) Lux 4) Watt
-1
23).MLT represents the dimensional formal for
1) Power 2) Momentum 3) Force 4) Couple
6 2
24). A pressureof10 dyne/cm isequal to
1) 105N/m2 2) 104 N/m2 3) 106 N/m2 4) 107 N/m2
25). A particle has an acceleration of 1.8km/min.2 it’s value in SI units
1) 0.5m/sec2 2) 30 N/m2 3)108 N/m2 4) None of these
26). Wave length of alight ray is0.00006m.it is equal to
1) 6microns 2) 60microns 3) 600microns 4) 0.6microns
27. The dimensional formula for Rydbergs constant R is same as that of
1) Magnetic field 2) Wave number
3) Radioactive decay constant 4) Boltzmans constants
28. Of all the following quantities which one has dimensions different from the remaining three?
1) Energy per unit volume 2) Force per unit area
3) Product of voltage and charge per unit volume. 4) Angular momentum per unit mass
D
29). The density of a system in CGS system is‘d’ and in SI system is ‘D’ then the ratio of is
d
1) 1 2) 1 3) 100 4) 1000
EJ 2
30). If E m J G represents energy, mass, angular momentum and gravitational constant then has
m 5G 2
the dimensions of
1) Length 2) Mass 3) time 4) angle
mg
31. Has the dimensions of
r
1) Surface tension 2) coefficient of friction 3) Weight of a body 4) impulse
32. The dimensional less quantity is
1) Never has a unit 2) always has the unit 3) May have a unit 4) does not exist
33. A unit less quantity
1) Never has a non zero dimensions 2) always has a non zero dimension
3) may have a non zero dimension 4) does not exist
34. The dimensionless quantity is in the following is
1) radian 2) strain 3) Plank’s constant 4) Stefen’sconstant
35.420 N/m is equal to……….dynes/cm2
2

1)4.2 2)42 3) 420 4) 4200

2
36. Velocity of a body is given by V  At Bt  C , Where A, B, C are constants. Now what is the
dimensional formula for ‘A ‘
1) LT-3 2) LT-2 3) LT-1 4) LT
37. The instrument used to measure time is
1) Pyrometer 2) simple pendulum 3) Metronome 4) me lead gauge

10
38. The wavelength of light is 6000A0 then its value in micron is
1) 0.6 2)60 3) 600 4) 6000
39. Which of the following is the unit of energy?
1) J/sec 2) watt-day 3) gram.cm/sec2 4) kilo watt
40. The most suitable unit for expressing nuclear radius is
1) micron 2) nanometer 3) Fermi 4) angstroms
41. Joule –sec. Is the unit of?
1) Energy 2) momentum 3) Power 4) Angular momentum
2
42. joule-sec
1) Impulse 2) Rotational K.E 3) Moment of Inertia 4) Coefficient of friction
43. The dimensional formula for light year is
1) LT-1 2) T 3) M2L2T-2 4) L
2 -2
44. Which of the following has the dimensional formula ML T
1) Bulk modulus 2) coefficient of viscosity 3) Energy 4) Power
B
45. If velocity V  At  , then the dimensional formula for C is
t C
1)T 2) L 3) LT-1 4) L2T-1
46. 72 Km Ph is equal to
1) 22ft/sec 2) 20m/sec-1 3) 105.5ft/sec 4) 259.2 m/sec-1
47. In the following which pair has a different dimension?
1) Linear momentum - Moment of Force 2) Planks constant - Angular momentum.
3) Pressure - Modulus of Elasticity. 4) Work – Torque.
48. Out of the following which quantity is gives by the product of Pressure and Volume
1) Force 2) Power 3) Work 4)Temperature
49. The dimensional formula for P.E
1) MLT-2 2) ML2T2 3) ML2T-2 4) ML2T-3
50. The product of force to velocity has same units as
1) Energy 2) Momentum 3) Impulse 4) Power

LEVEL - II
1. The physical quantity which has dimension formula of ML0T-2
1) Surface Tension 2) Viscosity 3) Work 4) Young’s Modulus
2. The fundamental unit having the same dimensions in dimensional formula of Torque and Electrical
Potential is
1) Mass 2) Length 3) Time 4) Both1&2
3. The energy radiated per united area per sec by a block body is given by E  T 4 , where  are the Stefan’s
constants and T is the absolute temperature. The dimension formula for Stefan’s constant is
1) MT2K-2 2) MT-3K-4 3) MT-3K4 4) ML2T-2K-4
4. If n 1 and n2 are the magnitudes of the physical quantities X1, X 2 then
X1 n1 X 1 n1
1) n2X1 = n1X 2 2) n1X1 = n2X2 3)  4) 
X2 n2 X 2 n2
5. If the unit of length, mass and time is doubled then unit of power will be
1) Doubled 2) Halved 3) Unchanged 4) Increased 3 times

11
6. If the numerical value of work is400 units in a system .If the units of fundamental quantities are
doubled then its value will be
1) 200 Units 2) 400Units 3) 800 Units 4) 100 Units
7. 1 Metric Ton is equal to
1) 1016Kg 2) 1000Kg 3) 116Kg 4) 100Kg
8. Unit of universal gas constant is
1) erg / mol / K 2) dyne / mol / K 3) watt / mol /K 4) None
9. Recognize the physical quantity RCH where R is the Rydberg constant; C is velocity of sound and H is
Planks constant
1) Momentum 2) Energy 3) Velocity 4) Mass defect
10. Among the physical quantity the acceleration is given by …….. , If V is velocity and  is angular
velocity
V V2 
1) 2) 3) 4) V
  V
11. Velocity of a body is given by V = At2+Bt+C where A, B and C are constants. What is the dimensional
formula for ‘A’
1) LT-3 2) LT-2 3) LT-1 4) LT
12. The density of a sphere is 9.7 gm/ c.c in M.K.S system is
1) 0.0097 kg/ c.c 2) 9.7 kg/liter 3) 9.7 kg/m3 4) 9700kg/m3
13. If ‘V’ be the velocity‘d’ diameter and  is the density then the dimensional formula of Vd  is given by
1) MLT-1 2) ML2T-1 3) ML-1T-1 4) ML-1T-2
14. Units of length, force and velocity are doubled then the units of mass is
1) Uncharged 2) doubled 3) halved 4) none
A B C
15. The expression for energy is given by E = m n A . Where ‘m’ is the mass ‘n’ is the frequency and ‘A’
are amplitude then the value of ‘C’ is
1) 1 2) -1 3) 2 4) -2
A B C
16. If ‘m’ is the mass, ‘v’ is the velocity and ‘r’ is the radius and F = m v r . The value of A, B, C are
1) 1,2,1 2),1,-2,1 3) 1,2,-1 4) -1,2,1
 a
17. The Vander wall’s gas equation is given as  P  2 v  b   RT . The dimensions of ‘a’=
 v 
-2 2 -2
1) MLT 2) M LT 3) ML3T-2 4) M-1L2T-2
v2
18. has the dimensional formula of
rg
1) Velocity 2) acceleration 3) angle 4) force
a b c
19. If T = P d E where ‘P’ is the pressure, ‘d’ is the density and ‘E’ is the energy then the values of a, b, c
are
1) 1/2, 1/3, -5/6 2) -5/6,1/2,1/3 3) 1/3,1/2,-5/6 4) 1,-1/2,-1/3
A B C
20. If T=P d S where ‘P’ is the pressure, ‘d’ is the diameter and ‘S’ is the surface tension then the value of
A,B,C are
1) -3/2, 1/2, 1 2)-1, -2, -3 3)1/2, -3/2, -1/2 4) 1, -1/2, -1/3
21. The dimensions of calories is
1) ML2T-2 2) MLT-2 3) ML-2T-1 4) ML2T-1
22. The dimensional formula for electric potential is
1) ML2T-3I-1 2) MLT-2 3) ML2T-2I-2 4) MLT-3I-1
12
23. The value of acceleration due to gravity is9.8 m/sec2, its value in km/min 2. is
1) 35.3 2) 58.8 3) 5.9 4) 17.6
24. The velocity of a body is related V  G A m B R C Where G is gravitational constant; m is mass; and R is
the radius then A, B,C are given by
1) 1/3, 1/3,-1/3 2) 1/2, 1/2,-1/2 3) 1/2,-1/2, 1/2 4) -1/2, -1/2, 1/2
25. If force ‘F’, area ‘a’ and density ‘D’ are taken as fundamental quantities then the dimensional formula
for pressure is
1) FA-2D2 2) F-1AD 3) F-1A-1D-1 4) FA-1D
26. If L = L  e A g B p C Where C is velocity of light; g is acceleration due to gravity and p is pressure, then
A, B, C are given by (L = Length)
1) 2,-1, 0 2) 1, 0,-1 3) -1, 1,0 4) 1,-1,0
-10
27. If the radius of H atom is 0.5X10 then its value in Fermi is
1) 0.5 X 105 2) 5X105 3) 50X105 4) 500X105
28. The unit of intensity level of sound is
1) Bar 2) Decibel 3) Weber 4) Poise
29. Unit of length and velocity are doubled, the unit of time will be
1) Doubled 2) halved 3) unchanged 4) None
30. The dimensional formula for Latent heat is
1) LT-2 2) L2T2 3) L-2T-2 4) L2T-2
31. par sec.is the unit of
1) Distance 2) time 3) coefficient of viscosity 4) Reynolds number
32. Kg wt is unit of
1) mass 2) force 3) velocity 4)acceleration
33. 30mPh is equal to
1) 1.88ft/sec 2) 66ft/sec 3) 44ft/sec 4) 22ft/sec
34. Dimensional formula for capacitance is
1) M-1L-2T4I2 2) ML2T-4I-2 3) M2L2T2 4) M-1L2T4I2
35. Physical quantity having same dimensional formula as that velocity gradient
1) Frequency 2) Time period 3) Decay constant 4) All above
36. If the unit of time, length, mass each can be doubled, the unit of work increased by
1) 5 times 2) 2 times 3) 3 times 4) 4 times
37. The modulus of elasticity is dimensionally equivalent to
1) Stress 2) Surface tension 3) Strain 4)Coefficient of viscosity
38. Dimensional formula for angular momentum is
1) ML2T-1 2) ML3T-1 3) MLT-1 4) ML2T-2
39. ML-1T-2 represents
1) Stress 2) Young’s modulus 3) Pressure 4) All the above.
40. Dimensions of R is same as
1) Frequency 2) Energy 3) Time period 4) Current
41. The physical quantity that has no dimensions is
1) Angular velocity 2) linear momentum 3) angular momentum 4) strain
42. If Vg x h y the value of ‘x and y’ are
1) 1/2, 1/2 2) 1/2, 0 3) 0,1 4) 1,-1
13
43. The dimensional formula for coefficient of viscosity is
1) ML-1T-3 2) MLT-1 3) ML-1T-1 4) MLT-3
44. The fundamental quantity having same dimensions is dimensional formula of Torque and electric
potential
1) mass 2) length 3) time 4) both 1 and 2
45. The dimensional formula for potential energy is
1) MLT-2 2) ML2T2 3) ML2T-2 4) ML2T-3
46. The product of force and velocity has same units as
1) Energy 2) momentum 3) impulse 4) power
0 -2
47. The physical quantity which has the dimensional formula ML T is
1) Surface tension 2) viscosity 3) work 4) young’s modulus
48. The energy radiated per unit area per sec. of a black body is given by E  T 4 where  is Stefan’s
constant and T is absolute temperature. The dimensional formula for Stefan’s constant is
1) MT-2K-2 2) MT-3K-4 3) MT-3K4 4) ML2T-2K-4
49. The unit of energy can be written as
1) gr/cc 2) gr-cc2sec2 3) gr-sec2 4) gr-cm2
50. For the equation F  A aV b d c where F is force, A is area, V is velocity and d is the density .The
dimensions of A, B, C respectively as
1) 1, 2, 1 2) 2, 1, 1 3) 1, 1, 2 4) 0, 1, 1
51. Electron –Volt is the unit of
1) Power 2) Potential difference 3) Electric charge 4) Energy
52. The dimensional formula for Torque is
1) M2LT-2 2) ML2T-2 3) M-1L2T2 4) MLT-2
53. The physical quantities of which one is scalar and the other is vector but possess same dimensions are
1) Linear displacement and angular displacement 2) Torque and Work
3) Impulse and Momentum 4) Power and Pressure
54. Dimensional analysis of the equation (Velocity) = (Pressure)3/2(density) -3/2.Give the value of ‘x ‘ as
x

1) 2 2) 5 3) 4 4) 3
55. There are ………., erg’s in a kilowatt
1) 0.36 2) 36X107 3) 36X105 4) 36X1012
56. The fundamental unit which has the same power in the dimensional formula of surface tension and
coefficient of viscosity
1) Mass 2) Length 3) Time 4) None
57. The SI unit of magnetic flux is
1) weber/m2 2) A-m-2 3) oersted 4) Weber
58. The pair of the physical quantities having the same dimensional formula is
1) Angular momentum and Torque 2) Torque and Entropy
3) Entropy and Power 4) Power and Angular momentum
59. Plank’s constant has the same dimensions as
1) Energy 2) Power 3) Linear momentum 4) Angular momentum
60. Which of the following pair is related as in work and force?
1) Momentum and Velocity 2) Electric potential and electric intensity
3) Impulse and Force 4) Resistance and Voltage

14
61. The unit of luminous intensity is
1) Candela 2) watt 3) lumen 4) ampere
62. The pair of quantities having same dimensional formula
1) Momentum and impulse 2) Momentum and Energy
3) Energy and Power 4) Force and power
63. The Energy, density and Pressure have
1) Same dimensions 2) Different dimensions
3) First two have same dimensions 4) Last two have same dimensions
64. The pair of physical quantities not having the same dimensional formula is
1) Acceleration; Gravitational field strength 2) Torque and Angular momentum
3) Pressure and Modulus of elasticity 4) Last two have same dimensions
65. The time period ‘t’ of a drop of liquid of density ‘d’ vibrates under surface tension ‘s’ is given by the
formula t  d a r b s c where ‘r’ is the radius of drop, if a =1;C = -1 then b =
1) 3 2)-1 3) 4 4)-1/2

LEVEL -I

1) 4 2) 3 3) 3 4) 2 5) 2 6) 2 7) 4 8) 2 9) 1 10) 2 11) 1 12) 1 13) 1

14) 4 15) 1 16) 4 17) 3 18) 4 19) 4 20) 1 21) 4 22) 1 23) 2 24) 1 25) 1 26) 2
27) 2 28) 4 29) 4 30) 4 31) 1 32) 3 33) 1 34) 2 35) 3 36) 1 37) 3 38) 1 39) 2
40) 3 41) 1 42) 3 43) 4 44) 4 45) 1 46) 2 47) 3 48) 3 49) 3 50) 4

LEVEL – II

1) 1 2) 4 3) 2 4) 2 5) 3 6) 2 7) 2 8) 1 9) 2 10) 4 11) 1 12) 4 13) 3

14) 1 15) 2 16) 3 17) 3 18) 3 19) 4 20) 2 21) 1 22) 1 23) 1 24) 2 25) 2 26) 1
27) 1 28) 2 29) 3 30) 4 31) 1 32) 2 33) 3 34) 1 35) 1 36) 2 37) 1 38) 1 39) 4
40) 3 41) 4 42) 1 43) 3 44) 4 45) 3 46) 4 47) 1 48) 2 49) 2 50) 1 51) 4 52) 2
53) 2 54) 4 55) 4 56) 1 57) 4 58) 3 59) 4 60) 2 61) 1 62) 1 63) 2 64) 1 65) 1

15
 2. VECTORS
SYNOPSIS :
1. Scalar: A physical quantity which is having only magnitude and no direction is called a Scalar quantity.
Examples: Distance, time, temperature, mass, area, volume, density, work, power, energy (kinetic and
potential), heat, wavelength, frequency, electric charge, current, electro motive force, resistance, light
intensity etc.,
2. Vector: A physical quantity which is having both magnitude and direction is called as a Vector quantity.
Examples: Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force, angular velocity, angular
acceleration, weight, thrust, tension, impulse, moment of force or torque, velocity gradient,
temperature gradient, magnetic field, electric field etc.,
3. Geometrical representation of a Vector: Any vector can be represented by an arrow. The length of the
arrow gives the magnitude of the vector. And the direction of the vector is given by the angle  which is
the angle made by the vector with the reference line.

“The magnitude or modulus of a vector is a Scalar”.

4. Types of Vectors:
1. Equal Vectors: Two vectors are equal if they possess the equal magnitudes and oriented in the same
direction irrespective of their initial points.
2. Negative Vector: If two vectors are having equal magnitudes and oriented in opposite direction then
they are said to be negative vectors.
3. Proper Vector: Any vector whose magnitude is not equal to zero is known as a proper vector. That

implies A  0.

4. Null Vector (or) Zero Vector: Any vector whose magnitude is equal to zero is known as a Null (or) Zero

Vector. That implies A  0.

Ex: 1.The velocity of a vertically thrown upward body at the highest point (maximum height)
2. The velocity of the bob of a simple pendulum when it is at its extreme position.
3. The linear acceleration of the bob of a simple pendulum when it is at its mean position.
5. Parallel vector: Vectors in the same direction are called parallel vectors.
6. Anti parallel vector: Vectors in opposite direction are called anti parallel vectors.
7. Like vectors (or) Co-directional vectors: The vectors directed in the same direction irrespective of their
magnitudes are called like vectors or co- directional vectors.
8. Collinear vectors: Two or more vectors parallel or anti parallel to each other are called collinear
vectors.
9. Coplanar vectors: vectors lying on the same plane are called coplanar vectors and the plane in which
they lie is called the plane of the vectors.
10. Unit vector: A vector of unit magnitude (magnitude is equal to 1) is called unit vector.
Its purpose is to indicate a specific direction
It has no units and dimensions

  A
If A is a vector then its unit vector in its direction is a  
A

In Cartesian coordinate system i, j, k are the unit vectors along x, y, z axes respectively then
i  j  k  1.

11. Position vector: The vector which is used to specify the position of a vector with respect to some fixed
point is known as position vector.
   
The position vector of a point P(x,y,z) is given by OP  x i  y j  z k and modulus of OP is

OP  x 2  y 2  z 2 .

The vector having initial point P  x1 , y1 , z1  and final point Q  x2 , y2 , z2  is given by

  
PQ  ( x2  x1 ) i  ( y 2  y1 ) j  ( z2  z1 ) k .

12. Polar (OR) Real vector: The vector whose direction does not change in a mirror reflection is called real
or polar vector.
Ex: Force, Displacement, velocity, acceleration etc.,
13. Pseudo (OR) Axial vector: The vector whose direction is fixed by convention and reverses in a mirror
reflection is called pseudo or axial vector.
Ex: Torque, Angular velocity, angular acceleration etc.,
5. Resolution of a Vector: Any vector can be resolved into two mutually perpendicular components which
are known as rectangular components.
The sum of the rectangular components yields to the original vector.

 
6. If A is a vector then the rectangular components of A are given by
 Horizontal component Ax  A cos  .

Vertical component Ay  A sin  .


7. In two dimensional plane a vector A can be shown as the vector sum of the components Ax and Ay
  
i.e., A  Ax i  Ay j . where i and j are unit vectors along x and y axes respectively.

8. The magnitude of Ax  A cos and Ay  A sin  where A is the magnitude of the vector A.

 A 
The magnitude of A is A  Ax 2  Ay 2 and   tan 1  y  .
 Ax 

9. If the vector A is making an angle  with the x- axis and an angle  with the y- axis then the
directional cosines are given by
Ax
A) cos  
Ax  Ay 2
2

Ay
B) cos  
Ax 2  Ay 2

10. cos 2   cos 2   1. sin 2   sin 2   1.

     
11. In three dimensional plane a vector A is given by A  Ax i  Ay j  Az k and A  Ax 2  Ay 2  Az 2 .

Now

(a) The scalar component of A in the x-y plane is Ax 2  Ay 2 .


(b) The scalar component of A in the y-z plane is Ay 2  Az 2 .


( c) The scalar component of A in the x-z plane is Ax 2  Az 2 .

12. If the vector A is making an angle  with the x- axis, an angle  with the y- axis and an angle  with
the z- axis then the directional cosines are given by

Ax Ay Az
A) cos   B) cos   C) cos  
2
Ax  Ay  Az 2 2 2
Ax  Ay  Az 2 2
Ax  Ay 2  Az 2
2

13. And cos2   cos2   cos2   1. sin 2   sin 2   sin 2   2.

14. ADDITION OF VECTORS:

   
1. Vector Addition follows Commutative law, i.e., A B  B  A .

     
2. Vector Addition follows Associative law, i.e.,  A B   C  A  B C  .
   

18
    
3. Vector Addition follows Distributive law, i.e., m ( A B )  m A m B .
  
( m  n ) A  m A n A . Where m and n are scalars.

15. Parallelogram law of Vectors: “If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by the two
adjacent sides of parallelogram drawn from a point then the resultant of those two vectors is
represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from the same
point”.

a) Magnitude of the resultant is given by R  P 2  Q 2  2 PQ cos  .

 
Where  is the angle between the two vectors P and Q .

 Q sin  
b) Direction of the resultant is   tan 1  
 P  Q cos  
 P sin  
c)   tan 1  
 Q  P cos  

Where  is the angle made by the resultant with the vector P .

And  is the angle made by the resultant with the vector Q .

Special Cases:
 
1. If P and Q are parallel (in the same direction) i.e.,   00 . Then R  P  Q .
 
2. If P and Q are antiparallel (in the opposite direction) i.e.,   1800 . Then R  P  Q .
 
3. If P and Q are perpendicular i.e.,   900 . Then R  P 2  Q 2 . And direction of resultant
 
 
Q
  tan 1  
P
 
 
 
  
4. If magnitudes of P and Q are same then R  2 P cos   and   .
2 2
   
5. If magnitudes of P and Q are same and the angle between P and Q is 1200. Then R  P  Q .
   
6. If magnitudes of P and Q are same and the angle between P and Q is 00. Then R  2 P .
   
7. If magnitudes of P and Q are same and the angle between P and Q is 600. Then R  3P .
   
8. If magnitudes of P and Q are same and the angle between P and Q is 900. Then R  2 P .
   
9. If magnitudes of P and Q are same and the angle between P and Q is 1800. Then R  0 .
d) If a string is fixed horizontally between two rigid supports A and B. A load Mg is attached at the
midpoint ‘O’ of the string. The string sags so that the angle between the two equal parts is  . T is the
tension in each part of the string. The resultant of the tensions in the two parts of the string is
2T cos  / 2  .

As the point ‘O’ is in equilibrium, then upward force =

downward force.
Mg
2T cos  / 2 = Mg T
 
2cos  
2

To make the string straight i.e.,   1800 the tension required T= ∞.

e) Triangular law of vectors: “If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by the two
adjacent sides of a triangle taken in order then the resultant of these two vectors is represented in
magnitude and direction by the third side of the triangle taken in the reverse order”.

This law can be extended to three forces that keep a particle in equilibrium.
If three forces act at a point simultaneously and keep it in equilibrium then the three forces can be
taken as the three sides of a triangle taken in the same order.
  
The condition for the three forces to put a particle in equilibrium is P  Q  R  0 .

If number of vectors is more than two, polygon law of vectors is used.

f) Polygon law of vectors: “If a number of vectors are represented by the sides of a polygon taken in
the same order, then the resultant is represented by the closing side
of the polygon taken in the reverse order”.
Subtraction of vectors:
It’s a special type of addition.
Subtraction of vectors is useful in determining the relative velocity.
   
If Q is subtracted from P then the magnitude of P  Q is
R P 2  Q 2  2 PQ cos  .

      Q sin  
If P  Q makes an angle  with P then the direction of P  Q is   tan 1  .
 P  Q cos  
 
1. If P and Q are parallel (in the same direction) i.e.,   0 0 . Then R  P  Q . When two trains are
traveling in the same direction then their relative velocity is equal to the subtraction of the
magnitudes of their velocities.
  
2. If P and Q are antiparallel (in the opposite direction) i.e.,   1800 . Then R  P  Q .When the
two trains are traveling in opposite directions then their relative velocity is equal to the addition
of the magnitudes of their velocities.
 
3. If P and Q are perpendicular i.e.,   900 .

   
Then R  P 2  Q 2 . This gives the condition that  P  Q  P  Q 
 

 
4. If P = Q then R  2 P sin   .
2
5. When a particle performing uniform circular motion with constant speed ‘v’. Then the change in
 
velocity is 2v sin   .
2
6. When a particle performing uniform circular motion with constant speed ‘v’. Then the average
 
acceleration is a  2v 2 sin   / r . .
2
f) Multiplication of Vectors: Multiplication of a vector by another vector is of two types.

1. Scalar product (or) Dot product 2. Vector product (or) Cross product
   
Scalar Product: If P and Q are two vectors the P . Q  PQ cos  . Where  is the angle between the
       
two vectors. In vector form P  Px i  Py j  Pz k Q  Qx i  Q y j  Qz k
 
Then P . Q  Px Qx  Py Q y  Pz Qz .

In performing this multiplication we should note that the dot products between unit vectors i, j and k
are i.i  j. j  k .k  1. and i. j  j.k  k .i  0.

Properties of Scalar Product:

     
1. Scalar product obeys commutative law. If P and Q are two vectors then P . Q  Q . P .
  
2. Scalar product obeys distributive law. If P , Q and R are three vectors then
      
P .(Q  R )  P . Q  P . R .
 
2. Dot product between two perpendicular (   900 ) vectors vanishes. P . Q  0 .

This is the test for orthogonality of two vectors.

   
3. If two vectors P and Q are parallel (   0 0 ) then P . Q  PQ .
   
4. If two vectors P and Q are anti parallel (   1800 ) then P . Q   PQ .

21
  
5. P . P  P 2 .
6. Scalar product is negative for the values of 900<  <2700

Ex: Work done W  F .S  FS cos  . Power P  F .v  Fv cos  .

Potential Energy PE  mg .h  F .h . Magnetic flux   B. A .
     
Vector Product: If P and Q are two vectors the P Q  PQ sin  n = R .Where  is the angle between
  
the two vectors. n is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane formed by P & Q .
  
P , Q and R form a right handed triplet. If we hold our right hand’s thumb, fore finger and middle
  
finger mutually perpendicular to each other then the three vectors P , Q and R lie along the fingers in
the given order.
       
In vector form P  Px i  Py j  Pz k Q  Qx i  Q y j  Qz k

i j k
    
P Q  Px Py Pz  ( Py Qz  Pz Qy ) i  ( Pz Qx  Px Qz ) j  ( Px Q y  Py Qx ) k .
Qx Qy Qz

    
Then P Q  ( Py Qz  Pz Q y ) i  ( Pz Qx  Px Qz ) j  ( Px Q y  Py Qx ) k .

In performing this multiplication we should note that the cross products between unit vectors i, j and k
are i  i  j  j  k  k  0. and i  j  k , j  k  i, k  i  j. similarly j  i  k , k  j  i, i  k   j.

Properties of Vector Product:

1. Vector Product is not commutative.
         
If P and Q are two vectors then P Q  Q P . But P Q   (Q P ) .

2. Vector product obeys distributive law.

         
If P , Q and R are three vectors then P (Q  R )  P Q  P R .
     
3. Vector product is not associative. P (Q R )  ( P Q )  R .
 
4. Vector product is vanishes if two vectors are parallel (  00 ) then P Q  0.
   
5. If two vectors P and Q are perpendicular (   900 ) then P Q  PQ .
   
7. If two vectors P and Q are anti parallel (   1800 ) then P Q  0 .
   
8. Area of the parallelogram with adjacent sides P and Q is equal to P Q .

22
   1  
9. Area of the triangle with adjacent sides P and Q is equal to P Q .
2
     
Ex: Angular momentum L  r  p . Linear velocity v   r .
     
Torque   r  F . Force on a charge F  q ( v  B ).

IMPORTANT POINTS:
 
  P Q
  P .Q
1. Angle between two vectors P and Q is given by the relation cos   (or) sin   .
PQ PQ
     
2. Three vectors P , Q and R are coplanar if P .(Q R )  0.
 
  P .Q
3. The projection of P along Q is  P cos   .
Q
 
  P .Q
4. The projection of Q along P is  Q cos   .
P
  Px P P
5. Two vectors P and Q are parallel if  y  z = K (+ ve )
Qx Qy Qz

  Px P P
6. Two vectors P and Q are Anti parallel if  y  z = K (- ve )
Qx Qy Qz

     
7. If P Q  P . Q then the angle between vectors P and Q is 450.

     
8. If P  Q  P  Q then the angle between vectors P and Q is 900.

 
  P Q
9. The unit vector parallel to the resultant of two vectors P and Q is  
.
P Q

 
  P Q
10. The unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the vectors P and Q is  
.
P Q

   
11. ( P Q ) 2  ( P . Q ) 2  P 2 Q 2 .

21. MOTION OF A BOAT IN A RIVER:

 
Let u be the velocity of boat in still water and v be the velocity of water in river. If boat moves in that
 
river, its resultant velocity is u  v  u 2  v 2  2uv cos  .

23
  
If the boat is moving in downstream then u  v  u  v

d
Time taken to cover a distance d is t1  .
uv
 
If the boat is moving in upstream then u  v  u  v .

d
Time taken to cover a distance d is t2  .
uv
To cross the river along the shortest path boat should move along a direction making an angle
(900   ) with the stream direction.

v
Then sin    . and the resultant velocity of the boat is u2  v2 .
u 
d
The time taken by the boat to cross the river along shortest path is t  .
u 2  v2
When the boat crosses the river along the shortest path, time of crossing is not shortest.
To cross the river from one bank to other bank in shortest time, boat should move at right angles to the
stream along the path AB.
d v
Shortest time t  . and tan   . the resultant velocity of the boat is u2  v2 .
u u
d
Drift of the boat x  d tan   vtmin  v . Resultant displacement d 2  x2 .
u
  
22. Lami’s Theorem: If the forces P , Q and R keep a particle at”O” in static equilibrium then
P Q R
  . A
sin  sin  sin 

23.SINE Theorm : b c

= =
C a B

24.RAIN and UMBRELLA PROBLEM :

VM = Velocity of man ; VR = Velocity of rain
VRM = Relative velocity of rain w.r.t. man
θ = tan -1 (VM / VR ) VRM = VR - VM VRM2 = VR 2 + VM 2
 LEVEL - 1
1. Choose the correct statement
1) Two vectors of unequal magnitudes can give zero resultant.
2) The magnitudes of A and –A are equal, and their components have equal magnitudes and opposite in direction
3) The magnitude of a vector changes if the units in which it is expressed changes.
4) A unit vector has units and no dimensions
2. 1.The components of a vector may be of a scalar nature or a vector nature
2. We can add any two vectors
3. Three vectors lying in the same plane can five zero resultant?
4. Adding a component of a vector to the same vector meaningful.
1) 1& 2 are true 2) 3 &4 are true 3) 1&3 are true 4) 1&4 are false
3. If the component of a vector P along the direction of the another vector Q is zero, then the two vectors are
1) Parallel 2) AntiParallel 3) perpendicular 4) Inclined at 450
4. The angle between two non-zero vectors P and Q is 2400and their resultant is R
1) R may be equal to | − | 2) R may be greater than | − |
3) R must be less than | − | 4) R must be equal less than | − |
5. If P=P+Q
1) | |is always greater than | | 2) | |is always equal to | |
3) | | < | | | | < | |Are possibilities 4) | | is never equal to P+Q
6. A and B are two vectors. b is unit vector in the direction of B. The projection of A on B is
1) A X b 2) A.b 3) Ab 4) None of these
7. ( × ) + ( − ) is
1) Equal to zero 2) | × | 3) A2B2 4) | . |
8. If a.b=a.c, then
1) b = c 2) b must be a null vector 3) a must be a null vector 4) b need not be equal to c
9. The components of the two vectors forming a vector product are reversed
1) The vector product changes 2) the vector product equal to zero
3) The vector product does change 4) the vector product cannot be defined
10. The angle between × and × is

1) 2) 0 3) 4)

25
11. Distributive law is obeyed by
1) Scalar product of two vector 2) Vector product of two vectors
3) Addition of vectors 4) All of these
12. Resultant of n number of vectors is zero
1) n may be equal to 2, and the vectors may have different magnitudes
2) n may be 3, and all the vectors must lie in the same plane.
3) n may be 2, and the vectors must be of equal magnitude and opposite in direction
4) Resultant of (n-p) vectors must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the resultant of p vectors
1) Only a is possibility 2) only b is possibility
3) Only c is possibility 4) b, c and d are the possibilities
13. The physical quantities are known as vectors
1) If they have only a is magnitude
2) If they have only a is magnitude and direction and need not obey triangular law
3) If they have only direction
4) If they have magnitude and direction and should fallow triangular law
14. We can speak of the direction of time in terms of past to future.
1) It is implied that time has a direction and it is a vector.
2) Time is simultaneously a scalar and a vector too.
3) Through past to future can be assigned a direction, time is not a vector because time intervals do
not follow triangular law.
4) We cannot be certain that weather time is a scalar or a vector.
15. A vector A points vertically upward and B points towards north. The vector product × is
1) Along west 2) along east 3) zero 4) vertically down wards
16. The magnitude of the Scalar product of two vectors A and B may not be
1) Greater than AB 2) equal to AB 3) less than AB 4) equal to zero
17. The magnitude of the Vector product of two vectors A and B may not be
1) Equal to zero 2) equal to AB 3) less than AB 4) Greater than AB
18. One of the following is not commutative
1) A+B 2) A.B 3) A B 4) mA, m is a scalar

19. The angle between A+B and A-B IS

1) 00 2) 1800 3) 900 4) between 00and 1800
20. Let and be the angles made by A and –A with the positive X-axis, then
1) ≠ 2) = 3) = 4) =

26
21. Two vectors P and Q are of equal magnitude and the angle between them is . The angle between P
and Q with their resultant is

1) 2 2) 3) 0 4)

22. Two vectors are parallel to each other which of the following statements is true?
1) The dot product of the two vectors is zero
2) The sum of the of the two vectors is zero
3) One vector is the scalar multiple of another vector.
4) The cross product of the two vectors is not equal to zero
23. Identify the scalar quantity
1) A.B 2) A X B 3) 4A 4) 4B
24. One of the following is the Scalar product of two vectors
1) Torque 2) Magnetic Flux 3) Angular momentum 4) Magnetic moment
25. The dot and cross product of two vectors are equal when the angle between the two vectors is equal to
1) 00 2) 450 3) 900 4) 1800
26. If the magnitudes of A and B are a and b respectively, the magnitude of the resultant vector is always
1) Equal to (a+b) 2) less than (a+b)
3) greater than (a+b) 4) not greater than (a+b)
27. Two vectors A and B are at right angles to each other
1) A + B = 0 2) A – B = 0 3) A X B = 0 4) A.B = 0
28. Two vectors A and B lie in a plane. A third vector C lies outside this plane. Then the sum of these vectors A + B + C
1) Can be zero 2) can never be zero
3) Lies in a plane containing A + B 4) lies in a plane containing A – B
29. When a body is rotating in a plane about a fixed point, its angular momentum is directed along
1) The radius 2) the tangent to the orbit
3) The axis of rotation 4) line at an angle 450to the axis
30. Two vectors A and B are parallel to each other
1) A.B = 0 2) A X B = 0 3) A – B = 0 4) A + B = 0
31. A train moves with a speed . Rain drops appear to fall at an angle with the vertical when viewed
through the train’s window. The speed of the rain drops from the reference frame of the earth is

1) 2) 3) 4)

32. The Scalar component of a vector A are =− − . The magnitude and direction
of the vector are

1) 17m; 2) 17m; 3) 13m; 4) 13m;

27
33. The vector difference A – B

1)− −√ 2) −√ 3) √ − 4) − + √
34. A = 2i + 2j + 2k. The magnitude is

1) 8 2) √ 3) 12 4) √
35. A = + + , its magnitude is

1) 3 2) √ 3) 1 4) 2

36. B = √ +√ +√ . Its unit vector is

1) 2) 3) 4)
√ √

37. A= + + , its unit vector is

1) 2) 3) 4) + +
√ √

38. The minimum and maximum of the resultant of two vectors A and B are 1 and 5. The magnitude of
A and B respectively.
1) 4, 1 2) 3, 3 3) 3, 2 4) 4, 2
39. Two vectors of magnitudes 12unit and 5 units are oriented in such a way that their resultant is 13
units. The angle between them is
1) 600 2)900 3) 1800 4) 2400
40. Two vectors of magnitudes 3unit and 4 unit respectively. If the magnitude of the resultant is 1
unit, the angle between them is
1) 00 2) 900 3) 1800 4) 450
41. Two vectors are of magnitudes 24unitsand 7unit. If the angle between them is 90 0, their resultant
is of magnitude
1) 17unit 2) 7unit 3) 4unit 4) 25unit
42. A = + − and B = − + . The resultant is
1) − + − 2) − + 3) − − − 4) + +
43. A = + + and B = − + . Then the magnitude of resultant is

1) √ 2) √ 3) √ 4) √
44. A = + − and B = − + . Their resultant is
1) − + + 2) + + 3) − + − 4) − +
45. = + + and = − + . The magnitude of their resultant is

1) √ Units 2) √ units 3) (√ + √ ) units 4) (√ − √ ) units

46. A = + − and B = + − . Then the magnitude of A – B is
1) 2 2) 1 3) 3 4) 0

28
47. Negative vector of − − + is
1) − − 2) − + − 3) − + + 4) + −
48. A = − + . Its Negative vector is
1) − + − 2) − − 3) − − − 4) − − +
49. If = + , the angle made by its negative vector with positive X-axis is
1) 450 2) 600 3) 2250 4) 3150

50. If =√ + , the angle made by Its Negative vector with positive X-axis is
1) 300 2) 600 3) 2100 4) 2400
51. In the above question, the magnitude of P and magnitude of its negative vector are respectively
1) 2, -2 2) -2, 2 3) 2, 0 4) 2, 2
52. Three forces P, Q and E keep a body under equilibrium. If = + + and
= + − Then E is
1) + − 2) − − + 3) − + 4) − + +
53. One of the following three number sets represents the magnitude of the two vectors and their
resultant respectively.
1) 3, 4 and 8 units 2) 3, 4 and 10 units 3) 3, 4 and 0.5 units 4) 3, 4 and 5 units
54. One of the following sets represented the magnitude of three forces that will keep a body in
equilibrium
1) 7N, 10N, 15N 2) 8N, 6N, 17N 3) 9N, 4N, 3N 4) 4N, 7N, 17N
55. The vector which is in direction of + + is

1) – − − 2) + + 3) + + 4) − − −
56. The unit vector in the direction of the resultant of = + − and = + − is

1) 2) 3) 4)
√

57. In the above equation, the unit vector parallel to P+Q is

1) Only 2) Only 3) ±
Only 4) Only

58. A = + − ,B = + + and C = + + keep a particle in equilibrium. Then the

values of x and y respectively are
1) 3, 5 2) 3, -5 3) -3, 5 4) -3, -5
59. A vector of magnitude 10 units. It makes an angle 300 with the positive X-axis. The x and y
components of the vector are respectively

1) 5√ , 5 unit 2) 5, 5√ unit 3) - 5√ , 5 unit 4) -3, -5 unit

29
60. A vector of magnitude 3 units. It makes an angle 30° with the positive X-axis. The x and y components
of the vector are respectively

1) 3, 1.5 unit 2) 1.5√3, 1.5 unit 3) 1.5, 1.5√3 unit 4) 1.5, √3 unit
61. The X-component of a vector that makes an angle of 60° with the positive X-axis is 10 unit, its Y-
component is
1) 45° 2) 60° 3) 30° 4) 75°
62. The x and y components of a vector are equal in magnitude. The angle made by the vector with
positive x-axis will be
1) 450 2) 600 3) 300 4) 750

63. The modulus of a vector =5 + + 4√2k is 11. The value of p is

1) +8 2) -8 3) ±8 4) 6
64. Six equal forces act on a body simultaneously. The magnitude of each force is 20N. The angle
between any two successive forces is 60°. ℎ
1) 120N 2) 60N 3) 40N 4) 0
65. Unit vector a and b are inclined at an angle , then | + | is

1)2 cos 2) 2sin 3) 0 4) cos

66. The value of | − |, where a and b are unit vectors inclined at , is

1) 2 cos 2) cos 3) 2sin 4) sin

67. If A+B = C and A-B = D, then | | + | | equals to

1) | | + | | 2) | | − | | 3)(| | − | | ) 4) (| | + | | )
68. If = 2 + 3 + 4 = 3 + 7 + 4 are the initial and final position vectors of a particle
respectively, the magnitude of displacement is

1) 31 2) √17 3) √381 4) √31

69. If the magnitudes of the components of a force along north and west directions are 10N, 10N, then
the force is

1) 10√2N, north-east 2) 10√2N, north-west 3) 10√2N, south-east 4) 10√2N, south-west

70. A room has dimension 12m× 4 × 3 . bug starts from one of the corner and reaches diagonally
opposite corner of the room. Its displacement is
1) 19m 2) 16m 3) 13m 4) 12m
71. The position vectors are given by P=i+3j-7k and Q=5i-2j+4k. Then PQ is
1) -4i+5j-11k 2) 4i+5j+11k 3) 4i+5j-11k 4) 4i-5j+11k
72. Two vectors have magnitudes 3 and 4 units. If the magnitude of their resultant is 7 unit, the angle
between them is
1) 180° 2) 90° 3) 0° 4) 60°

30
73. The maximum magnitude of | − | is
1) | | − | | 2) | | − | | 3) | | + | | 4) | | + | |
74. Two vectors have magnitudes 3 and 4 units. If the magnitude of their resultant is 5unit, the angle
between them is
1) 90° 2) 100° 3) 120° 4) 180°
75. If P = 3i+4j-5k, its scalar component in the X-Y plane is

1) 5 unit 2) 7 unit 3) 5√2 4)√34

76. The position vector of a particle is given by r = 2i-j+k. Its directional cosines are

1) 1, − , 2) ,− , 3) , ,− 4) ,− ,−
√ , √ √ √ , √ √ √ , √ √

77. The horizontal component of the weight of a body of mass m is

1) mg 2) mg/√3 3) mg/2 4) 0
78. IF (A+B) – (A – B) = 0, A : B is equal to
1) 1 : 2 2) 2 : 1 3) 1 : 1 4) 1 : 3
79. . ( × ) =
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) Infinity
80. If | . | = | × |, then the angle between A and B is
1) 30° 2) 45° 3) 90° 4) 180°
| |×| |
81.If . = then the angle between A and B is

1) 30° 2) 60° 3) 90° 4) 180°

82. If | × | = | || | then the angle between A and B is

1) 30° 2) 60° 3) 90° 4) 180

83. If . = −| || | then the angle between A and B are
1) in the same direction 2) perpendicular to each other
3) in opposite directions 4) at an angle of 45°
84. . ( × ) =
1) j 2) 1 3) 3 4) 0
85. . ( × ) =
1) k 2) j 3) i 4) 0
86. Two vectors A = 2i+3j-4k and B = 3i+j+ak are perpendicular then the value of a is
1) 4 2)-4 3) 9/4 4) 9/2
87. A = i-3j+k is parallel to B = 3i+yj+zk. The values of y and z respectively are
1) -3, 1 2) -6, 2 3) 9, -3 4) -9, 3

31
88. The angle between A = i+j and positive X-axis
1) 45° 2) 135° 3) 60° 4) 30°
89. A vector of magnitude 4 unit id inclined at an angle of 60°to another vector of magnitude 5 unit. The
magnitudes of dot and cross products of the two vectors are

1) 10, 10√3 unit 2) 10, 5√3 3) 10, 0 unit 4) 0, 5 unit

90. If force = 2i +3j-4k and displacement S = 3i+4j+k then the work done is
1) 14 unit 2) 16 unit 3) 9 unit 4) 10 unit
91. In the above equation their cross product (F×S) is
1) 19i-14j-k 2) -19i+14j+k 3) 9i+j-k 4) 19i+14j-k
92. ( × ) =
1) 2A 2) 1 3) 2B 4) 0
93. If A, B and C are mutually perpendicular, × ( × ) is equal to
1) 2A 2) ABC 3) 0 4) 2A
94. from the adjacent figure the value of | × | | × |
1) 15,12 2) 12, 12 3) 20, 6 4) 12, 20

95. The magnitude of cross product between two vectors is 3 in it and that of dot product is √3. Then the
angle between the two vectors is
1) 30° 2) 45° 3) 60° 4) 90°
96. The angle between a and b is ∅. The value of | × ( × )| is
1) 0 2) ab sin∅ 3) a2bsin∅ 4) a2b
97. If three vectors a, b, c are along the edges of a parallelepiped then the volume of the a parallelepiped is
1) ×( × ) 2) . 3) . ( × ) 4) +( × )
98. cos , cos , cos ℎ , ℎ
1) cos + cos + cos =1 2) cos + cos + cos = −1
3) cos + cos − cos =0 4) cos + cos + cos =0
99. The magnitude of the scalar product of two vectors A and B never be
1) Greater than AB 2) equal to B 3) less than B 4) equal to zero
100. If a is a unit vector than a.a is
1) 0 2) 1 3) infinity 4) -1

32
 LEVEL-II
101. A body of mass 100g is suspended by a string of length 50 cm from a rigid support. It is pulled aside so that it
makes an angle of 60°with the vertical by applying a horizontal force F. The value of F is
1) 1.70N 2) 0.49N 3) 1.00N 4) 0.87N
102. A car moved 2.00 km towards north, made a perpendicular left turn, ran for 500m, made a
perpendicular right turn, moved for 4.00km and stopped. The magnitude of the displacement of the car is
1) 4.52 km 2) 6.02km 3) 6.50 km 4) 2.50 km
103. In the above question, the direction of the displacement of the car is

1) tan ℎ 2) tan ℎ

3) tan ℎ 4)tan (12) ℎ

104. A metal bob of mass 200g is suspended from a rigid support by a string of length 25cm. It is pulled
aside so that it makes an angle of 30°with the vertical by applying a horizontal force F. The tension in the
string will be
. .
1) 0.98N 2) 1.96N 3) 4)
√ √

105. Two vectors of magnitudes 3 and 4 unit make an angle of 90°with each other. The increase in the
magnitude of their resultant if each vector is increased by 10 units is
1) More than 20 unit 2) Equal to 20 unit 3) less than 20 unit 4) zero
106. A boat is to across a river of width 500m. The velocity of the boat is 10kmph. The angle at which the
boat is to be rowed with the direction of river flow velocity so that the boat can cross the river along
shortest path is
1) 120° 2) 135° 3) 150° 4) 60°
107. In the above question, the time taken to cross the river will be

1) hour 2) hour 3) ℎ 4) ℎ
√

108. The resultant of two vectors A and B is perpendicular to A and its magnitude is equal to half of the
magnitude of B. The angle between A and B is
1) 120° 2) 150° 3) 135° 4) 60°
109. The magnitude of two vectors P and Q differ by 1. The magnitude of their resultant makes an angle
of tan with P. The angle between P and Q is

1) 45° 2) 0° 3) 180° 4) 90°

110. A boat which has a speed of 13 kmph crosses a river of width 1km along the shortest possible path
in 12minute. The velocity of the river water in kmph is
1) 12 2) 10 3) 8 4) 6

33
111. A person moves 30 m north, from there 20 m east and finally 30√2m south- west from there. His
displacement from initial position is
1) 10 m east 2) 5 m east 3) 5 m west 4) 10 m west
112. If A = B+C and the magnitudes of A, B and C are 5, 4 and 3 units respectively, the angle between A
and C is

1) cos 2) 3) cos 4) sin

113. If the magnitudes of A, B and C are 12, 5, 13 unit respectively and A + B = C, then angle between A
and B is
1) 0° 2) 180° 3) 90° 4) 45°
114. A man can swim directly a stream of width 100m in 4 minute when the water is still. He can swim
the stream along the shortest possible path in 5 minute when the water is flowing. The velocity of the
current of water in the stream is
1) 15ms-1 2) 5 ms-1 3) 2.5 ms-1 4) 0.25 ms-1
115. A man can row a boat in still water with a velocity of 8 kmph. Water is flowing in a river with a velocity of 4
kmph. If the width of river is 500 m the shortest time in which he can cross the river will be

1) 1/8 hour 2) 1/16 hour 3) ¼ hour 4) 1/8√3 hour

116. In the above question, he should row the boat at an angle of ______ with the river flow velocity
1) 30° 2) 60° 3) 90° 4) 45°
117. A boat takes 14 hour to cover the distance between two places on a river bank. If the velocity of the
boat in still water is 35 kmph and the velocity of water in river is 5 kmph, the distance between the two
places is
1) 100km 2) 240km 3) 220km 4) 180km
118. A particle is moving on the circumference of a circle of radius r centred at O with constant speed v.
The change in velocity of the particle moving from A to B through an angle 60°is
√
1) v 2) 2v 3) √3 4)

119. A car is moving eastwards with a velocity 15ms-1. If turns towards north in 10s and continues to
move with a speed of 15ms-1. The average acceleration is

1) ms-2 towards north –east 2) ms-2 towards north – west

√ √

3) ms-2 towards south – west 4) zero

√

120. Two forces of 10 N act an angle of 120°with each other. The magnitude and direction of the
resultant with respect to one of the vectors are

1) 10 N, 30° 2) 10√2 N, 60° 3) 10N, 60° 4) 20√2 N, 60°

121. Two forces 1N and P N act at a point. The magnitude of their resultant is 1N and it is perpendicular
to 1 N. The magnitude of P and the angle between the two forces are

1) √2 , 150° 2) 1 N, 135° 3) √2 , 120° 4) √2 , 135°

34
122. Two forces whose magnitude are in the ratio 3 : 5 give a resultant of 35 N. If the angle between
them is 60°, their magnitudes are
1) 3 N, 5 N 2) 9 N, 25 N 3) 15 N, 25 N 4) 21 N, 35 N
123. To a man walking at 7kmph due west, the wind appears to blow from the north – west but when he
walks at 3 kmph due west, the wind appears t blow from north. The magnitude and actual direction of
wind are

1) 5 kmph, tan ℎ 2) 5 kmph, tan north of east

3) 4 kmph, tan east of north 4) √58 ℎ tan north of east

124. A shower of rain appears to fall vertically down wards with a velocity of 12 kmph on a person
walking west wards with a velocity of 5 kmph. The actual velocity and direction of the rain are
1) 7.5 kmph, clockwise to vertical 2) 13 kmph, anticlockwise to vertical
3) 13 kmph, clockwise to vertical 4) 17 kmph, clockwise to vertical
125. A body of mass 5kg starts from origin with an initial velocity of 30i + 40j ms-1. If a constant force
F = -6i – 5j N acts on the body, the time in which the y-component of velocity becomes zero is
1) 5 s 2) 20 s 3) 40 s 4) 8 s
126. A force F = 6i – 8j + 10k N produces an acceleration of 1 ms-2 on a body. The mass of the body would be

1) 200 kg 2) 20 kg 3) 10√2 kg 4) 6√2 kg

127. A man is travelling at 10.8 kmph in a topless car on a rainy day. He holds an umbrella at an angle of
37° with the vertical to protect himself from rain which is falling vertically down wards. The velocity of
rain drops is (cos 37° = 4/5)
1) 3 ms-1 2)4 ms-1 3) 5 ms-1 4) 6 ms-1
128. Wind is blowing from west to east along two parallel tracks. Two trains moving with same speed in opposite
directions have the same steam track of one double that of the other. The speed of each train is
1) Equal to that of wind 2) double that of wind 3) Three times that of wind 4) half that of the wind

129. A boat takes 2 hours to travel 12km and back in Still Water Lake. The time taken for going upstream
of 12km and back when the water velocity is 6 kmph will be
1) 160 minute 2) 60 minute 3) 320 minute 4) 100 minute
130. A body of mass m is suspended by a string of length l and pulled aside through a distance r by means
of horizontal force F. Then the tension in the string is
√
1) 2) 3) 4) √

131. In the above problem, the horizontal force applied is

√
1) √ 2) 3) 4)

35
132. A particle is moving east wards with a velocity of 5 ms-1. In 10 s the velocity changes to 5ms-1 north
wards. The average acceleration in this time is

1) 0 2) ℎ−
√

3) ℎ− 4) ℎ
√

133. An aero plane starting from a point travels towards north –east with a velocity of 400 kmph. Another aero
plane starting from the same point travels towards north –west with a velocity of 300 kmph. The relative velocity
of the first aero plane with respect to the second aero plane is (tan 37° = ¾ )
1) 500 kmph making an angle of 8° clock wise with west
2) 500 kmph making an angle of 8°anti clock wise with east
3) 500 kmph making an angle of 8° anti clock wise with west
4) 500 kmph making an angle of 8° anti clock wise with north

134. The greatest and least resultant of two forces acting at a point are 29 N and 5 N respectively. If each force is
increased by 3 N, the magnitude of the resultant of new forces acting at right angles to each other is
1) 45 N 2) 35 N 3) 15N 4) 25N
135. A pendulum is suspended from the roof a railway compartment moving horizontally with
acceleration ‘a’. If the pendulum makes an angle with the vertical then
1) = 2) = 3) = 4) =
136. A sphere of mass 2 kg is suspended freely from a rigid support by means of string of length 50 cm.
The horizontal force required to displace it through 25 cm horizontally is
. .
1) 2) 3) 19.6 N 4) 9.8 N
√ √

137. A man can row a boat is still water with a velocity of 8 kmph. Water is flowing in a river with a
velocity of 4 kmph. At what angle should he row the boat so as to reach the exact opposite point?
1) 120° in clock wise direction to flow of water 2) 120° in anti-clock wise direction to flow of water
3) 30° in anti-clock wise direction to flow of water 4) 30° in clock wise direction to flow of water
138. In the above question if the width of the river is 500 m, the time taken to cross the river in shortest path is

1) 125/3 sec 2) 125/√3 sec 3) 150√3 sec 4) 150/√3 sec

139. A string is fixed horizontally between two points rigidly. A load of 10 N is attached to the string at its
mid point. The two parts of the string make an angle of 60° with each other. The tensions in the two
parts of the string are

1) 10, 10 N 2) , N 3) 5, 5 N 4) 0, 0 N
√ √

140. A uniform wire of diameter 1 cm, length 50 m made of a material of density 7.9 g/cm3 is fixed between two
vertical poles. If its sag at the midpoint is 1 m what is the tension in the two parts of the wire?

1) 1875 N 2) 7500 N 3) 3750 N 4) 0

141. In the above question, if the wire is to be made horizontal, the tension required will be
1) 0 2) infinity 3) 37500 N 4) 75000 N

36
142. A photo frame of mass 500g is hung from a nail on a wall using a string. If the angle between the
two parts is 90° then the tension in the two parts of the string is (g = 10 ms-1)

1) (2.50) √2 N 2) (1.25) √2 N 3) 2.50 N 4) 1.25 N

143. The plane which can be formed with the vectors A = 3i – 4j + 2k, B = 2i – j – 6k and C = 5i – 5j – 4k is
1) Quadrilateral 2) Triangle 3) Circle 4) Ellipse
144. The vector i + 2j + 2k, 2i + j – 2k and 3i + 3j form
1) Quadrilateral triangle
2) Circle
3) right angled triangle with each of the remaining two angles 45°
4) right angled triangle with each of the remaining two angles 60° 30°
145. When a force F = 2i + 3j + k N acts on a body and produces a displacement of S = i + j + k m, the work done is
1) 9 N 2) 6 N 3) 8 N 4) 0
146. A motor boat is going in a river with a velocity V = 7i + 2j -5k ms-1. If the resisting force due to stream
is F = 9i + 3j – 3k N, the power of the motor boat is
1) 13 W 2) 69 W 3) 12 W 4) 84 W
147. The angle between two vectors P = 3i + 2j + k and Q = i + 2j + 3k is

1) cos 2) sin 3) cos 4) sin

148. A force F = 2i + 3j – 4k N acts on a body changing its position from (1, 1, 2) to (2, 1, 3). The work done is

1) + 2j 2) – 2 j 3) 1j 4) 2√2 j
149. The area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are represented by A = 2i + j – k and
B = i + 2j – 3k is of magnitude

1) √35 Unit 2) √35/2 unit 3) √53 unit 4) √73 unit

150. In the above question, the area of the triangle formed by the same vector is

1) √35 Unit 2) √35/2 unit 3) √53 unit 4) √73 unit

151. The position of a particle is given by r = i + 2j – k and its momentum p = 3i + 4j – 2k. The angular
momentum of the particle is perpendicular to
1) X -axis 2) Y - axis 3) Z – axis 4) a line at equal angles to all axes
152. If A = 3i + 4j and B = 7i + 24j, then the vector having the same magnitude of B and parallel to A is
1) 15i + 20j 2) 15i – 20j 3) 20i + 15j 4) 20i – 15j
153. A = 3i + 4j is perpendicular to one of the following vectors
1) 4i +3j 2) 3i – 4j 3) -3i + 4j 4) 4i – 3j
154. The displacement of a change Q in an electric field = + + = + . the work done is

1) Q (ae1 + be2) 2) ( ) +( ) 3) ( + )√ − 4) + ( + )

37
155. An electron is moving with a velocity of 2 X 105ms-1 along +X – direction in the presence of
magnitude of the force experienced by the electron is
1) 1.18 X 10-13N 2) 1.28 X 10-13 N 3) 1.6 X 10-13N 4) 1.73 X 10-13N
156. The unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the vectors A = 4i – j – k and B = i + j – 4kis

1) 5 − 5 + 5 2) 3) ± 4)
√ √ √

157. The angular velocity of a body is = + 2 − . The linear velocity of a particle whose position
vector = 2 + + 3
1) 7 − 5 − 3 2) 7 + 5 + 3 3) 7 − 5 − 3 4) −7 + 5 + 3
158. A body has uniform angular acceleration about an axis of rotation due to the force = 5 − +
acting at a point whose position vector is = + 2 + .the torque acting on the body is
1) -3i + 3j + 11k 2) 3i + 4j – 11k 3) -3i – 4j + 11k 4) 3i - 3j + 11k
159. A force F = i + j – 2k is acting on a body at a point whose position vector is =2 + . The moment
of the force about a point represented by position = + 2 +
1) 4i + 4j + 2k 2) -4i – 2k 3) -4i - 4j – 2k 4) 4i + 2k
160. Given that A + B + C = 0, out of three vectors two are equal in magnitude and the magnitude of third
vector is √2 times that of either of the two having equal magnitude. Then the angles between vectors
are
1) 300, 600, 00 2) 450, 600, 900 3) 450, 600, 950 4) 900, 1350, 1350

LEVEL-I
1)2 2)3 3)3 4)2 5)3 6)2 7)3 8)4 9)3 10)1 11)4 12)4 13)4 14)3
15) 1 16) 1 17)4 18)3 19)4 20)2 21)4 22)3 23)1 24)2 25)2 26)4 27)4 28)2
29)3 30) 2 31) 3 32) 3 33) 1 34) 4 35) 1 36) 1 37) 3 38) 2 39) 2 40) 3 41)4 42)4
43)3 44)2 45) 1 46)2 47)4 48) 1 49)3 50) 3 51) 4 52) 2 53) 4 54) 1 55) 2 56)2
57) 3 58) 4 59) 1 60)2 61)3 62) 1 63)3 64)4 65)1 66)3 67)4 68)2 69)2 70)3
71) 4 72) 3 73) 4 74) 1 75) 1 76) 2 77) 4 78) 3 79) 2 80) 2 81) 2 82)1 83)3 84)4
85) 1 86) 3 87) 4 88) 1 89) 1 90) 1 91) 1 92) 4 93) 3 94) 2 95) 3 96) 3 97) 1 98)1
99) 1 100) 2
LEVEL -II
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 5) 3 6) 1 7) 2 8) 2 9) 4 10) 1 11)4 12)3 13)3 14)4
15)2 16)3 17)2 18)1 19)2 20)3 21)4 22)3 23)1 24)3 25)4 26)3 27)2 28)3
29)1 30)4 31)1 32)3 33)2 34)4 35)1 36)2 37)2 38)3 39)2 40)3 41)2 42)1
43)2 44)3 45)2 46)4 47)1 48)2 49)1 50)2 51)1 52)1 53)4 54)1 55)3 56)4
57)1 58)2 59)2 60)4

38
 3. FRICTION
1. Friction: - Friction is a force which opposes the relative motion between two surfaces in contact.
2. Frictional force is a self adjusting force until the surfaces in contact are rest.
3. Frictional force is due to;
A) Interlocking of irregularities of one surface over another.
B) Inter molecular forces OR E.M forces.
C) Adhesive forces between the two contacting surfaces.
4. Frictional force exerted by fluids is called ‘viscous forces’.
5. Frictional force always opposes the relative motion, but sometimes it acts along the motion of the
body. EX: When a person pedaling a bicycle and the bicycle is moving towards east ,Then the
direction of frictional force;
I) on front wheel is towards west.
II) On rear wheel is towards east.
6. Frictional force is a tangential force.
7. Frictional is a non conservative force.
8. Thus the work done against the friction is converted in to heat.
9. The frictional force is proportional to normal force. i.e., F  N.
10. Friction is independent of contacting area, if the normal reaction is constant.
11. Frictional force depends upon;
I) Nature of contacting surface.
II) Impurities present on the surface.
NOTE:-
Nature of the material means
A) Degree of polishing.
B) State of roughness.
C) Temperature.etc.
TYPES OF FRICTION:-
Friction is three types,
1) Static friction:-
I) A static friction comes in to play when external force applied on the upper surface, where the two
surfaces in contact
II) It is a self adjusting force.
III) The max. Static friction is known as ‘Limiting friction’.

39
 IV) The frictional force is directly proportional to normal force. i.e.
fs  N
 Fs   s N
Fs
s 
N
Where s is coefficient of static friction.

2) Dynamic Friction:-
I) The friction that acts where there is relative motion between two surfaces is called
Dynamic OR kinetic friction.
II) It is not a self adjusting force.
III) The kinetic friction is independent of velocity of sliding body.
IV) It is difficult to set a body in to motion than that of maintain its uniform motion,
because s  k

V) The frictional force is directly proportional to the normal force i.e

fk  N
 Fk  k N
Fk
k 
N
Where  k is coefficient of kinetic friction.

3).Rolling friction:-
I) when one surface rolls on other surface, then the frictional force act between them is called Rolling
friction.
II) It is inversely proportional to the radius of rolling body,
III) It is not a self adjusting force.
IV) The rolling friction depends upon the area of contacting materials.
V) The rolling friction decreases when the area of contacting surface is small.
VI) The rolling friction is small for rigid bodies.
VII) The frictional force is directional is directly proportional to normal force.i.e.
Fr  N
Fr  r N
Fr
 r 
N
Where r is coefficient of rolling friction.

s , k , r Have no units and dimensions and the order is s  k  r

40
ANGLE OF FRICTION:-
The angle made by the resultant of normal reaction (R) and the frictional force Fs with the normal
reaction is called “angle of friction (  ).

I) This angle of friction in case of inclined planes is called as “Angle of Repose”.

II) The angle of friction OR angle of repose is equal to the coefficient of static friction  s .

Fs  s R
 tan     s
R R

FORMULAS OF FRICTION
HORIZONTAL SURFACE: - Let us consider a block of material of mass ‘M’ on a Rough Horizontal surface,
by making an angle  with horizontal surface as shown in fig.

A) Force applied by making some angle:

I) The object is moving with uniform velocity, then

Fs  s N  F

Case I:-Now the pulling force is

F=Fs=  s (mg  F sin  )

Case II: - Now the pushing force is,

F= Fs =  s (mg  F sin  )

II) If the object is moving with uniform acceleration then,

Fs= F cos 
Case I: - Now the pulling force is
  s mg mg sin 
F  
cos    s sin  cos(  )

Case I:-Now the pushing force is,

s mg mg sin 
F= 
cos   s sin  cos(  )

B) Force applied along the Horizontal surface:

Here a force P is applied parallel to the surface then the motion of the object is depends upon the
values of applied force (P), Frictional force (Fs) as fallows,

If P  FS then the body does not move

If P= Fs then the body ready to move and the body will move with uniform velocity.
 P=Fk =  k mg

If P  Fs the body move with uniform acceleration.

 P  ma  Fs =m( a  k g ).

C) IF the body moving with some velocity on a horizontal surface, where the retardation is equal to  g.

1
A) V – U = -  gt B) V2 – U2 = -2  gs C) S = Ut -  gt 2 D) a    g
2
D) If a horizontal force F is applied on a body to move it horizontally, where the velocity of the body
changes U to V, then
1 2 1 2
1) ( F  Fk )S  mv  mu If there exist external force
2 2
1 2 1 2
2)  Fk  mv  mu If there is no external force
2 2
F  Fk
3) V  U  ( )t
m
4) Work done (W) =  mgs Where S is the distance traveled by the object,
III) SMOTH INCLINED PLANE:-
Let us consider a body of mass ‘m’ on a smooth inclined plane. As shown in fig.

Here the acceleration of the body is,

a   g sin  , In upward direction.

a  g sin  , In downward direction.

And normal force ‘N’ is balanced by mg cos  .

CASEI:-If the object moves with uniform velocity, then

F = mg sin 

CASE II: - If the object moves with uniform acceleration, then

F = m( g sin   a ) . In upward direction

F = m( g sin   a ) .In downward direction.

CASE III:-

Velocity of the body (V) = 2gh = 2 gl sin  .

2l 1 2h
Time taken by the body to reach the bottom (t) = 
g sin  sin  g

Work done due to the gravitation is (W) = mgl sin  .

MOTION OF A BODY ON A ROUGH INCLINED PLANE

Let us consider a body of mass ‘m’ on a rough inclined plane where as angle of inclination is  and angle
of Repose is  .as shown in fig.
If   The body does not moved on the surface.
If   The body ready to slide with uniform velocity.
If   The will move with uniform acceleration.
CASE I: - If the body will move with uniform velocity (   ).
The frictional force is equal to the applied force. i.e.
Fs = F = mg sin   s mg cos .

Velocity of the body (V) = 2k gs sin  .

V
Time taken by the body to reach the ground is (t) = .
g sin 

CASE II: - If the body will move with uniform acceleration (   ).

The acceleration of the body in downward direction is (a) = g (sin    k cos  ) .

The acceleration of the body in upward direction is (a) = g (sin   k cos  ) .

Force required to move the body in downward direction F = mg (sin    k cos  ) .

Force required to move the body in upward direction F = mg (sin    k cos  ) .

CASE III: - If the body does not move (   ).

In this case the normal force is balanced by mg cos  .i.e.

N = mg cos  . And

The frictional fore is equal to mg sin  i.e.

Fs  mg sin  .

CASE IV: - If the body is moving with uniform acceleration then,

2l
Time taken by the body to reach the bottom (t1) = .
g (sin    k cos  )

2l
Time taken by the body to reach top of the plane (t2) =
g (sin   k cos  )

The velocity of the body to reach the ground (V1) = 2 gh(sin   k cos ) .

The velocity of the body to reach top of the plane (V2) = 2 gh(sin   k cos ) .

Work done by the gravitational force (W1) = mg (sin  )l .

Work done against gravitational force (W2) = k (mg cos  )l .

44
CASE V:-
If an external force ‘P’ is applied on the body parallel to the inclined plane then,

Fig; 1) Force applied in downward direction 2) Force applied in upward direction.

Ma = P  mg (sin   k cos  )

 P  m(a  g sin   k cos  ) ,in downward direction.

And P = m(a  g sin    k cos  ) , in upward direction.

SOME SPECIASL FORMULAS:-

1) If a block of mass’m’ is pressed by a force ‘F’ on two hands as shown in fig. Here the normal
force(N) is balanced by the applied force(F) ,weight of the body(mg) is balanced by the Frictional
force(Fs)
mg
N  2 F And  s 
2F
mg
2) If the block is pressed by single hand then, N  F And s  .
F
3) A trolley is moving with uniform acceleration ‘a’ as shown in fig. And a block of mass ‘m’ is placed
in front of the end which is prevented from sliding then,

mg   s N  s ma  s  g .
a
4) A vehicle of mass ‘m’ is moving in an unbalanced curved path with uniform speed (V), then the
Frictional force (Fs) is balanced by Centripetal force.

mv 2
 Fs  , Where as Fs  s mg .
r
mv 2
If  s mg  then the vehicle does not move.
r
5) A vehicle revolving on a circular path of horizontal, then the frictional force is balanced by ‘mg’then,
gr g
 VMax.  And Max 
 r
 6) If two blocks of masses m1, m2 placed on a horizontal rough surface by using a friction less pulley
as shown in fig.
m g   m1 g
Now the acceleration of the system (a) = 2
m1  m2
m1m2 g (1   )
Tensional force (T) = .
m1  m2
If the two blocks of materials are placed on a rough inclined plane as shown in fig.
then,
m g  (m1 g sin    m1 g cos  )
The acceleration of the system (a) = 2
m1  m2
m1m2 g (1  sin    cos  )
The Tensional force (T) =
m1  m2
BLOCK –ON – BLOCK PROBLEMS:-
Consider a block of material ‘M’ on a smooth surface and a small mass of substance ‘m’ on above ‘M’ and
coefficient of friction between ‘M’ and ‘m’ is  s then,
CASE I:-
If we apply force on lower block as shown in fig.
1) If the blocks will move with uniform acceleration due to the friction then,
a = s g and FMax.   M  m  s g
2) If the blocks will move with different acceleration then,
Acceleration of the upper block = k g .
F  k mg
Acceleration of the lower block =
M
CASE II:-
If we apply force on upper block as shown in fig.
1) If the blocks will move with same acceleration then,
 mg
Acceleration of the system (a) = s
M
 mg
Max. Force of the system FMax  ( M  m) s
M
2) If the blocks will move with different acceleration then,
 mg
Acceleration of the lower block is (a) = k
M
F  k mg
Acceleration of upper block is (a) =
m
CASE III:-
If there exist frictional force between blocks and table then maximum force of two blocks
moving together is
FMax.  (m1  m2 )( 1  2 ) g .

46
 LEVEL - I
1. The maximum value of static friction is called
1) Normal friction 2) Rolling friction 3) Sliding friction 4) limiting friction
2. A body of mass 400gm slides on a rough horizontal surface. If the frictional force is 3 N, the angle made
by constant force on the body with the vertical is ( g = 10 m/sec2)
1) 250 2) 320 3) 370 4) 450
3. Consider a car moving along a straight horizontal road with a speed of 72kmph. If the coefficient of
static friction between tires and the road is 0.5, the shortest distance in which the car will be stopped
(g = 10m/sec2)
1) 30 m 2) 40 m 3) 72 m 4) 85 m
4. The magnitude of the force of friction between two bodies one lying above the other depends up on
the roughness of
1) Upper body 2) lower body 3) both bodies 4) none
5. A weight ‘W’ rests on a horizontal plane. What will be the least force to move the body along the
plane, if the angle of friction is
1) W tan 2) W sec 3) W cosec 4) W sin
6. The wheels are made circular because
1) Less material is used 2) rolling friction is less than sliding friction
3) Easy to move 4) It is easier to move then
7. A force 98 N is required to pull a body of mass 100kg over ice. What is the coefficient of friction?
1) 0.2 2) 0.1 3) 0.4 4) 0.3
8. What is the work done in dragging a body of mass 200 kg through a distance of 80 m on a level road if
the coefficient of friction is 0.25?
1) 9200 J 2) 920 J 3) 39200J 4) 19200 J
9. A body slides down on a rough inclined plane with an angle of inclination of 300 with the horizontal. If

= the acceleration ‘a’ is _______

1) 2.25 m/sec2 2) 1.225 m/sec2 3) 1.25 m/sec2 4) 0.225 m/sec2

10. The use of wheels ball-bearings is based on the fact that sliding friction can be converted in to
1) Dynamic friction 2) rolling friction 3) static friction 4) None
11. A block is string on a inclined plane. When its angle of inclination with the horizontal is decreased
then the component of weight parallel to the inclined plane is
1) Increase 2) decreased 3) remains constant 4) insufficient data
12. Which is suitable method to decrease friction?
1) Polishing 2) lubrication 3) using ball – bearings 4) all above

47
13. If a ladder is not in equilibrium against a smooth vertical wall, it can be made in equilibrium by
1) Increasing angle of inclination 2) decreasing angle of inclination.
3) Increasing the length of the ladder 4) decreasing the length of the ladder
14. The force of friction depends on which of the following of the bodies in contact
1) area 2) density 3) temperature 4) none
15. To move a body of mass 30 kg at constant velocity along the horizontal road. A force of 13.6N is
required. The force of friction between body and the road will be
1) 16.4 N 2) 27.2 N 3) 13.6 N 4) 30 N
16. Static friction is a
1) self adjusted force 2) not a self adjusted force 3) constant force 4) none
17. The frictional force is directly proportional to the
1) Normal reaction 2) Weight of the body 3) applied force 4) all the above
18. A body of mass 10 kg is kept on a rough horizontal plane. If the force required to set the body in
motion is 120 N. (g = 10 /sec2) then the coefficient of static friction is
1) 0.4 2) 0.2 3) 0.1 4) 0.5
19. A body slides down on an inclined plane which makes an angle of 300 with the horizontal; then the
velocity of the body after 3 sec where as = 0.4
1) 0.452 m/sec 2) 4.52 m/sec 3) 45.2 m/sec 4) 0
20. A wooden block is sliding down on a rough inclined plane which makes an angle of 400 with the
horizontal & = 0.2 then acceleration a =
1) 4.8 m/sec2 2) 9.8 m/sec2 3) 4.9 m/sec2 4) 19.6 m/sec2
21. A force of 3 kg weight is sufficient to just pull a block of 5 kg weight horizontally, then coefficient of
friction is
1) 3 2) 6 3) 0.6 4) 5
22. Frictional forces are
1) Conservative forces 2) Non conservative 3) Attractive 4) none
23. Work done against the friction is in the form of
1) Heat 2) Energy 3) radiation 4) all the above
24. Frictional forces exerted by fluids is called __________
1) Constant Forces 2) Electromagnetic forces 3) Viscous forces 4) None
25. If the lift moves with constant velocity then R =
1) mg = R 2) R > mg 3) R < mg 4) Insufficient force
26. Time taken by a body on a horizontal surface to come to rest is
1) v/ g 2) v2/ g 3) v2/2 g 4) g

48
27. Angle of friction is

1) Angle between resultant of friction with normal reaction

2) Angle between resultant of friction with the applied force
3) Angle between frictional force with normal
4) none
28. A horizontal force 12 N pushes a block of weight 5 N. Against a vertical wall and = 0.6 then the
normal reaction is ____N
1) 5 N 2) 12 N 3) 7.2 N 4) 3 N
29. A body of 200 kg is resting on a rough inclined plane of angle 300. The coefficient of static friction is
(g = 10 m/sec2) then the force acting parallel downwards just to keep the body sliding down is
√

1) 2000N 2) 0 3) 200 N 4) 100 N

30. A body of mass in rest on a horizontal rough surface with a coefficient of static friction ‘ ’. The
applied force ‘F’ makes an angle ‘ ’with the horizontal then minimum force applied is

1) = 2) 3) + 4)

31. A block weighing 20 N on a rough horizontal surface. A horizontal force of 8 N is required to start the
block. Then the coefficient of static force is
1) 0.4 2) 0.2 3) 1 4) 0.1
32. A body moves along a circular path of radius 10 m and = . then what should be the angular
velocity in rad/sec; if it is not to slip from the surface
1) 4.9 rad/sec 2) 7 rad/sec 3) 0.7 rad/sec 4) 49 rad/sec
33. A wooden box is placed at the centre of a horizontal rough table of length 4 m; = . . If the table moves
with an acceleration 5.9m/sec from rest, how long does box take to full down? (g = 9.8 m/sec2)
2

1) t = 2sec 2) t = 4sec 3) t = 6sec 4) t = 8 sec

34. A block slides down a 300 inclined angle. The block starts from rest at the top and travel 18 m to the
bottom. Then the acceleration of the block is _____ (g = 9.8 m/sec2)
1) 4.9 m/sec2 2) 9.8 m/sec2 3) 19.6m/sec2 4) None
35. A piece of ice slides down with rough inclined angle, It takes twice the time to slide with the same
angle on a smooth inclined plane. Then what is between ice and rough inclined plane
1) = . 2) = . 3) = . 4) =
36. A train of mass 104kg is moving on a level track at a uniform speed of 72kmph. If the resistance due
to the friction is 0.25gm weight /kg. Then the power of its engine is (g = 9.8 m/sec2)
1) 1000 watts 2) 490 watts 3) 720 watts 4) 680 watts
37. A body is placed on a rough horizontal surface. When the maximum applied force & frictional force
are equal then the frictional force is called _____________ friction
1) Rolling 2) sliding 3) limiting 4) None
49
38. What happens to the coefficient of friction when the normal reaction is doubled?
1) Doubled 2) halved 3) No change 4) None
39. If the rough surface is over polished then the frictional force will be
1) Increased 2) decreased 3) remain constant 4) Nothing can be said
40. A cubical wooden box of side ‘l’ is placed on a rough horizontal surface and the coefficient of static
friction between them is ʹ ʹ. If another wooden box of same wood but length of ‘2l’ is placed on the
same plane then static friction is
1) 8 2) 4 3) 2 4)

LEVEL-II
41.A mechanic pushes a motor car with a force 30kg weight. So that the car just begins to move the
maximum force of friction is called in to play is
1) 15 kg weight 2) 30 kg weight 3) 30 N 4) 60 kg weight
42.A block of mass 1 kg lies on a horizontal surface in a truck. The coefficient of static friction between
the block & surface is 0.6. If the acceleration of the truck is 5 m/sec2, then the frictional force acting on
the block is
1) 3 N 2) 5N 3) 6N 4) 4N
43. A man holds a book weighing 2 kg between his two hands and exerted by each hand horizontally is 49
N. Then what is the coefficient of friction between the book and his hands (g = 9.8 m/sec2)
1) 0.1 2) 0.2 3) 0.3 4) 0.4
44. Theoretically which of the following are good lubricants?
1) Solids 2) liquids 3) gases 4) All the above have same capacity
1
45. A cubical block rests on an inclined plane with 4 edges horizontally. If   ; then the angle when
3
the block just slides down the plane is
1) 200 2) 300 3) 250 4) 450
46. A horizontal force 129.4 N is applied on a 10 kg block which rests on a horizontal surface. If the
coefficient of friction is 0.3 then what is the acceleration
1) 10 m/sec2 2) 29.4 m/sec2 3) 30 m/sec2 4) 3 m/sec2
47. A block of mass 5kg rests on a horizontal surface. If a force 25 N is applied on the body changes its
velocity of 8 m/sec in 2 sec. Then the frictional force acting on the body is
1) 25 N 2) 10N 3) 5N 4) 20N
48. A body is moving with velocity of 5.6 /.sec on a surface comes to rest after traveling a distance 16 m.
Then the coefficient of friction is
1) 0.5 2) 0.1 3) 0.05 4) 0.25

50
49. A man drops a body of mass 200 kg on a surface having coefficient of friction 0.1 through a distance
10 m in 5 sec. Then the power of the man is
1) 322 W 2) 392 W 3) 5W 4) zero
50. The coefficient of limiting friction between contact surfaces of two bodies is one. The contact
surfaces of one body supported other until the inclination is less than __________
1) 300 2) 450 3) 600 4) 900
51. A block of mass 2kg just begins to slide down from an inclined plane at an angle of 450 with the
horizontal. Then the friction is _____________
19.6
1)19.6 2) 9.8 3) 4) 0.98
3
52. A body is moving with a velocity of 36kmph. On a horizontal surface having coefficient of friction 0.2,
then the distance traveled by it before comes to rest is _____
1) 20 m 2) 50m 3) 30 m 4) 25 m
53. A body of mass 8 kg is kept in limiting equilibrium over an inclined plane of inclination 300. If the
inclination is made by 600 then the minimum force required to prevent the body from sliding down just
before starting is _____

1) 18 N 2) 80 3 N 3) 40 N 4) 40 3 N
54. A force required to move up a body on an inclined plane of angle 450 is thrice the force required just
prevent the body from sliding from the plane. Then the coefficient of friction is ____-
1) 1/3 2) 0.5 3) 0.4 4) 0.25
55. From the top of an inclined plane of inclination 600 and the coefficient of friction is ½. If a 10 kg mass
of substance slide down with out acceleration the force to be acted is __________
1) 3N 2) 30N 3) 60.5N 4) 25N
56. A dynamic friction is always _________ than the rolling friction
1) Smaller 2) greater 3) equal to 4) None
1
57. If the coefficient of the friction is then the angle of friction is ________
3
1) 300 2) 450 3) 600 4) 370
58. The order of  s , k , r is always _____________

1)  r   k   s 2) r   k   s 3)  r   s   k 4)  r   s  k

59. If a metal surface of ball bearings is not hard, then the friction is __________
1) Low 2) high 3) constant 4) In sufficient data
60. If a body is not sliding on a rough inclined plane then the frictional force is ______
1)  mg tan  2) mg 3) mg sin  4)  mg

51
61. A pulling force making an angle  to the horizontal is applied on a block of weight ‘W’ placed on a
horizontal surface. If the angle of friction is  , the magnitude of force require to move the body is

W cos  W sin  W tan  W sin 

1) 2) 3) 4)
cos(   ) cos(   ) sin(   ) tan(   )

62. A body of mass 60 kg is pushed with just enough to start, it moving on the rough surface with  s = 0.5
and k  0.4 . If the force continues to act afterwards then the acceleration of the body is ______

1) 0.98 m/sec2 2) 9.8 m/sec2 3) 4.9 m/sec2 4) 0

63. A cube of 10 N rests on a rough inclined plane of slope 3 in 5. The coefficient of static friction is 0.6.
Therefore the minimum force is required to start the cube moving up the plane is _________
1) 8.8 N 2) 16.2N 3) 10.8N 4) 21.6N
64. A brick of mass 2kg just begins to slide down on an inclined plane with an angle of 450 to the
horizontal, then the frictional force is__________
1) 19.6 cos 45 2) 9.8cos 45 3) 19.6 sin 45 4) 9.8sin 45
65. The rolling friction of steel on rubber is _________ then the sliding friction of steel on steel
1) Greater 2) less 3) Equal 4) Un sufficient data
66. A force of 35 kg is required to pull a block of wood weight of 140 kg on a rough horizontal surface
then the coefficient of the friction is __________
1) 0.6 2) 0.25 3) 0.3 4) 0.42
67. A 20 kg box is pulled the uniform speed across a horizontal floor by a force directed 300 above the
horizontal .If  s  0.25 then what is the magnitude of the force?

1) 40N 2) 50N 3) 49.45N 4) 60N

68. The coefficient of friction between road and tires is 0.5.If the cycle is moving at the speed of 28m/sec
then how much distance it travels before comes to rest
1) 80m 2) 50m 3) 20m 4) 40m
69. A horizontal force 129.4N is applied on a 10 kg block which is in rest on a horizontal surface. If the
coefficient of the friction is 0.3, what is the acceleration?
1) 10 m/sec2 2)29.4 m/sec2 3) 30 m/sec2 4) 4 m/sec2
70. What force of friction acts on wooden box of 100kg when just pushed on a stone floor (   0.3 )

1) 3 0N 2) 300N 3)294N 4) 29.4N

71. A block of mass 2kg on horizontal table is attached to a mass of 0.5kg by a light string passing over a
frictionless pulley at the edge of the table. Block is subjected to a horizontal force to allow 0.5kg to fall.
Here the coefficient of sliding friction is 0.2, g =10m/sec2 then acceleration is _________
1) 2 m/sec2 2) 0.4 m/sec2 3) 1 m/sec2 4) 4 m/sec2

52
72. A body sliding down on rough inclined plane which makes an angle of 300 with the horizontal. If
  0.25 then the acceleration is ____________
1) 2.75 m/sec2 2) 2.25 m/sec2 3) 3.5 m/sec2 4) 3.75 m/sec2

3
73. A force required to move up the body of mass 2kg with an angle 300 without acceleration is __ (   )
2
1) 25N 2) 30.6N 3) 35.7N 4) 24.5N
74. With increasing temperature the friction will be -____________
1) Increases 2) constant 3) decreases 4) increased/decreased
75. If a body lies on a table then its weight is balanced by
1) Frictional force 2) Surface of the table 3) Normal force 4) None
76. If Normal force is doubled, then the frictional force is
1) Halved 2) doubled 3) not change 4) 0
77. If normal force is doubled then the coefficient of friction is _________
1) halved 2) doubled 3) not change 4) 0
78. A body can travel on a rough plane with an acceleration equal to ¼ of acceleration due to gravity then
k = _________
1) 1 2) ½ 3) 3/4 4) 1/4
79. The coefficient of friction between the floor and side of the wooden block is 0.5m in 2 sec. Then the
coefficient of friction of wooden block of length 1m is ___
1) 0.4 2) 0.1 3) 0.2 4) 0.8
80. A body of mass 2kg is placed on an inclined plane of inclination 30 0 of s  0.8 . Find the frictional
force acting on the body

1) 9.8 3  0.8 N 2) 9.8 X 0.8 N 3) 9.8 X 0.8 X 3 N 4) 9.8N

81. If the external force is applied in the horizontal direction on a block which is on a table is balanced by
frictional force. Such friction is called __________
1) Limiting friction 2) Sliding friction 3) Rolling friction 4) Static friction
82. Dimensional formula of coefficient of friction is __________

1) MLT 2 2) ML0T 1 3) M 0 L0T 0 4) none

83. While walking on ice one should take small steps to avoid slipping. Here small steps ensure_____
1) Large friction 2) small friction 3) Large normal reaction 4) Small normal reaction
84. An object moving with a velocity 5.6m/sec on a surface comes to rest after traveling a distance of 16
m. Then the coefficient of friction between them is _____
1) 0.5 2) 0.1 3) 0.05 4) 0.25

53
85. The time taken by a body to slide down on a smooth inclined plane in 4sec. The time taken by the
body to travel ¼ of initial length is __________
1) 1 sec 2) 3 sec 3)2 sec 4) 4 sec
86. A body slides down on a rough incline twice the time taken if the plane was smooth then the
coefficient of friction is (   45 )
1) 1 2) 0.75 3) 0.5 4) 0.25
87. A horizontal force of 40N pushes a block of mass 2kg against the vertical wall. The coefficient of static
and kinetic frictions are 0.6, 0.4 respectively. If the block is not moving initially, which of the following
statement is correct?
1) Block moves down with uniform velocity 2) Block will not move in any direction
3) Block will move in upward direction 4) none of these
88. A good lubricant must be
1) Highly viscous 2 ) low viscous 3) volatile in nature 4) high viscous and low volatile in nature
89. A car and a truck use similar tires. If they are moving at the same initial speed the minimum stopping
distance is _________
1) is smaller for the car 2) is smaller for the truck
3) Both has same 4) depends upon the colour of the truck and the car
90. If  , N & S represents the coefficients of the friction, normal force, distance moved by the object
then the general expression for the work against friction is _______
N N S
1)  NS 2)   3) 4)
S S N
91. A block of mass 5kg rest on a horizontal surface. If a force 25N is applied on the body to change its
velocity 8m/sec in 2 sec. Then the frictional force acting on the body is _______
1) 25N 2) 10N 3) 5N 4) 20N
92. A force of 100 N acting on a body of mass 400kg produces uniform velocity. If the force is tripled then
the acceleration is
1) 0.75 m/sec2 2) 0.5 m/sec2 3) 0.25 m/sec2 4) 1 m/sec2
93. A horizontal force ‘P’ is exerted on a 20kg box in order to slide it up a 300 inclined. The frictional force
retarding the motion is 80N. How large must be P if the acceleration of the moving box is 0.75 m/sec2
1) 240N 2) 220N 3) 200N 4) 163N
94. A 1000N engine force is required to move a car of mass 2metric tone slowly with constant speed on a
rough horizontal road. To move same car with acceleration 1 m/sec2 on the same road what force is
required?
1) 300N 2) 3000N 3) 350 N 4) 220 N
95. The power of an engine which can maintain a speed of 50 m/sec1 for a train of mass 3 X 106kg on a
rough road. If   0.05 and g = 10 m/sec2

1) 75 X 104 watt 2) 7.5 X 106 watt 3) 375 X 106 watt 4) 750 x 106 watt
54
96. A weight of 5N is move along horizontal surface of 100m long and the coefficient of friction is 0.9
then the work done is ____________
1) 100J 2) 250J 3) 300J 4) 450J
97. If   0.5 for wheel of car, which is moving around a curved path of radius 40m then the maximum
speed, is ____________
1) 14 m/sec 2) 9.8m/sec 3) 7 m/sec 4) 0.5 m/sec
98. If coefficient of kinetic friction of a body is 0.6 then the rolling frictional coefficient of same body is
____________
1) = 0.6 2) < 0.6 3) > 0.6 4)  0.6
99. If a block of substance pushed by a person with his single hand, normal to the wall along vertical
direction then the weight of the body ‘mg’ is balanced by ____
1) Normal force 2) Frictional force 3) applied force 4) None
100. A car is moving on a rough inclined plane with uniform speed, this means ________
1) no external force is applied to move the car
2) No frictional force acting on the car
3) External force is balanced by frictional force
4) Frictional force is less than external force

ANSWERS

LEVEL –I
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 3 5) 1 6) 2 7) 2 8) 3 9) 2 10) 2 11) 2 12) 4 13) 1
14) 4 15) 3 16) 1 17) 1 18) 2 19) 3 20) 1 21)3 22)2 23)1 24)3 25)1 26)1
27)1 28)2 29)2 30)1 31) 1 32) 3 33) 1 34) 1 35) 3 36) 2 37) 3 38) 3 39) 1
40) 4
LEVEL – II
41) 3 42) 2 43) 2 44) 3 45) 2 46) 1 47) 3 48) 2 49) 2 50) 2 51)3 52)4 53)2
54)1 55)3 56)2 57)1 58)1 59)2 60)3 61) 2 62) 1 63) 3 64) 3 65) 3 66) 2
67) 3 68) 1 69) 1 70) 3 71) 2 72) 1 73) 4 74) 3 75) 3 76) 2 77) 3 78) 4 79) 3
80) 4 81) 4 82) 3 83) 2 84) 2 85) 3 86) 2 87) 2 88) 4 89) 3 90) 1 91) 3 92) 2
93) 94) 4 95) 1 96) 4 97) 1 98) 2 99) 2 100) 3

55
 4. SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Periodic Motion: The motion that repeats itself at regular intervals of time is known as “Periodic
Motion”.
Ex: Motion of the earth around the sun, Motion of the needle in a sewing machine, motion of the simple
pendulum, motion of the liquid in a U-shaped tube etc.,
Periodic motion is also called as Harmonic Motion
If the particle in periodic motion moves to and from over the same path, then its motion is called Simple
Harmonic Motion
All Periodic motions are not Simple Harmonic Motions but all Simple Harmonic Motions are Periodic in
nature.
Simple Harmonic Motion: “If a particle moves along a straight line with its acceleration directed towards
a fixed point in its path and the magnitude of the acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement
from its equilibrium position, then it is known as Simple Harmonic Motion.
Ex: vertical oscillations of loaded spring, vibrations of the prongs of tuning fork etc.,
Characteristics of SHM:
1. The motion should be periodic.
2. Motion must be to and fro about a fixed point.
3. Motion must be on a straight line.
4. Acceleration is proportional to displacement and directed towards that fixed point.
5. Acceleration and displacement are in opposite directions.
If the particle executes Simple Harmonic Motion along a straight line, it is known as linear SHM.
Ex: oscillations of loaded spring
For linear SHM Restoring force α displacement
Fα y → F = -Ky
Where K is called Force Constant
If the acceleration of the particle is proportional to angular displacement and is in opposite in direction
with respect to it then it is known as angular SHM.
Ex: oscillations of balance wheel of watch
For angular SHM Torque α - angular displacement
τ α -θ τ = -Cθ
where C is called as Torsional Constant
F1 y1
If F1 and F2 are restoring forces corresponding to displacements y1 and y2 then  .
F2 y 2

 1 1
For Angular SHM  .
 2 2
The force which tries to bring the oscillating body to its original position is known as “Restoring Force”.
The restoring force per unit displacement is called force constant.

56
Force constant = Restoring Force/ displacement
Torsional constant = Restoring torque/ angular displacement
For simple harmonic oscillator acceleration α – displacement
a α –y (or) a = -ω2 y
a+ω2 y=0

d2y
2
  2 y  0.
dt
a1 y1
If a1 and a2 are accelerations when displacements are y1 and y2 respectively, then  .
a2 y2

Important definitions:
1.Displacement: Change of position of the particle in SHM with respect to mean equilibrium point at any
instant of time.
2.Amplitude: Maximum displacement of the particle executing SHM.
3.Phase: It is that which gives the state of the vibrating particle as regards position and direction of motion
at that instant.
4.Time period: The time taken by the particle in SHM to complete one oscillation.
5.Frequency: The number of oscillations made by the particle in SHM in one second.
6.Phase constant (or) epoch: It is the initial phase of the particle in SHM.
If ‘s’ is the path length of the particle performing SHM then its amplitude A=s/2.
 The projection of the circular motion of the body on any one of its diameter executes SHM.
 Uniform circular motion is resolved into two SHMs which are mutually perpendicular (along x- axis,
along y- axis)
 θ= ωt gives the phase of the particle performing SHM.
 Displacement along x-axis is given by x  r cos t
 Displacement along y-axis is given by y  r sin t
 General equation that represents the SHM is y  A sin(t   ).
y- Displacement at time‘t’
A- Amplitude
ω- is angular frequency
Φ- epoch
(t   ) is phase angle

 If two particles executing SHM cross their mean positions in same direction then they are said to be in
same phase of vibration.
 If they cross the mean position in opposite directions then they are said to be in out of phase.
 Linear combination of two SHMs again results SHM
 Let us consider two SHMs
y1  A1 sin t and

y 2  A2 sin(t   )
Due to linear combination of two simple harmonic motions the resultant displacement is given by y

57
 y  y1  y 2  A1 sin t  A2 sin(t   )  A sin(t   )

Here A is the amplitude of the resultant SHM and  is the phase difference between SHMs

A  A1  A2  2 A1 A2 cos 

A2 sin 
And tan  
A1  A2 cos 

 If superposition takes place between two SHM s with the same direction same amplitude A but
different angular frequencies
y  y1  y 2  A1 sin 1t  A2 sin  2 t

On simplification we get

   2     2     2 
y  2 A cos 1 t sin  1 t  A0 sin  1 t
 2   2   2 

   2 
Here angular frequency of the resultant SHM is  1 .
 2 

   2 
Here the amplitude of the resultant SHM is also periodic, angular frequency of amplitude is  1 .
 2 
 If Two simple harmonic motions x  A sin t and y  B sin t are combined perpendicular to each
other, then the resultant path is
1.Straight line if the phase difference is zero between those two SHMs
And equation of straight line is = .

Amplitude of the resultant SHM is A2  B 2 .

2.Ellipse if the phase difference is

3.Circle if the phase difference is and amplitudes are same
4.Straight line if the phase difference is π
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION OF SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR:
dx dy
 The rate of change of displacement of particle in SHM is known as its velocity V  (or ) .
dt dt
 Velocity of the particle at any instant of time ‘t’ is given by v   A 2  y 2 .
At the mean position y=0 and velocity is maximum Vmax  A.

At the extreme position y=A and velocity is minimum Vmin  0.

dV d 2 y
 The rate of change of velocity of a particle in SHM is known as its acceleration a   2 .
dt dt
 Acceleration of the particle at any instant of time ‘t’ is given by a   2 y.
At the mean position y=0 and acceleration is minimum a min  0.

At the extreme position y=A and acceleration is maximum amax   2 A.

58
 4A
 The average speed in SHM during one complete oscillation is equal to . where A is amplitude and
T
T is time period of oscillation.
 The average velocity of particle in SHM during one complete oscillation is equal to zero.
 The average acceleration of particle in SHM during one complete oscillation is equal to zero.
 A simple harmonic oscillator has zero velocity and non zero acceleration at extreme position.
 A simple harmonic oscillator has non zero velocity and zero acceleration at mean position.
 If V0 and a0 denotes the maximum velocity and maximum acceleration of the particle performing
SHM, then V0  A and a0   2 A.
a0
Then angular frequency   .
V0
2
V0
Amplitude A  .
a0

 Acceleration and velocity are not constant for a simple harmonic oscillator.
 For a simple harmonic oscillator the graph between velocity and displacement is an Ellipse.
 For a simple harmonic oscillator the graph between acceleration and displacement is a straight line.
 When a particle performing SHM
1.The phase difference between displacement and velocity is .
2.The phase difference between displacement and acceleration is π
3.The phase difference between velocity and acceleration is .

TIME PERIOD AND FREQUENCY:

 Time period is the time taken by the oscillating particle to complete one oscillation and is represented
by T.
 Frequency is the number of oscillations made by the oscillating particle in one second and is
represented by n.

 = = 2 = 2 = 2
= 2

=2 .

 = = = = =

= .

 When a particle performs SHM its displacement, velocity and acceleration are periodic. Time period
and frequency are same for these three.
 The time taken for the simple harmonic oscillator to get a displacement equal to half the amplitude
from the mean position is T/12.
 The time taken after which the displacement will be equal to half the amplitude is T/6 (after crossing
the extreme position).
ENERGY OF THE OSCILLATOR:
 The particle which exhibiting SHM possesses two types of energy
1.Potential Energy
2.Kinetic Energy

59
 When the displacement of the particle in SHM is y, then its potential energy is
1 1 1
U  Ky 2 ( or )U  m  2 y 2  m  2 A 2 sin( t   ) .
2 2 2
1
 At extreme positions potential energy is maximum U max  KA2 .
2
 At mean position the potential energy is minimum U min  0.
 Potential energy will be half the maximum value at a displacement = .
√
 Potential energy will be 3/4 of the maximum value at a displacement = √3 /2.
 After crossing the mean position time taken for the simple harmonic oscillator so that its potential
energy is half the maximum value is T/8.
 After crossing the mean position time taken for the simple harmonic oscillator so that its potential
energy is 3/4 of the maximum value is T/3.
1 2 1
The Kinetic Energy of the simple harmonic oscillator is given by K  mv (or) K  m 2 ( A2  y 2 ).
2 2
At the extreme position y=A and Kinetic Energy is minimum K min  0

1 1
At the mean position y=0 and Kinetic Energy is maximum K max  m 2 A2  KA2 .
2 2

 Kinetic energy will be half the maximum value at a displacement = .

√
 Kinetic energy will be 1/4 of the maximum value at a displacement of = √3 /2.
 After crossing the mean position, time taken for the simple harmonic oscillator so that its kinetic
energy is half the maximum value is T/8.
 After crossing the mean position, time taken for the simple harmonic oscillator so that its kinetic
energy is 1/4 of the maximum value is T/3.
 Total energy of the oscillator is given by the sum of potential energy and kinetic energies
Total energy = P.E+K.E
E=U+K
1 1
E m 2 A2  KA2  P.Emax  K .Emax .
2 2
1 2 2
 E m 2 A2  2 mA2  2 2n 2mA2 .
2 T
dE
  0 as E is constant.
dt
OSCILLATIONS OF MASS LOADED SPRING:
 If a mass is attached at one end of the spring and the other end is attached to a
fixed end, it performs SHM if the spring is pulled and released.

The period of mass loaded spring depends on the mass attached, spring constant
only.
It is independent of acceleration due to gravity.
 YA
Spring constant of a spring is K  .
l
If mass M suspended vertically from a spring and if the spring elongates by x then , its spring constant
F Mg
K  .
x x
When springs are connected in series, effective spring constant decreases. When they are connected in
parallel effective spring constant increases.
When a spring is cut into two pieces, spring constant of any piece is greater than the spring constant of the
original spring.

m
If a mass ‘m’ attached at the end of a spring oscillates, time period T  2 .
K

1 K
Frequency n  .
2 m

ms
m
If ms is spring mass then T  2 3 .
K

1 K
n
2 ms
m
3
A mass M suspended from a mass less spring produces an elongation x. if it is then pulled down and
x 1 g
released, then T  2 . and frequency n  .
g 2 x

If a spring is cut into n equal parts then spring constant of each piece is nK where K is the spring constant
of original spring.
If two springs of spring constant K1 and K2 are connected in series, the effective spring constant K is given
1 1 1 K1K 2
by   . or K  .
K K1 K 2 K1  K 2

If two springs of spring constant K1 and K2 are connected parallel, the effective spring constant K is given
by K  K1  K 2 .

SIMPLE PENDULUM:
It consists of a point mass suspended by means of light, inextensible,
torsion less and uniform thread.

length
Time period of the simple pendulum T  2 .
accelerationduetogravity

1 accelerationduetogravity
Frequency of the simple pendulum n  .
2 length

Time period of the simple pendulum is independent of the amplitude of oscillations.

If length of the simple pendulum increased, its time period increases and frequency decreases.

l
If ‘l’ is the length of the simple pendulum, its time period is T  2 .
g

1 g
And frequency n  .
2 l

mV 2
The tension in the string at any instant is T  mg cos  .
l
Where velocity V 2  2 gl (1  cos ).

l
From simple pendulum experiment acceleration due to gravity at a place is g  4 2 .
T2
LAWS OF SIMPLE PENDULUM:

1.Law Of Length: Time period of simple pendulum is directly proportional to square root of its length
l
T l or 2 is constant.
T
If length of the pendulum is increased to P times, then time period is increases to P Times.
dl
If fractional change in length of a pendulum is then fractional change in its time period is
l
dT 1  dl 
  
T 2 l 

dT 1  dl 
For percentage change  100     100
T 2 l 
2.Law of Gravity: Time period of a simple pendulum is inversely proportional to square root of
1
acceleration due to gravity at the place T or T 2 g  cons tan t.
g
dg
If fractional change in acceleration due to gravity is then fractional change in time period is
g
dT 1  dg 
   
T 2 g 

dT 1  dg 
For percentage change  100      100
T 2 g 

Here negative sign indicates that as g increases T decreases.

For the time period of a simple pendulum to remain constant at different places lg

l1 g1 l
 or  constant.
l2 g2 g

62
3.Law of isochronism’s: Time period of a simple pendulum is independent of amplitude,
4.Law of Mass: Time period of a simple pendulum is independent of size, shape, material and mass of the
bob.
1.If a simple pendulum is taken from the equator to the poles, its time period is decreases and frequency is
increases.
2.If a simple pendulum is taken from the surface of the earth to an altitude, or to certain depth, its time
period is increases and frequency decreases.
3.If a simple pendulum is taken from the surface of the earth to surface of the moon, its time period
increases and frequency decreases.
4.The time period of a simple pendulum is independent of size, shape, and material and mass of the bob.
Seconds Pendulum:
A pendulum whose time period is two seconds is called seconds pendulum.
It gives correct time. Hence it is arranged in wall clocks.
The length of the second’s pendulum is one meter (or) 100 cm.

LEVEL - 1
1.a simple harmonic oscillator has acceleration of 12cm/s2 when its displacement is 3cm. its time period is
(hint:- T=2π root x/a)
1)π/2 2)π 3)2π 4) none
 t 
2. A particle moves according to the equation x  a cos  . The distance covered by it in the time
2
interval between t=0 to t=3 sec is
1) 2a 2) 3a 3)4a 4) a
3. In a SHM the acceleration is proportional to ----
1) velocity 2) displacement 3) power 4) none
4. The velocity of a body executing SHM is --- at the mean position
1)maximum 2)minimum 3)remains same 4)None
5. The SI unit of frequency is ----
1)watt 2)joule 3)hertz 4) meter
6. a simple pendulum is swinging with a maximum speed of 14 m/s at the lowest point. If its path is
semicircular. What is its length? (hint:- r=v2/2g)
1)20 2)30 3)40 4)10
7. the displacement of a particle in SHM is given by Y=sinωt+cosωt then its amplitude and initial
1 1
displacement are (hint:- root2( sinωt+ cosωt))
2 2
1) 1,0 2) 2 ,0 3)1, 2 4) 2 ,1
8. The velocity of a particle that executes S.H.M at is 0.866 m/s at its mean position velocity at a
displacement half of its amplitude from mean position is (hint:- vmax=Aω, v=ω A  ( A / 2) 2
1) 1 m/s 2) 1.414 m/s 3) 0.5 m/s 4) 0.75 m/s

63
9. The time period of oscillation of a particle that executes S.H.M is 1.2 sec. The time starting from
extreme position, its velocity will be half of its velocity at mean position is
1) 0.1 sec 2) 0.2 sec 3) 0.4 sec 4) 0.6 sec
10. The time period of oscillation of a particle in S.H.M is  sec. If it’s acceleration at extreme position 1
m/s2,its velocity at mean position is (hint:- a=ω)

1)0.5 m/s 2) 2 m/s 3) m / s 4)  m/s
2
11. Simple harmonic motion is given by y= 4 sin (100t +π / 4 ) find its initial displacement
1) 1.33 2) 1.66 3) 2 4) 2.82
12. A particle is executing SHM with amplitude A if the maximum velocity is v , then the maximum
acceleration is
1) vA 2) v2/A 3) v2/2A 4) v/A
13. A particle moves such that its acceleration is given by a     x  2. Here  is a positive constant
and x is position from origin. The time period of oscillation is
1 1
1) 2  2) 2 3) 2   2 4) 2
  2
14. A particle executing S.H.M has velocities 20 cm/sec, 16 cm/sec at displacements 4cm, 5cm from its
mean position respectively. its time period is
 
1) sec 2)  sec 3) 2 sec 4) sec
2 4
15. If the displacement x and velocity v of a particle executing S.H.M are related through the expression
4v 2  25  x 2 . Then its time period is
1)  sec 2) 2  sec 3) 4  sec 4) 6  sec
16. The max speed of a particle in SHM is found to be 62.8 cm/s. If the amplitude is 20cm its time period
of oscillations is
1) 1 sec 2) 2 sec 3) 3 sec 4) 4 sec

17. For a body in SHM the velocity is given by the relation v  144  16 x 2 m / s . The maximum
acceleration is
1) 12 m/s2 2) 16 m/s2 3) 36 m/s2 4) 48 m/s2
   
18. Two SHM s are represented by the equations x  4 sin  80t  . and y  2 cos 60t  . The ratio of
 2  3
their time periods is
1) 2:1 2) 1:2 3) 4:3 4) 3:4
19. The ratio between the acceleration to the displacement of a particle in SHM is 4  2 . The time period of SHM is

1) 1 sec 2) 2 sec 3) 2  sec 4) sec
2
20. A particle executes SHM along a straight line 4cm long. When the displacement is 1 cm its velocity
and acceleration are numerically equal. The time period of SH M is
2 2 2
1) 2 sec 2) sec 3) sec 4) sec
3 5 7
64
21. A man of mass 60 kg standing on a platform executing SHM in a vertical plane. The displacement
from mean position is y  0.5 sin 2ft . The minimum value of ‘f’ for which the man will feel
weightlessness at the highest point is
g 2g g 1
1) 2) 3) 4) 3g
2 2 2 2
22. A horizontal platform is executing SHM up and down with a period of 1 second. The maximum
amplitude with which it can vibrate so that a small object placed on the platform does not leave it
(assume  2  g )
1) 0.25 m 2) 0.5 m 3) 1m 4) 1.25 m
23. The length of a pendulum changes from 1 m to 1.21 m. The percentage change in its period is
1) 20% 2) 21% 3) 10% 4) 11%
24. The phenomenon of SHM is based on the principle of conservation
1) mass 2) momentum 3) energy 4) None
25. The time period of oscillation of a simple pendulum is 2 sec, if its length is decreased to half of
initial length, then its new period is
1) 1 sec 2) 0.707 sec 3) 0.414 sec 4) 0.5 sec
26. A tunnel has been dug through the center of the earth and a ball is released in it executes SHM
with a time period of
1) 42 min 2) 1 day 3) 1 hour 4) 84.6 min
27. A seconds pendulum is suspended from the roof of a lift. If the lift is moving up with an acceleration
9.8 m/s2, its time period is
1
1) 1 sec 2) 2 sec 3) sec 4) 2 2 sec
2
28. Two simple pendulum of lengths 1m and 2m have identical bobs and oscillating with same amplitudes.
Their energies are in the ratio
1) 1:2 2) 2:1 3) 4:1 4) 1:4
29. If the length of a simple pendulum is decreased by 75% then its time period
1) Decreases by 25% 2) Increases by 25% 3) Increases by 50% 4) Decreases by 50%
30. A particle crosses equilibrium position with a speed of 0.77 m/s while performing SHM in straight
line path of 0.14 m find the time period
1) 0.41 sec 2) 0.57 sec 3) 0.62 sec 4) 0.73sec
31. Two simple harmonic oscillators with amplitudes in the ratio 1:2 are having the same total energy. The
ratio of their frequencies is
1) 1:4 2) 1:2 3) 2:1 4) 4:1
32. The acceleration due to gravity on a planet is 3/2 times that on the earth. If length of a seconds
pendulum on earth is 1m, length of seconds pendulum on the planet is
1) 0.7 m 2) 1m 3) 1.7 m 4) 1.5 m
33. A tuning fork vibrates with a frequency of 130 Hz with an amplitude of 3mm . calculate the
maximum velocity
1) 2.45 m/s 2) 3.5 m/s 3) 4.3 m/s 4) zero
65
34. E is kinetic energy of a simple harmonic oscillator at its mean position. The phase angle from mean
position at which its kinetic energy is E/2 is
  
1) rad 2) rad 3) rad 4)  rad
5 4 3
 
35. A body of mass ¼ kg is in SHM and its displacement is given by the relation y  0.05 sin  20t  m.
 2
If t is in seconds, the maximum force acting on the particle is
1) 5N 2) 2.5N 3) 10N 4) 0.25N
36. A body is executing SHM. If the force acting on the body is 6N when the displacement is 2 cm, then
the force acting on the body when the displacement is 3 cm in Newton is
1) 6N 2) 9N 3) 4N 4) 6N
37. A and B are two thin rubber bands, each of force constant k. Assuming that they obey Hook’s law, the
time period of horizontal SHM of the mass m is given by
2m m m m
1) 2 2)  3) 2 4) 2
k k 2k k
38. A spring of natural length 80 cm with a load has a length of 100cm. If it is slightly pulled down and
released its period will be
1) 3 sec 2) 0.9 sec 3) 0.81 sec 4) 2 sec
39. A simple spring has length l and force constant K it is cut into two springs of length l1 and l2 such that
l1= nl2. The force constant of spring of length l1 is
K K
1) K(1+n) 2) (1  n ) 3) K 4)
n n 1
40. A 1kg weight is suspended to a massless spring and it has a period T. If now a 4kg is suspended from
the same spring the new period will be
1) 4T 2) 2T 3) T 4) T/2
41. The equation of motion of particle executing SHM is a + 16π2x = 0 in this equation , a is linear
acceleration of the particle at a displacement x in meters . the time period of SHM in sec is
1) ¼ sec 2) ½ sec 3) 1 sec 4) 2 sec
42. Two masses M and m are suspended together by a mass less spring of force constant K. When the
masses are in equilibrium M is removed without disturbing the system. Then the amplitude of oscillation
is
1) Mg/K 2) mg/K 3) (M+m)g/K 4) (M-m)g/K
43. The equation of SHM whose amplitude is 1 cm and time period 7 sec is
1)y= 0.7 sin 9πt 2) y= 0.07 sin2π/10 t 3) y= 10sin2π 7t 4) y= sin 2π/7 t
44. A ball of mass 2 kg from a spring oscillates with a time period 2  sec. Ball is removed when it is in
equilibrium position, then spring shortens by
1) g meters 2) g/2 meters 3) 2g meters 4) 2p meters
45. The average kinetic energy of a simple harmonic oscillator is 2 joule and its total energy is 5 joule. Its
minimum potential energy is
1) 1J 2) 1.5J 3) 2J 4) 3J

66
46. Potential energy of a simple harmonic oscillator at its mean position is 0.4J. If its kinetic energy at a
displacement half of its amplitude from mean position is 0.6 J. Its total energy is
1) 1J 2) 1.2J 3) 1.4J 4) 1.6J
47. The displacement of a simple pendulum whose amplitude is A and the potential energy is ¼ th of total energy is
A A A A
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 4 5
48. The amplitude of a particle in SHM is 0.2 m. The PE and KE of this particle 0.1 sec after passing the
mean position are equal. The period of oscillation is
1) 1 sec 2) 0.8 sec 3) 0.6 sec 4) 0.4 sec
49. The amplitude of oscillation of particle in SHM is 3 cm. The displacement from mean position at
which its potential and kinetic energies are in the ratio 1:2 is
1
1) 1 cm 2) 0.866 cm 3) cm 4) 2 cm
3
50. A particle is oscillating simple harmonically from its equilibrium position. Then the ratio of kinetic
and potential energy of the particle at time T/12 is (T is time period)
1) 2:1 2) 3:1 3) 4:1 4) 1:4
51. The KE of a particle in SHM is 8J at its mean position. If its mass is 4kg and amplitude is 1m, then its
time period is

1)  2) 2 3) 4) 4
2
52. A long spring when stretched by x cm has a potential energy v on increasing the stretching to nx cm,
the potential energy stored in the spring will be
n2 v
1) 2) n 2 v 3) 4) nv 2
2v n2
53. The amplitude and time period of a particle of mass 0.1Kg executing S.H.M are 1m & 6.28sec
respectively. Then its angular frequency; acceleration at the displacement 0.5 m are respectively
1) 1rad/sec; 0.5 m/sec2 2) 2rad/sec; 1m/sec2 3) 0.5rad/sec; 0.5 m/sec2 4) 1rad/sec; 1 m/sec2
54. The amplitude of oscillation of a particle is 0.05m.If its period is 1.75sec, then the velocity at the mean
position is
1) 0.1m/s 2) 0.2m/s 3) 0.3m/s 4) 0.5m/s
55. The displacement of an oscillating particle varies with time‘t’ (in sec) according as x  2 cos(0.5t )m
Then amplitude & time period are
1) 1m, 4sec 2) 2m, 4sec 3) 2m, 2sec 4) 1m, 2sec
56. The equation for the displacement of a particle executing S.H.M is Y  (5 sin 2t )cm . Then the
velocity at 3 cm from the mean position is
1) 2  cm/s 2) 3  cm/s 3) 4  cm/s 4) 8  cm/s
57. The velocity of a particle undergoing SHM at the mean position is 2 m/s. The velocity of the particle at
the point where the displacement from the mean position is equal to half the amplitude is
3 1
1) 1.732 m/s 2) m/s 3) 1/2 m/s 4) m/s
2 3
67
58. Calculate the length of the second’s pendulum at the equator when the value of g is 9.78m/s2
1) 0.99 m 2) 2.9 m 3) 3.2 m 4) 0
59. A particle performing SHM with a frequency of 5 Hz and amplitude 2 cm is initially in the positive
extreme position. The equation for its displacement is
1) x  0.02 sin(10t )m 2) x  0.02 sin( 5t )m 3) x  0.02 cos(10t )m 4) x  0.02 cos(5t )m
60. A particle is performing SHM. Its path length is 8 cm and time period is 0.2 sec. if the particle is
initially in the mean position the time at which it will be 1 cm will be
1) 0.004086 sec 2) 0.008046 sec 3) 0.006048 sec 4) zero

LEVEL-2
1. A particle executing SHM while passing through the mean position has
1)maximum K.E and minimum P.E 2) minimum K.E and maximum P.E
3) maximum K.E and maximum P.E 4) minimum K.E and minimum P.E
2. A pendulum whose time period is 2 sec is called
1) simple pendulum 2) seconds pendulum 3) both 1&2 4) None
3. The time period of a simple pendulum kept at the center of the earth is
1) 0 2) 2 3) π 4) π/2
4. A particle executes SHM in a straight line. The maximum speed of the particle during its motion is Vm.
Then the average speed of the particle during its SHM is
Vm Vm 2Vm 3Vm
1) 2) 3) 4)
 2  
5. A body executing SHM has its velocity 10 cm/s and 7 cm/s when its displacements from mean position
are 3 cm and 4 cm respectively. The length of the path is
1) 10 cm 2) 9.5 cm 3) 4 cm 4) 11.36 cm
6. A particle in SHM has a period of 4 sec. It takes t1 to start from mean position and reach half the
amplitude in another case it takes a time t2 to start from extreme position and reach half the amplitude
t1 t1 t1 t1
1) 1 2)  1/ 2 3) 2 4) 3
t2 t2 t2 t2
7. A particle performs SHM with a frequency of 2 Hz. If the time is measured from its instantaneous rest
position, then the time taken by it when its displacement becomes equal to half of its amplitude is
1) 1/12 sec 2) 1/6 sec 3) 1/2 sec 4) 1/24 sec
8. The velocity of a particle executing SHM is 50% of its maximum value at an instant of time. At that
moment, acceleration is ---- % of its maximum value
1) 50 2) 86.6 3) 75 4) 64.6
9. if a hole is drilled along the diameter of the earth and a stone is dropped into the hole then
1)the stone reaches the center of the earth and stops their
2) the stone reaches the other side of the earth and stops there
3) the stone executes SHM along the center of the earth
4) the stone reaches the other side of the earth and escape into space

68
 
10. The time period of oscillation of a simple harmonic oscillator is sec. Its acceleration at a phase
2

angle rad from extreme position is 2 m/s2 what is its velocity at a displacement equals to half of its
3
amplitude from mean position
1) 0.707 m/s 2) 0.866 m/s 3) 2 m/s 4) 3 m/s
11. The period of a particle in SHM is 8 seconds. At t=0 it is at the mean position. The ratio of the distance
traveled by it in the first and the 2 nd second is
1
1) 1/2 2) 3) 2 4) 2 +1
2
12. The simple pendulum is taken to a planet whose g is 1/9 that of the earth then frequency of its
oscillation on that planet will be
1) 9 times 2)one ninth 3) same as that on the earth 4) one third
13. The ratio of maximum acceleration to the maximum displacement for a particle executing SHM
1) w2 2) T2 3) T 4) w
14. Three simple pendulums have lengths of strings 49 cms, 48 cms and 47 cms with diameters of the bobs
2 cms, 4 cm and 6 cm respectively. Then their periods are in the ratio
1) 1:1:1 2) 1:2:3 3) 3:2:1 4) 51:52:53
15. The mass and diameter of a planet are twice those of earth. The period of oscillation of a pendulum on
this planet if it is a seconds pendulum on earth is
1) 2 3 sec 2) 2 2 sec 3) 2 sec 4) 4 sec
16.on a planet, a body dropped from a height of 8m reaches the ground in 2 seconds. If the length of a
simple pendulum on that planet is 1 m, the period of oscillation is

1) 1/3 sec 2) sec 3)  sec 4) 1/2 sec
2
17. A pendulum is taken to three different planets whose acceleration due to gravities are in the ratio
36:9:4 then the ratio of their time periods
1) 3:2:1 2) 1:2:3 3) 2:1:3 4) 3:1:2
18. A seconds pendulum has time period 2 sec. The spherical bob which is empty has mass of 50 gm. This is
replaced by another solid bob of sme radius but having the mass of 100gm. The new time period will be
1) 4 sec 2) 1 sec 3) 2 sec 4) 8 sec
19. For a body moving with SHM the acceleration per unit displacement is 9 s-2 the time period is
1)4π/3 2) 2π/3 3)π/3 4) 5π/3
20. A pendulum is taken 1 km inside the earth from mean sea level. Then the pendulum
1 ) loses 13.5 sec per day 2) gains 13.5 sec per day 3) looses 7sec per day 4) gains 7 sec per day
21. The length of sec pendulum is 1m.The length of a sec pendulum at a depth equal to one fourth of the
radius of the earth is
1) 0.5m 2) 0.75m 3) 0.25m 4) 1m

69
22. A simple pendulum is oscillating with an angular amplitude 300.If mass of the bob is 50gm the tension
in the string at its mean position (g = 10m/sec2)
1) 0.634N 2) 0.317N 3) 1.268N 4) 0.433N
-2
23. A particle executing SHM experiences a displacement of 5×10 m when a force of 10N acts on it
when the displacement is 4×10-2m the force acting will be
1)10N 2) 4 N 3) 8 N 4) 6N
24. If pendulum which gives correct time beats seconds on ground at a place is moved to the top of a tower
320m high; the loss of time period in one day is
1) 2.16 sec 2) 1.08 sec 3) 0.54 sec 4) 4.32 sec
2 2
25. if a simple harmonic motion is represented by d x/dy + α x = 0 the time period is
1)2πα 2)2πα 2 3)2π/α2 4) 2π/α
26. when the amplitude of a oscillation of a particle in SHM is increased to 2 times the time period
1)is doubled 2) is halved 3) is unaltered 4) increased to2 times
27. A point mass 0.1 kg in SHM of amplitude 0.1 m. When the particle passes through the mean position, its
kinetic energy is 8  10 3 J. The equation of motion of this particle if the initial phase of oscillation is 450 is
   
1) y  0.1 sin( 4t  ) 2) y  0.1 cos(4t  ) 3) y  0.1 sin( 2t  ) 4) y  0.1 cos(2t  )
4 4 4 4
28. on a planet a freely falling body takes 2 seconds when dropped from a height of 32 meters . if
the time period of a simple pendulum is 2π seconds , then its length on the planet is
1) 4 m 2) 8 m 3) 32 m 4) 16 m
29. if the length of a seconds pendulum is halved its period of oscillations will be
1) 14 sec 2) 0.14 sec 3) 1.414 sec 4) 14.14 sec
30. Two simple pendulums of length 100 m and 121 m start swinging together. They will swing together
again after
1) The longer pendulum makes 10 oscillations 2) The shorter pendulum makes 10 oscillations
3) The longer pendulum makes 11 oscillations 4) The shorter pendulum makes 20 oscillations
31. the equation for the displacement of body executing SHM is given by y= 2sin (2πt/3 +π/3 ) then time
period of oscillation is
1) 4sec 2) 3sec 3) 2sec 4) 1sec

32. A body of mass 0.5 kg is performing SHM with a time period seconds. If its velocity at mean
2
position is 1 m/s, then restoring force acts on the body at a phase angle 600 from extreme position is
1) 0.5 N 2) 1 N 3) 2 N 4) 4 N
33. Due to some force F1 a body oscillates with period 4/5 sec and the due to other force F2 it oscillates
with period 3/5 sec. if both the forces acts simultaneously new period will be
1) 0.72 sec 2) 0.64 sec 3) 0.48 sec 4) 0.36sec
34. the time period of oscillation of a simple pendulum on the surface of the earth is T , the time period
of oscillation inside the mine
1) =T 2) <T 3) >T 4) 0

70
35. The period of the vertical oscillation of a load of mass 4 kg suspended from a spring is 0.4 sec. When
an additional load of mass 5 kg is applied the period of oscillation is
1) 0.9 sec 2) 0.8 sec 3) 0.7 sec 4) 0.6 sec
36. A block of mass M attached to an ideal spring oscillates with a time period of 2 seconds. If an additional mass 2
kg is attached to this block then time period of oscillation increases by 1 sec. the value of M is
1) 1.2 kg 2) 1.6 kg 3) 2 kg 4) 2.4 kg
37. An oscillating mass spring system has a mechanical energy 1 joule, when it has an amplitude 0.1 m
and maximum speed of 1 m/s. Then the force constant of the spring is
1) 100 N/m 2) 200 N/m 3) 300 N/m 4) 50 N/m
38. A force of 6.4 N stretches a vertical spring by 0.1 m. The mass that must be suspended from the spring

so that it oscillates with a period of seconds is
4
 1
1) kg 2) 1 kg 3) kg 4) 10 kg
4 
39. The potential energy of particle in SHM 0.2 sec after passing through the mean position is 1/4 of its
total energy. The period of oscillation is
1) 3 sec 2) 2.4 sec 3) 1.8 sec 4) 1.2 sec
2
40. A body is executing SHM with an acceleration of 0.4 m/s at a displacement of 0.6 m the
acceleration at a displacement of 0.4 m
1) 0.267 m/s2 2) 0.267 CM 3) 2.67 m/s2 4) 2.67 CM
LEVEL -1

1) 1 2) 2 3) 2 4) 4 5) 3 6) 4 7) 4 8) 4 9) 1 10) 1 11) 4 12) 2 13) 2 14) 1

15) 3 16) 2 17) 4 18) 4 19) 1 20) 2 21) 2 22) 1 23) 2 24) 3 25) 1 26) 4 27) 2 28) 2
29) 4 30) 2 31) 3 32) 4 33) 1 34) 2 35) 1 36) 2 37) 4 38) 2 39) 2 40) 2 41) 2 42) 1
43) 4 44) 1 45) 2 46) 2 47) 2 48) 2 49) 1 50) 2 51) 1 52) 2 53) 1 54) 2 55) 2 56) 4
57) 1 58) 1 59) 3 60) 2

LEVEL II
1) 1 2) 2 3) 1 4) 3 5) 2 6) 2 7) 1 8) 2 9) 3 10) 2 11) 4 12) 4 13) 1 14) 1
15) 2 16) 3 17) 2 18) 3 19) 2 20) 3 21) 2 22) 1 23) 3 24) 4 25) 4 26) 3 27) 1 28) 4
29) 3 30) 1 31) 2 32) 2 33) 3 34) 3 35) 4 36) 2 37) 2 38) 2 39) 2 40) 1

71
 6. HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS
Heat is a form of energy that makes us feel warm or cold when it is gained or lost.
An object is said to be cold or warm by touching it. When heat enters our body from the object touched,
we feel the sensation of warmth. When heat leaves our body, we feel the sensation of cold.
Temperature: Temperature is a physical quantity by which we can measure the degree of hotness or
coldness. Temperature may be defined as the thermal condition of a body which determines its ability to
transfer heat to other bodies.
Heat is the cause and temperature is the effect.
Heat is measured by using calorie meter.
Temperature is measured by using thermometer.
The numerical value of temperature is given by the thermometric scales
Examples of thermometric scales are Celsius, Fahrenheit, Reaumur, Kelvin, and Rankine.
C F  32 K  273 R
Relation between various thermometric scales    .
5 9 5 4
Where C- Temperature of the body measured in Celsius Scale.
F- Temperature of the body measured in Fahrenheit Scale.
K-Temperature of the body measured in Kelvin Scale.
R-Temperature of the body measured in Reaumur Scale.
Expansion of Gases:
Gases consist of extremely small rigid elastic spheres known as molecules (or) atoms.
According to claucius volume occupied by a gas molecule is negligible when compared to the volume of
the container.
Intermolecular forces are negligible.
Clausius assumptions are true for real gases to behave as ideal gas. Real gases are behaves like as ideal gas
at low pressures and high temperatures.
Gases are highly expansible and also highly compressible.
Volume co-efficient of a Gas (  ): Increase in Volume per unit original volume at 00C per degree Celsius
rise in temperature, keeping pressure constant.
Vt  Vo (1  t )

V2  V1
 . Where V1 and V2 are the volumes of a given mass of a gas at t10C and t20C respectively at
V1t 2  V2t1
constant pressure.
Pressure co-efficient of a Gas (  ): Increase in Pressure per unit original pressure at 0 0C per degree
Celsius rise in temperature, keeping volume constant.
Pt  Po (1  t )

72
 P2  P1
 . Where P1 and P2 are the Pressures of a given mass of a gas at t10C and t20C respectively at
P1t 2  P2t1
constant Volume.
The volume co-efficient of a gas is equal to the pressure co-efficient of the gas. Hence    .

Boyle’s law: Pressure of a given mass of gas varies inversely with its volume by keeping its temperature
constant.
1
Pressure  P   {Temperature (T) is constant}
volume V 

1 1  PV
PV 2 2

mass (m)
We know that Density (d ) 
volume(V )
Hence pressure( P)  density(d )

P1 P2

d1 d2

Boyle’s law in graphical form:

Air bubble rises from a depth of lake ‘ h1 ’ to a depth of ‘ h2 ’ its radius increases from ' r1 ' to ' r2 ' at
constant temperature. Then the relation between ‘ h1 ’ and ‘ h2 ’ is

 r 3   r1 
3
1
h2  H 0    1  h1  
 r2    r2 

Quill tube contains mercury thread of length of ‘ h1 ’ traps air column of length of ‘ l1 ’ with closed end at
the bottom and it is held vertical. If it is reversed, upside down length of air column is ‘ l2 ’ and it is given
by
 H h 
l2   0 1  l1
 H 0  h1 
h1  l1  l2 
H0  Where H 0 is Atmospheric pressure.
 l2  l1 
Charles’ Law of Volumes: The volume of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature at constant pressure.
V V T
VT  Constant. 1  1 .
T V2 T2

The graph plotted between V and T at constant pressure is a Straight Line passing through the origin.

Charles’ law of Pressures: The pressure of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature at constant volume.
P P T
PT  Constant. 1  1 .
T P2 T2

The graph plotted between P and T at constant volume is a straight line passing through the origin.

Absolute Scale of Temperature: It is a new scale of temperature built from the absolute zero with a
degree equal in magnitude to the degree in centigrade scale is called the absolute scale of temperature (or)
Kelvin scale of temperature.
Absolute Zero: The temperature at which both the volume and pressure of a gas becomes zero.
Theoretically the temperature value is -2730C.
At absolute zero
1. The pressure and volume of the becomes zero
2. The r.m.s velocity of molecules is zero
3. All the atoms are in ground state.
T (in Kelvin) = (t 0 C  273)
t 0 C  (T 0 K  273)

Gas equation: It gives the relation between pressure, volume and temperature when the three are changes.
1. When the mass of the gas is 1 gm PV  rT where r is the characteristic gas constant.
2. When the mass of the gas is m gm PV  mrT
P
 Constant (when V, T is constant)
m
V
 Constant (when P, T is constant)
m
mT  Constant (when P, V is constant)
m
Ideal Gas equation: PV  nRT  RT .
M
m= mass of the gas
M= Molecular weight of the gas
R= Universal Gas Constant = 8.31 J mol-1K-1. (It is same for all gases)
Unit: J mol-1K-1
Dimensional Formula: M0L2T2K-1.
P1V1 P2V2
 .
T1 T2

P1 P
Ideal gas equation in terms of densities  2 .
d1T1 d 2T2

THERMODYNAMICS: Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which deals with the relation between
heat and mechanical energy and its related phenomenon.
A thermodynamic system is characterized by the thermodynamic variables like pressure (P), volume (V),
temperature (T) and mass (m).
If these variables do not change with time then we say that the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Joules’ law: The work done is directly proportional to Heat produced.
W
WH ; W  JH (or ) J  .
H
Where J is the mechanical equivalent of heat. J is only conversion factor.
mgh
1) If a body of mass ‘m’ falls from a height the heat generated when it hits the ground is H  . The
J
gh
heat generated is completely absorbed by the body, then the rise in the temperature of the body is t  .
JS
(S – specific heat of the body)
2) If a bullet of mass ‘m’ moving with a speed V is stopped by a target, then the heat generated is
mV 2 V2
H . The rise in the temperature of the body when it completely absorbs the heat is t  .
2J 2 JS

75
Zeroeth Law: If two bodies A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third body C, then the first two
will be in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Internal energy: Internal energy of a system is defined as the sum of all the energies contained in the
system in equilibrium.
Work done by an ideal gas during expansion is given by dW  PdV
If V1 and V2 are the initial and final volumes of a gas respectively then the external work done by the gas
on the piston may also be written as W  P(V2  V1 )

When a gas expands at constant pressure the temperature of the gas also changes. If T1 and T2 are the
absolute temperatures at volume V1 and V2 respectively then the equation for the work done by an ideal
gas is W  nR(T2  T1 )

Where n – number of moles of the gas

R – universal gas constant
First Law: Amount energy of heat energy given to a system is utilized in two ways. Some part of energy
is used to raise its internal energy and remaining part is used to do external work.
(or) Amount of energy supplied to a system is the sum of increase in internal energy and external work
done by the system.
Mathematically dQ  dU  dW

dQ – Heat supplied to the system

dU – Increase in internal energy
dW – Work done in expanding the gas
1. If the internal energy of the system rises, then dU is positive and if the internal energy of the system
falls then dU is negative.
2. If heat energy is given to the system, then dQ is positive and if the system gives out heat energy then
dQ is negative.
3. If work is done by the system dW is positive and if work is done on the system dW is negative.
4. Significance of first law of thermodynamics is “Law of conservation of Energy”.
Heat capacity: The amount of heat required per unit raise of temperature of a body is called Thermal
Capacity (or) Heat Capacity.
Q
Heat capacity 
t
Where Q  heat supplied to a substance

t - Rise in temperature
Specific Heat: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of the substance through
one degree centigrade.
Q
Specific heat S  .
mt
m - mass of the substance

76
 Unit: J kg-1 K-1
Dimensional formula: L2T 2 K 1
In the case of gases we have two specific heats
1. Specific Heat at Constant Volume (Cv): The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one
gram of substance through one degree centigrade at constant volume.
2. Specific Heat at Constant Pressure (Cp): The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one
gram of substance through one degree centigrade at constant pressure.
Molar Specific Heats: The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of one mole of gas
through one degree is called molar specific heat (or) molar heat capacity.
1. Molar Specific Heat at Constant Volume (Cv): The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
one mole of gas through one degree centigrade at constant volume.
2. Molar Specific Heat at Constant Pressure (Cp): The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
one mole of gas through one degree centigrade at constant pressure.
Unit: J/mole K
Dimensional formula: ML2T 2 Mol 1 K 1

The relation between two specific heats is C p  Cv  R (Mayer’s’ Relation)

R- universal gas constant

Cp
Ratio of two specific heats is 
Cv

For mono atomic gas   1.67

For diatomic gas   1.4

For tri atomic gas   1.33

Second Law: Heat cannot flow from a cold body to a hot body with out the help of some external agency
(or) the entropy of a closed system increase with time.
The degree of disorder of a system is known as entropy.
The mathematical form of second law of thermodynamics is dQ  TdS

Where T – Temperature
dS – Change in entropy
Clausius statement of Second Law: It is impossible for a self acting machine unaided by any external
agency to transfer heat form a body at lower temperature to a body at higher temperature.
Kelvin statement of Second Law: It is impossible by any thermodynamic process which results solely in
the removal of heat from a heat reservoir and converts it entirely into work.
Heat Process: There are four types’ heat processes in which one or more thermodynamic variables
(temperature, volume and pressure) change taking place to change the system from one state to another
state.
1. Isothermal Process: A process in which a system undergoes physical changes in such a way that the
temperature remains constant is known as isothermal process. In isothermal process, changes may occur in
77
pressure or volume but temperature remains constant. In order to kept the temperature constant the
cylinder and gas should be good conductors of heat. It is slow process.
PV = constant holds good for Isothermal Process.
dU = 0 and hence dQ = dW i.e., the heat communicated from the surroundings is converted into work
completely.
P1
Work done in an Isothermal Process is W  2.3026RT log10 ( )
P2

Ex: Conversion of water into steam at the boiling point of water is an example of isothermal process.
2. Adiabatic Process: A process in which Heat is neither allowed to enter nor allowed to leave the system
to the surroundings or from the surroundings to the system. In adiabatic process, changes may occur in
pressure, volume or temperature but the heat remains constant. In this process internal energy does not
remains constant. It is quick process.
PV   constant holds good for Adiabatic Process.
dQ = 0 and hence dU + dW = 0
Also TV  1  constant. And P1 T   constant
1
Work done in an adiabatic process is W  P1V1  P2V2 
 1
nR
It can also be written as W  T1  T2  . Where n is the number of moles of the gas.
 1
Ex: sudden bursts of cycle tubes
3. Isobaric Process: A process in which a system undergoes physical changes in such a way that the
V
pressure remains constant is known as isobaric process. It obeys Charles law of volumes  constant
T
4. Isochoric Process: A process in which a system undergoes physical changes in such a way that the
P
volume remains constant is known as isochoric process. It obeys Charles law of pressures  constant
T
5. Cyclic Process: During a cyclic process the system returns to its initial state of pressure volume and
temperature, after doing work, therefore dU = 0. hence dQ = Dw

78
 EXERCISE -1
1. Heat flows only when there is know difference of
1) Mass 2) Temperature 3) Sp.Heat 4) All the above
2. The unit of coefficient of linear expansion of a solid
1) /0C 2) /K 3) /J 4) /m
3. When a solid is heated, its density will
1) Decreases 2) Increases 3) Remains constant 4) None
4. When cold water is sprinkled on hot chimney, it breaks because
1) High temperature 2) Coldness 3) Weakness of the chimney 4) Sudden contraction
5. It is difficult to find the linear and area expansions in liquids because
1) Liquids are less denser 2) The linear molecular spacing is more
3) Liquids possess surface Tension 4) Liquids have no shape of their own
6. The relation between real & apparent expansion coefficients of liquids is
1)  a   r   2)    a   r 3)  r   a   4)  r   a  3
7. Lump of clay cracks in winter because of
1) Anomalous expansion of matter 2) Anomalous expansion of water
3) Chilled weather 4) It’s cracking nature
8. In gases
1
1)    2)   2 3)   4)   2
R
9) The real expansion of gases does not depends up on,
1) Expansion of the vessel 2) Nature of the liquid
3) Both liquid and vessel expansion 4) Depends up on given temperature
10. A gas possess two specific heats because,
1) Gases are loosely packed 2) Gases are highly rarer
3) Gases do not have shape & structure 4) Gases are not observed
11) The product of pressure and volume has the same units as
1) Temperature 2) Work 3) Force 4) Power
12. Boyle’s law holds good for an ideal gas during
1) Isobaric changes 2) Isothermal changes 3) Isochoric changes 4) Isotopic changes
13) Zeroth law of thermodynamics gives the concept of
1) Pressure 2) Volume 3) Temperature 4) Heat
14) Thermodynamic system returns to its original state, which of this is not possible
1) The work done is zero 2) The work done is positive
3) The work done is negative 4) The work done is independent of the path fallowed
15) When we switch on the fan in a closed room. The temperature of the air molecules
1) Increase 2) decrease
3) remains constant 4) Maybe increased or decreased depends up on the speed of the fan
79
16) The work done by a thermodynamic system is depends up on
1) The initial and final states of the system 2) Path along which the work done
3) Only along the initial state of the system 4) Only on the final state of the system
17) Which type of the molecular motion does not contribute towards the internal energy?
1) Translation 2) Rotational 3) Vibration 4) All the above
18) In which of the following internal energy of the system remains constant?
1) Adiabatic 2) Isochoric 3) Isobaric 4) Isothermal
19) The internal energy of a perfect gas is independent of
1) Pressure 2) Temperature 3) Volume 4) Specific heat
20) Heat is
1) K.E of molecules 2) P.E of molecules 3) Energy in transit 4) Work done on the system
21) The thermal motion means
1) Motion due to heat energy 2) Disorderly motion of the body as whole
3) Motion of the body that creates heat 4) Random motion of molecules
22) Heat required raising the temperature of 1gram of water through 1 0C
1) 0.001Kcal 2) 0.01Kcal 3)0.1Kcal 4)1.0KcalHeat(Narayana pa-512)
23) What should be the percentage increase in the pressure so that the volume of a gas may decreased by
5% at constant temperature
1)5% 2) 10% 3) 5.26% 4) 4.26%
24) A spherical balloon rises up & the radius becomes twice that on the ground. Assuming temperature to
be constant the pressure at that altitude is
1) 1/3 of that on the earth 2) 1/9 of that on the earth’s surface
3) 1/8 of that on the earth’s surface 4) 3 times of that on the earth’s surface
25) A given amount of gas is heated till the volume and pressure both increased by 2% each the percentage
change in temperature of the gas is equal to nearly
1) 2% 2) 3% 3) 4% 4) 1%
26) At the top of a mountain a thermo meter read 70C & barometer reads 70cm of Hg .At the bottom of the
mountain the barometer reads 76cm of Hg and the thermometer reads 270C.Thedensity of air at the top of
mountain is _____________ times of the density of the bottom
1) 0.99 2) 0.9 3) 0.89 4) 0.95
27) At a given temperature and pressure 64gm of Oxygen and ‘X’ grams of H2 occupy the same volume.
Then, X = ______ grams
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
28) Two samples of Hydrogen and Oxygen of same mass possess same pressure and volume. The ratio of
their temperature is
1) 1:8 2) 1:16 3) 8:1 4) 16:1
29) Two identical containers connected by a fine capillary tube contain air at N.T.P. If one of those
containers is immersed in pure water, boiling under normal pressure then new pressure is
1) 76cm of Hg 2) 152cm of Hg 3) 57cm of Hg 4) 87.76cm of Hg

80
30) The volume occupied by 8gmof Oxygen at S.T.P is
1) 11.2 lit. 2) 22.4 lit 3) 2.8 lit 4) 5.6 lit
31) An electric bulb of 250cc was sealed off at a pressure of 10 mm of Hg and temperature 27 0C.The
-3

number of moles present in the gas is

1) 8.02 x 1015 2) 6.023 x 10 23 3) 8.021 x 1023 4) 6 x 1022
32) A closed vessel contains 8gm of Oxygen and 7gm of Nitrogen. Total pressure is 10atm.When all the
Oxygen is removed from the system with out change in temperature then the pressure will be
1) 10 x 7/15 atm 2) 10 x 8/15 atm 3) 10 x 8/16 atm 4) 10 x 8/32 atm
33. Boyle’s law holds good for an ideal gas during
1) Isobaric changes 2) Isothermal change 3) Isochoric changes 4) Isotopic changes
34. An ideal gas is that which
1) Cannot be liquefied 2) can be easily liquefied
3) has strong inter molecular forces 4) has a large size of molecules
35. The product of pressure and volume has the same units as
1) Temperature 2) work 3) Force 4) power
36. The temperature of a gas is due to
1) P.E of its molecules 2) K.E of its molecules
3) Attractive forces between molecules 4) Repulsive forces between molecules
37. At constant pressure density of a gas is
1) Directly proportional to absolute temperature 2) Inversely proportional to absolute temperature
3) Independent of temperature 4) directly proportional to square root of absolute temperature
38. All gases deviate from gas laws at
1) High pressure and low temperature 2) low pressure and high temperature
3) high pressure and high temperature 4) low pressure and low temperature
39. A gas can be liquefied by applying pressure alone when it is cooled to
1) 00C 2) 2730C 3) Critical temperature 4) -2730C
40. Universal gas constant per molecule is called
1) Rydberg constant 2) Kelvin constant 3) Boltzman constant 4) Stefan’s constant
41. If an air bubbles rises from the bottom to the surface of a lake at constant temperature its volume
1) Decreases 2) Increases 3) Remain same 4) Zero
42. For perfect gas, the ratio of volume coefficient of expansion to pressure coefficient is
1) Equal to one 2) less than one 3) more than one 4) an imaginary quantity
43. A closed vessel contains some gas at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. It is then given a
high speed by placing it in a fast moving train. The temperature of the gas
1) Will increases 2) will decrease
3) will remain uncharged 4) increase or decrease depending on the chemical composition of gas

81
44. By increasing the temperature of liquid its
1) Volume and density decreases 2) volume and density increases
3) Volume increases and density decreases 4) Volume decreases and density increases
45. An ideal gas is allowed to expand freely against a vacuum in a rigid insulated container. The gas
undergoes
1) Increase in internal energy
2) increase in temperature
3) Decrease in internal energy but increase in temperature
4) Neither an increase not decrease in internal energy
46. p-1/v graph for a gas under constant temperature is
1) Straight line 2) circle 3) hyperbola 4) parabola
47. The pressure of a given mass of a gas at constant volume varies with temperature as
1) 1/T2 2) 1/T 3) 1/T3 4) T
48. The universal gas constant has the unit is
1) dyne/0C 2) erg/mole/k 3) erg-cm/k 4) watt/k
49. The temperature at what the volume of all the gases is zero is
1) +273 0k 2)-273 0C 3) 2730C 4)-273 0K
50. Which of the following methods will enable the volume of an ideal gas to be made four times?
1) Double the absolute temperature and pressure
2) Halve the absolute temperature and double the pressure
3) Quadruple the absolute temperature at constant temperature
4) Quarter the absolute temperature at constant temperature
51. The pressure coefficient of a gas is in /0C
1) 0.00367 2) -273 3) 981 4) 3.14
52. The volume of 1.5moles of a gas at S.T.P is about
1) 3lt 2) 33.6lt 3) 22.4lt 4) 11.2lt
53. The temperature at which a body does not radiate energy
1)00C 2) 0K 3) 273K 4)40C
54. At constant temperature and volume, the mass of a gas is related to pressure as
1 1
1) m  2) mp 3) m  4) m does not have any relation
p p
55. At constant temperature and volume, the volume of a given gas is related to mass as
1 1
1) Volume is not related to mass 2) v 3) v  4) vm
m m
56. In a gas equation, PV=RT, V refers to the volume of
1) Any amount of gas 2) one gram mass of a gas 3) one gram mole of a gas 4) one liter of gas
57. As pressure increases, the slope of the T-V graph for a given mass of a gas
1) Increases 2) decreases 3) Does not change 4) may increase or decrease

82
58. A gas absorbs 80cal of heat. If the work done by the gas is 150J the change in internal energy is
1) 150J 2) 80J 3)186J 4)156J
59. Heat energy of 2100J is given to a gas at a constant pressure pf 105Pa. The increase in internal energy
if the change in volume is 5X10-3m3
1) 1500J 2) 1400J 3) 1600J 4) 800J
60. When 20cal of heat is supplied to a system, the increase in internal energy is 50J. If the external work
done is 35J, the mechanical equivalent of heat is
1) 4.25J/cal 2) 1.26J/cal 3) 4.92J/cal 4)2.1J/cal
61.100J work is done on a gas to reduce its volume under adiabatic conditions. The change in internal
energy of the gas is
1) + 100J 2) -100J 3) - 200J 4) + 200J
62. In a thermodynamic process the pressure of fixed mass of gas is changed. In this process gas releases
20J heat and 8J work is done on the gas. If initial internal energy of the gas is 30J, then final internal
energy is
1)2J 2)42J 3) 18J 4) 58J
63. 70cal heat is required to rise the temperature of 2 moles of an ideal gas at constant pressure from 250C
to 300C, then the amount of heat required to rise the temperature of same gas through same raise of
temperature at constant volume is
1) 50cal 2) 70cal 3) 90cal 4) 60cal
64. In a thermodynamic process with 2 moles of gas 30J of heat is released and 22J of work is done on the
gas. Given that initial internal energy of the sample was 20J. The final internal energy is
1) 72J 2)32J 3) 28J 4)12J
65. A gas for which  is 4/3 is heated at constant pressure. The percentage of heat supplied used for
external work is
1) 25% 2) 75% 3)60% 4) 40%
66. The molar specific heat of hydrogen at constant volume is 5 cal. Heat is required to raise the
temperature of 1gm H2 gas by 1 0C at constant volume is
1) 2cal 2) 2.2cal 3) 2.5cal 4) 4cal
67. The molar specific heat of helium at constant volume is 3cal. Heat energy required to raise the
temperature of 1gm helium gas by 10C at constant pressure is
1) 1.2cal 2) 1.25cal 3) 3cal 4) 4cal
68. A quantity of heat ‘Q’ is supplied to a monatomic ideal gas which expands at constant pressure. The
fraction of heat that goes on to work done by the gas is
1) 2/3 2) 5/2 3) 4/5 4) 1
0
69. 3 moles of gas requires 60cal of heat for 5 C rise of temperature at constant volume. Then the heat
required for 5moles of same gas under constant pressure for 100C raise of temperature is
1) 200cal 2) 400cal 3) 100cal 4) 300cal
70. For the gas the ratio of the two specific heats is5/3. If R=2cal/mol/K then the values of Cp and Cv are
1) 5,3cal/mol/0K 2) 3,4cal/mol/0K 3) 4,3cal/mol/0K 4) 3.5,7cal/mol/0K

83
 R
71. If for a gas  0.67 , this gas is made up of molecules which are
Cv
1) Diatomic 2) monatomic 3) Polyatomic 4) mixture of diatomic and polyatomic
72.One mole of an ideal gas requires 207J heat to raise the temperature by 10K when heated at constant
pressure. If the same gas is heated at constant volume to raise the temperature by the same 10K, the heat
required is (R=8.3J/mol/K)
1) 187J 2) 29J 3) 215.3J 4) 124J
73. If the ratio of specific heat of a gas at constant pressure to that at constant volume is  , the change in
internal energy of gas, when the volume changes from V to 2V at constant pressure P is
R PV PV
1) 2) PV 3) 4)
 1  1  1
74. For a certain gas, the ratio of specific heats is 3/2. The value of Cp for the gas is
1) R 2) 2R 3) 3R 4) 5R
75. For hydrogen gas Cp - Cv = b, then the relation between ’a’ and ‘b’. is..
1) a = 16b 2) b =16a 3) a = 4b 4) a = b
76. One gram of water on evaporation at atmospheric pressure forms 1671cm3 of steam. Heat of
vaporization at this pressure is 540cal/gm. The increase in internal energy is
1) 250cal 2) 500cal 3) 1000cal 4) 1500cal
77.A cylinder of fixed capacity 67.2 liters contains helium gas at S.T.P. The amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of the gas by 15 0C is (R = 8.31J/mol/K)
1) 520J 2) 560.9J 3) 620J 4) 621.2J
5
78. For a gas   . 800c.c. of this gas is suddenly compressed to 100c.c. If the initial pressure is P, then
3
the final pressure will be
P
1) 2) 24/5 3) 8P 4) 32P
32
79. In an adiabatic change, the pressure P and temperature T of a monatomic gas are related as PT c
where C equals
1) 5/3 2) 2/3 3) 3/5 4) 5/2
4
80. A poly atomic gas (   ) is compressed to 1/8 of its volume adiabatically. If its initial pressure is P,
3
the new pressure will be
1) 8P 2) 16P 3) 6P 4) 2P
P1
81. During an adiabatic change the density becomes 1/16th of initial value, then  (   1.5)
P2
1) 16 2) 4 3) 32 4)64
82. A fixed amount of dry air at temperature of 270C is compressed to 1/9 of original volume. Its final
temperature is (  1  1.5)
1) 6270C 2) 6000C 3) 1580C 4) 5270C

84
  7  p
83. The pressure and density of a diatomic gas    where 1  32 then 1 should be
 5 2 p2
1) 126 2) 128 3) 146 4) 124
84. In an adiabatic expansion, the temperature of 5 moles of gas   1.5 falls from 87 0C to 270C, then the
work done is
1) 2400cal 2) 4980cal 3) 1200cal 4) 3000cal
85. If a monatomic gas is suddenly compressed to 1/8 of its volume adiabatically , then the pressure of the gas is
1) 8 times the initial 2) 16 times the initial 3) 32 times the initial 4) 128 times the initial
86. An ideal monatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCDA as shown in the diagram. The work done
during the cycle is
P
B (2P, V) C(2P,2V)

A (P, V) D(P,2V)

1) PV 2) 2PV 3) 3PV 4) 4PV

87. A gas is compressed isothermally and adiabatically. The corresponding change volume are found to be
51c.c and 34c.c.The value of  for the gas is
1) 1.67 2) 1.4 3) 1.33 4) 1.5
88. Water falling from 160m height. Assuming that half the K.E of falling water gets converted heat, the
raise in temperature of water is approximately
1) 0.10C 2) 0.20C 3) 0.30C 4) 0.40C
89. How much will the temperature of 100g of water be raised by doing 4200J of work is stirring
1) 0.010C 2) 0.10C 3) 10C 4)1 00C
90. From what minimum height a block of ice has to be dropped in order that it may melt completely on
hitting the ground
1) mgh 2) mgh/J 3) JL/g 4) J/Lg

ANSWERS
1) 2 2) 1 3) 1 4) 4 5) 4 6) 3 7) 1 8) 1 9) 1 10) 4 11) 2 12) 2 13) 3 14) 4
15) 1 16) 2 17) 2 18) 4 19) 3 20) 3 21) 4 22) 1 23) 3 24) 3 25) 3 26) 1 27) 4 28) 2
29) 4 30) 4 31) 1 32) 3 33)2 34)1 35)2 36)2 37)2 38)1 39)3 40)3 41)2 42)1
43)3 44)3 45)4 46)1 47)4 48)2 49)2 50)3 51)1 52)2 53)2 54)2 55)4 56)3
57)2 58)2 59)1 60)3 61)2 62)3 63)3 64)1 65)1 66)3 67)1 68)4 69)1 70)3
71)4 72)1 73)4 74)1 75)2 76)4 77)3 78)3 79)4 80)2 81)2 82)4 83)4 84)2
85) 3 86) 1 87) 4 88) 2 89) 4 90) 3

85
 7. SOUND (ACCOUSTICS)
Sound: Sound is a form of energy which causes sensation of hearing.
Sound can be produced by one or other kind of particles vibration. Sound cannot travel through vacuum
because sound waves can require a material medium from one place to another place.
Sound travels from one place to another place in the form of a wave motion in a material medium
possessing inertia and elastic property.
Wave motion: Each vibrating particle in the medium propagates disturbance from one place to another
with out itself moving away from its mean position. Such a movement of the disturbance in a medium is
called wave motion.
Wave length: The distance traveled by the wave in completing one vibration or the distance between two
adjacent particles which are in the same phase or state of vibration. It is denoted by  . Its unit is meter.
Wave length of longitudinal wave is the distance between two successive compressions (or) rarefactions.
Wave length of transverse wave is the distance between two successive crests (or) troughs.
Frequency: The number of vibrations per second. (or) Number of wavelengths that takes in unit time
along the direction of propagation of the wave.
It is denoted by ‘n’ (or) .
Its unit is Hertz.
Velocity: It is the distance through which the disturbance is propagated per second along the wave. The SI
unit of velocity is m/s. The velocity of a wave depends up on the nature of the medium in which the wave
can travel.
Velocity, Wave length and Frequency of a wave are related by v   .
Time period: The time taken to complete one vibration.
1
Its unit is sec. T

Progressive wave: A wave that travels from a point into an infinite medium and never returns to the
origin is called a progressive wave.
Longitudinal wave: If the direction of vibration of the particles of the medium is parallel to the direction
of propagation, the wave is called a longitudinal wave.
Ex: sound waves, waves produced in a spring
Properties:
1. The period and amplitude of vibrations of each particle remains same.
2. Compressions and rarefactions are found alternatively.
3. The distance between any two successive compressions or rarefactions is called wave length of that
wave.
4. Different particles of the medium are in different phases. The phase difference between two particles
at the successive compressions or rarefactions is 2π radians.

86
Transverse wave: If the direction of vibration of the particles of the medium is perpendicular to the
direction of propagation, the wave is called a transverse wave.
Ex: light waves
Properties:
1.The period and amplitude of vibrations of each particle changes
2.Crests and Troughs are found alternatively
3.The distance between any two successive Crests or Troughs is called wavelength of that wave.
Depending upon the frequency of sound waves they can be mainly classified in to three types.
1.Audible Sound: The sound waves whose frequency lies with in the frequency limit of 20 Hz to
20,000 Hz.
2.Infrasonics: The sound waves whose frequency is less than 20Hz
3.Ultrasonic’s: The sound waves whose frequency is greater than 20,000Hz
Musical sound: sound that produces pleasing effect or sensation on the ear is known as musical sound.
Ex: sound from musical instruments, sound from violin, tabla etc.,
Musical sound is regular
The characteristics of musical notes are
1. Loudness
2. Pitch
3. Quality (or) Timbre
Loudness of sound depends on the amplitude or the power of the sound wave. Loud ness depends upon
the intensity of the wave. Greater the intensity greater the Greater the loudness
1. The roar of a lion is louder than the buzz of a Bee
2. The sound from a drum is louder than the sound from a violin
Pitch is the shrillness or flatness of the sound heard and depends upon the frequency. Pitch is a
physiological or sensory characteristic. Pitch depends upon the frequency of wave. Frequency is a
physically measurable quantity for pitch.
1. The sound produced by a violin has higher pitch than the drum
2. The pitch of the buzzing of a Bee is higher than the roar of Lion
3. Children, Women voices are of high pitch.
The property by which one can distinguish between two notes of the same loudness and pitch is called
quality.
Pitch depends upon the form of the wave which in turn depends upon the presence of overtones.
Quality (or) Timbre depends upon the source of sound wave. The property by which we can distinguish
between two notes of same loudness and pitch is called Quality (or) Timbre.
Noise: sound that produces jarring effect or unpleasing effect on the ear is known as noise.
Ex: sound produced by explosions, sound from motor vehicles etc.,

87
Noise is abrupt and irregular.
Overtone: Notes having frequencies which are simple multiples of fundamental note are called Overtones.
Any surface of a substance absorbs a part of sound energy incident on it and reflects the rest.
Absorption Co-efficient (a): The ratio of sound energy not reflected from a surface to the sound energy
incident on it is called the absorption co-efficient of that surface.
(or)
The absorption coefficient of a surface is the ratio of the sound energy absorbed by it to the sound energy
absorbed by an open widow of equal area in the same time.
Es
a
Ew

Where Es is energy absorbed by a substance and Ew is energy absorbed by open window

Unit of absorption coefficient is “Metric Sabine”.
Absorption coefficient can be determined by using stationary wave method. In the stationary wave method
absorption co-efficient
4i1i2
a
(i1  i2 ) 2

Where i1 and i2 are the currents corresponding to maximum and minimum amplitudes.
Absorption coefficient can also be determined using reverberation time method.
In the reverberation time method, absorption coefficient
0.17 1 1
a (  )
S T1 T2

Where T1 and T2 are reverberation times without and with given material in room and S is the
surface area of walls.
Reverberation: Reverberation is the persistence of sound in an enclosure as a result of continuous
reflections of sound at the walls even after the source of sound has been turned off.
Threshold Audibility: The minimum intensity of sound below which it is audible is called threshold
audibility.
Reverberation time: The time required by the sound intensity to decrease to the threshold of audibility
from an initial intensity of 106 times this after the source of sound is turned off.
The subject that deals with the construction of good auditoria, cinema theaters etc., is called
“Architectural Acoustics”.
Conditions to be fulfilled for good auditoria:
1. Adequate loudness.
2. Optimum reverberation.
3. Exclusion of extraneous noise.
4. Uniform distribution of sound.
5. Elimination of echoes.
88
 6. Elimination of Echelon effect.
Sabine formula: the reverberation time is directly proportional to the volume of the enclosure and
inversely proportional to the total absorption.
V KV
T orT 
A A
Where K is a constant. The value of K is 0.17 in SI System and 0.05 in FPS system
The practical unit of intensity of sound is bel or decibel (db)
Hearing loss depends upon the intensity and duration of the sound level
Temporary hearing loss happens when the sound level is more than 90db.
If the speed of a motor vehicle is doubled, the noise level increases by 13db.
A wet road can increases by noise of 10db.
Alarm clock produces noise of 85db.
Breathing of a person noise level is 10db.
Noise becomes most painful around 120db and can kill at 180db
Beats Two sound waves of nearly same frequencies traveling in the same direction interfere to produce a
regular waxing and waning in the intensity of the combined note is known as “Beats”.
1. Beat frequency is always equal to the difference in the frequencies of two interfering waves.
   1   2 .
2. If the number of beats per sec is more than ten then human ears can not register the vibration of
intensity of the beat.
n  n2
3. Combined beat frequency is 1 .
2
n  n2
Combined wave change is 1
2
Persistence of hearing is 0.1 s (or) 1/10 s.
When two or more notes are sounded together to produce a pleasing effect, it is called harmony.
When two notes which produce concord are sounded one after the other to produce a pleasing effect it is
called harmony.
Echo: It is a repetition of sound due to reflection from a surface at a distance.
If‘d’ is the distance from person and reflecting surface and ‘t’ is the time taken by the person to
2d
receive the echo then t  where ‘c’ is the velocity of sound in air.
c
The echo can be distinctly heard only if t  0.1sec for this the minimum distance between the observer
and reflecting surface is 16.5 m in air.
Depth of sea can be determined by applying echo techniques with ultrasonic waves sent into the bottom of
sea.
E
The speed of longitudinal waves v where E is elastic constant
d
P Cp
But according to Laplace it is v  where   the ratio of two specific heats.
d Cv
Where P is the adiabatic elasticity of the medium and‘d’ is the density of the medium.
89
 LEVEL - I
1. Sound energy propagates in a medium in the form of
1. Transverse wave 2. Longitudinal wave 3. Stationary wave 4. None
2. Of the following which is a sound absorber?
1) Iron 2) Graphite 3) Lime floor 4) None
3. Absorption coefficient of a material can be
1) Less than one 2) Greater than one 3) Equal to one 4) All the three
4. of the following which is Ultrasonic?
1) 1000Hz 2) 30000Hz 3) 2000Hz 4) 200Hz
5. of the following which cannot be heard by human beings?
1)150 Hz 2) 1500 Hz 3) 15000 Hz 4) 150000 Hz
6. The lowest wave length sound waves are
1) Infrasonic 2) Ultrasonic 3) Audible 4) None
7. Velocity of sound at NTP on moon’s surface is
1) 331 m/s 2) 330 m/s 3) 662 m/s 4) Zero
8. Successive sounds overlaps when the reverberation time is
1) Very Small 2) Zero 3) Very large 4) None
9. Sound loudness is insufficient and the sound cannot be heard by all audience if the reverberation time is
1) Infinity 2) Very small 3) Very large 4) None
10. of the following which possess more pitch?
1) Roaring lion 2) Child 3) women 4) mosquito
11. A Musical scale is constructed by providing intermediate frequencies between a note and its octave
which
1) From an arithmetic progression 2) From a geometric progression
3) Bear a simple ratio with neighbors 4) From a harmonic progression
12. In a harmonium the intermediate notes between a note and its octave form
1) an arithmetic progression 2) a geometric progression
3) a harmonic progression 4) a exponential progression
13. Quality of a musical sound depends on
1) Frequency of a note 2) Presence or absence of over tones
3) Amplitude of vibration 4) The quality of the man producing it.
14. Those persons who have sweeter sound have
1) Greater number of overtones 2) lesser number of overtones
3) No overtones 4) neither more nor less overtones

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15. An air box attached to a musical instrument increases the
1) Pitch of the sound 2) intensity of sound
3) Quality of sound 4) shrillness of the sound
16. The same notes being played on the sitar and veena differ in
1) Pitch 2) quality 3) both pitch and quality 4) none of two
17. Sound energy is converted in to electrical energy by a
1) Loud speaker 2) micro phone 3) sonometer 4) eat phone
18. A set of tones whose frequencies are integral multiples of fundamental frequency are called
1) Overtones 2) harmonics 3) beats 4) Doppler frequencies
19. The tones that are separated by three octaves have a frequency ratio of
1) 3 2) 6 3) 8 4) 16
20. The walls of the halls built for music concerns should
1) Amplify sound 2) reflect sound 3) transmit sound 4) absorb sound

LEVE – II
1. Sound travels in the form of rocks as
1) Stationary wave 2) Transverse wave 3) Longitudinal waves 4) none
2. The time periods ratio of two sound waves is 3:5 then the ratio of their frequencies is

1) 3:5 2) 5:3 3) 25:9 4) 3: 5

3. Three sound waves of frequencies 300Hz, 500Hz and 700Hz are traveling in a medium then the ratio of
their frequencies is
1) 3:5:7 2) 7:5:3 3) 1:1:1 4) 3: 5: 7

4. The velocity of sound in air is 330m/s and the velocity of light in air is 3 10 8 m/s. What frequency in
Hz does a BBC station which transmits at 1500m broadcast?
1) 5  10 6 2) 0.22 3) 595  103 4) 2X10 5
5. The musical interval between the notes of frequencies 240 Hz and 320Hz is
3 4
1) 2) 3) 40 Hz 4) 80 Hz
4 3
6. A sound wave of frequency 300 Hz is traveling in air with a speed of 360m/s. The separation between
compression and rare fraction is
5
1) m 2) 1.2 m 3) 0.6m 4) 0.3m
6
7. The noise level of breathing of a person is around
1) 1dB 2) 10dB 3) 100dB 4) 30dB
8. Pitch depends upon
1) Amplitude 2) loudness 3) frequency 4) velocity

91
9. The SI unit of absorption coefficient is
1) Sabine 2) Reverberation 3) Metric sabine 4) None
10. Absorption coefficient of an open window is
1) Less than one 2) greater than one 3) equal to one 4) zero
11. Velocity of sound in glass is
1) 1200m/s 2) 1000m/s 3) infinity 4) zero
12. When sound transmitted which of the following does not vary?
1) Loudness 2) frequency 3) wave length 4) velocity
13. of the following which can increase the noise
1) A dry road 2) A wet road 3) Both 4) None
14. Persistence of hearing is
1 1 1 1
1) s 2) s 3) s 4) s
16 8 5 10
15. of the following in which energy is not propagated?
1) Longitudinal wave 2) Transverse wave 3) Stationary wave 4) All the three
16. Intensity of sound has
1) An objective existence 2) a subjective existence 3) no existence 4) all the true
17. The unit to compare the sound energy level is
1) Decibel 2) diaptor 3) hertz 4) horse power
18. The intensity of sound produced by A is 1000 times of B. Then the difference in the intensity level is
1) 20dB 2) 30dB 3) 25dB 4) 10dB
19. The sound intensity of a source A is three Bels higher then the sound intensity of source B. How many
times the intensity is greater
1) 3 2) 100 3) 1000 4) 1/3
20. The greater the density of medium
1) greater in the frequency of the sound 2) louder in the sound
3) greatest in the pitch 4) greater in the intensity

LEVE – III
1. The intensity of sound varies with
1) Amplitude 2) Frequency 3) excess pressure 4) square of excess pressure
2. The ‘zero point’ of the scale of loudness is
1) Whisper sound 2) Thunder sound 3) Threshold sound 4) lowest frequency of 20 Hz
3. Pick out the Sabine formula
17v 0.17 0.17 as  as
1) t  2) t  3) 4) t 
as  as V 0.17V

92
4. The reverberation time of a theatre is 0.1sec. Volume of other theatre is exactly half. If the total
absorption is same then the reverberation time of the second one is
1) 5 sec 2) 0.5 sec 3) 0.05 sec 4) 0.005 sec
5. Threshold ability for human Normal ear is
1) The maximum intensity of audible sound
2) The minimum intensity of sound below which it is in audible
3) The pitch of the sound is in audible
4) The pitch of the sound is audible
6. Absorption coefficient can be measured by
1) microphone 2) volume resonator 3) sonometer 4) megaphone
7. Absorption coefficient is
1) ratio of amplitudes 2) ratio of wavelengths 3) ratio of energies 4) ratio of frequencies
8. Reverberation of sound is due to
1) multiple refraction 2) multiple reflection 3) multiple diffraction 4) multiple polarization
9. Reverberation means
1) Persistence of sound when the sound of the source is increased
2) persistence of sound when the sound of the source is decreased
3) persistence of sound when the sound of the source is turned off
4) persistence of sound when the sound of the source is moved away
10. Reverberation of a chamber is
1) Directly proportional to volume and inversely proportional to absorption
2) Directly proportional to volume and area
3) Directly proportional to volume and inversely proportional to absorption coefficient
4) Directly proportional to height and inversely proportional to absorption coefficient
11. In an auditorium when speech is going on, a window is open besides the audience, and then the
absorption coefficient is
1) Increased 2) decreased 3) remains constant 4) becomes zero
12. In the auditorium a big curtain across the door is suddenly falls then the reverberation time is
1) increased 2) decreased 3) remains constant 4) becomes zero
13. A sharp sound becomes suddenly a musical note in an auditorium then it is called
1) Echo 2) Echelon effect 3) reverberation 4) shrillness
14. In a meeting hall which is initially half filled with participants, after sometimes it becomes full
capacity then the clarity of speech is
1) Increased 2) decreased 3) remains constant 4) becomes zero
15. The walls of the auditorium built for using concerts should
1) Reflect the sound 2) amplify the sound 3) Absorb the sound 4) Transmit the sound
16. Perforated card boards are used in halls for
93
 1) Reflection of sound 2) absorption of sound 3) Refraction of sound 4) as a decorative material
17. For good absorption of sound in auditorium it requires
1) A few windows to be open 2) all closed windows
3) Maps hanging from walls 4) hanging light curtains
18. ‘Upholstered seats’ in cinema halls are arranged for
1) Absorption of sound 2) reflection of sound 3) diffraction of sound 4) to form an echo
19. ‘Howling sound’ is caused in public address
1) due to interference 2) due to resonant oscillation
3) interaction of micro phone and loud speaker sound 4) maximum absorption of sound
20. Sound insulation can be obtained by
1) covering walls with metal plates 2) covering walls with light curtains
3) covering walls with card boards 4) covering walls with material of high elastic constant
21. A change 26% intensity of sound alters the level by
1) one bel 2) half dB 3) one dB 4) half bel
22. When two sounds differ by 20dB
1) one sound is 10 times more intense than the other 2) one sound is 100 times more intense than the other
3) one sound is 1000 times more intense than the other 4) one sound is 5 times more intense than the other
23. In acoustical measurements
1) Frequency variations are used 2) amplitude variation are used
3) temperature variations are used 4) pressure variations are used
24. When a wave is traveling in a medium; the following are the transporting from one particle to other
1) Energy 2) Momentum 3) Both 1&2 4) None
25. Longitudinal waves propagate in the following
1) Solids 2) Liquids 3) Gases 4) All the above
26. Transverse waves can propagate in the following
1) Solids 2) Surface of liquids 3) Both 1&2 4) All the above
27. The Phase difference between two successive crest or trough in a transverse wave is

1) 2)  3) 2  4) 3 
2
28. The Phase difference between two successive compression and rarefaction in a longitudinal wave is

1) 2)  3) 2  4) 3 
2
29. A plane progressive wave can be represented by
t x 2
1) Y  A sin(t  kx) 2) Y  A sin 2 (  ) 3) Y  A sin (Vt  x) 4) all the above
T  

94
30. The principle of superposition of waves can be used to explain wave phenomena like
1) Interference 2) Diffraction 3) Stationary waves and beats 4) all the above
31. The phase change between incident and reflected sound wave from a fixed wall is
1) 0 2)  3)3  4) 2 
32. The phase change between incident and reflected sound wave from a free end is
1) 0 2)  3)3  4) 2 
33. Bells are made of metal and not of wood because
1) The thermal conductivity of metal is greater than that of wood
2) The density of the metal is greater than that of wood
3) The sound is not conducted by metals but is radiated
4) Wood dampens vibrations while metals are elastic
34. In a longitudinal plane wave each particle of the medium executes S.H.M with
1) Same frequency, same amplitude 2) Same frequency, different amplitude
3) Different frequency, same amplitude 4) Different frequency, Different amplitude
35. During the propagation of longitudinal plane wave in a medium the two particles separated by a
distance equivalent to one wavelength at an instant will be/have
1) In phase, same displacement 2) in phase, different displacement
3) Different phase, same displacement 4) different phase, different displacement
36. When a progressive wave is propagating in a medium, at a given instant, two particles which are
separated by three wave lengths will have……
1) Different displacement in same direction 2) Different displacement in opposite direction
3) Same displacement in opposite direction 4) Same displacement in same direction
37. The essential properties of a medium for the propagation of mechanical waves are
1) Inertia and mass 2) Inertia and elasticity 3) Elasticity and volume 4) Inertia and volume
38. When a sound wave travels from one medium to another, the quantity that remains uncharged is
1) Speed 2) amplitude 3) frequency 4) wavelength
39. In a stationary wave
1) Phase is same at all points in a loop 2) Amplitude is same at all points
3) Energy is constant at all points 4) Temperature is same at points
40. What sort of a stretched wire will produce a note of very high frequency?
1) Thin and short wire of light material under high tension
2) Thick and short wire of light material under high tension
3) Thin and long wire of light material under high tension
4) Thin and short wire of heavy material under high tension

95
41. One similarity between sound and light waves is that
1) Both can propagate in vacuum 2) Both have same speed
3) Both can show polarization 4) Both can show interference
42. The interference phenomenon can take place
1) in transverse wave 2) in longitudinal wave 3) in electromagnetic wave 4) in all waves
43. The frequency of sound reaching a stationary listener behind a moving source is
1) Lower than source frequency 2) higher then source frequency
3) zero 4) same as the frequency of the source
44. When the observer and reflector are at rest the echo and the original sound differ in
1) Frequency 2) wavelength 3) velocity 4) intensity of sound
45. in a stationary wave
1) There is no net transfer of energy 2) Energy is constant at all points
3) Amplitude is same for all points 4) Energy and amplitude is same at all points
46. L is the length of the stretched wire whose two are ends are fixed if ‘v’ is the velocity of transverse
wave along this wire then its minimum frequency is
1) 2V/L 2) V/L 3) V/2L 4) V/4L
47.  is maximum wavelength of a transverse wave that travels along a stretched wire whose two ends are
fixed? The length of that wire is
1) 2  2)  3)  /2 4) 3  /2
48. A sonometer wire of density ‘  ’and radius ‘a’ is held between two bridges at a distance ‘L’ apart.
Tension is the wire is ‘T’ the fundamental frequency of the wire will be

1 a 2 1 T 1 T 1 T
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 L T 2 L a 2 2 L a 2 2 L a 2 

49. The velocity of sound is not effected by change is

1) Temperature 2) medium 3) pressure 4) wavelength
50. A road runs midway between two parallel rows of buildings. A motorist moving with a speed of
36km/hour sounds the horn. He hears the echo one second after he has sounded the horn. The distance
between the 2 rows of buildings is (Velocity of sound is 330m/s)
1) 300m 2) 150m 3) 1080m 4) 330m
51. 8 Beats /s are produced when two tuning forks A, B are made to vibrate together. The number of beats
decreases to 5 beats/s when prongs of B are filed. If natural frequency of A is 282Hz, the frequency of B
before and after filing is
1) 274 Hz , 277Hz 2) 290Hz, 287Hz 3) 290Hz, 277Hz 4) 274Hz, 290Hz
52. A tuning fork vibrating with a sonometer wire of length 20cm produces 5 beats per sec. The beat
frequency does not change if the length of the wire is changed to 21 cm. The frequency of the tuning
fork must be
1) 200Hz 2) 210Hz 3) 205Hz 4) 215Hz

96
53. A person is in front of a wall. The person can hear echo of sound produced by him when minimum
distance between person and wall is 16.75m. The velocity of sound in air is
1) 330m/s 2) 335m/s 3) 337.5m/s 4) 345m/s
54. A man fired a bullet in front of a mountain and he heard its echo after 2 seconds. After traveling a
distance of 85m towards the mountain, he fired another bullet and heard its echo after
1) 340m/s, 340m 2) 340m/s,140m 3) 140m/s, 340m/s 4) 140m/s, 140m
55. A man standing between two parallel cliffs fires a gun. He hears the first echo after 2 seconds and the
next after 5 seconds. The distance between the cliffs is (velocity of sound in air is 350ms-1)
1) 1225m 2) 1425m 3) 1625m 4) 1725m
56. A tuning fork of frequency 328Hz is moved towards a wall at a speed of 2ms-1. An observer standing
on the same side as the fork hears two sounds, one directly from the fork and the other reflected from the
wall. No. of beats per seconds is (Velocity of sound in air 330ms-1)
1) 4 2) 5 3) 6 4) 7
57. The reverberation time of a room is‘t’ is second. Another room of double the dimensions with the
walls of the same absorption coefficient will have a reverberation time.
1) t2 2) 2t 3) t/2 4) t3
58. The reverberation time in a cinema theatre are 3s, 2s when it is empty, filled with audience
respectively. The reverberation time when the theatre is half filled with audience is
1) 2.3s 2) 2.4s 3) 2.5s 4) 2.6sec
59. A rectangular class room of volume 20X15X10m3 has a surface whose average absorption coefficient
is 0.035metric Sabine When a material of area 15000m2 is brought in to room, the reverberation time falls
to 2.5seconds.The absorption coefficient of the material is
1) 0.1056 2) 0.1256 3) 0.1272 4) 0.7945
60. A meeting hall of volume 100X30X10m3 has a reverberation time of 3seconds.If 1000visitors are in
the hall. The absorption of the hall if the sound absorption of each visitor is 0.5 is
1) 500metric Sabine 2) 600metric Sabine 3) 700metric Sabine 4) 800metric Sabine
LEVEL -I
1) 2 2) 3 3) 1 4) 2 5) 4 6) 2 7) 4 8) 3 9) 2 10) 4 11) 3 12) 2 13) 2 14) 2
15) 2 16) 2 17) 2 18) 2 19) 3 20) 4
LEVEL – II
1) 3 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 5) 2 6) 3 7) 2 8) 3 9) 3 10) 3 11) 4 12) 2 13) 2 14) 4
15) 3 16) 1 17) 1 18) 2 19)3 20)2
LEVEL –III
1)4 2)3 3)2 4)3 5)2 6)1 7)3 8)2 9)3 10)3 11)1 12)2 13)2 14)1
15)3 16)2 17)1 18)1 19)3 20)3 21)3 22)2 23)4 24) 3 25) 4 26) 3 27) 3 28) 3
29) 4 30) 4 31) 2 32) 1 33) 4 34) 1 35) 1 36) 4 37) 2 38) 3 39) 1 40) 1 41) 4 42) 4
43) 1 44) 4 45) 1 46) 3 47) 3 48) 4 49) 3 50) 4 51) 1 52) 3 53) 2 54) 1 55) 1 56) 1
57) 2 58) 2 59) 1 60) 1

97
 KINEMATICS
SYNOPSIS
1. The branch of physics that deals with the action of forces on material bodies is known as
“Mechanics”.
Mechanics is sub divided in to 3 types
a. Statics: In statics we dealt with the conditions necessary to keep the objects in
equilibrium under the action of forces.
b. Dynamics: In dynamics we study the behavior of objects under the action of
forces causing motion.
c. Kinematics: In Kinematics we study the motion of objects without reference to
the cause of motion.
2. Distance: Distance traveled by a body is the actual length of the path covered by a
moving body without considering the direction in which the body travels. It is a
scalar quantity.
3. Displacement: The change of position of a body in a particular direction is called
“Displacement”. It is a vector quantity.
4. Speed: The rate of change of position of the body is known as “speed”.
It is scalar quantity. Unit: m/s.
5. Velocity: The rate of change of displacement of a body is called “velocity”.
It is a vector quantity. Unit: m/s.
6. Uniform velocity: If a body travels always in the some direction and it covers equal
distances in equal intervals of time, then the velocity possessed by the body is called
“uniform velocity”.
7. Non – Uniform velocity: If a body travels always in the same direction and it covers
unequal distances in equal intervals of time, then the velocity possessed by the body is
called “Non – Uniform velocity”.
(or)
If a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time but changing its direction of
motion with time then also be the body is said to be moving with “Non – Uniform
velocity”.
The velocity of a body is non – uniform
If its speed (magnitude) changes.
If its direction of motion changes.
If both the magnitude and direction changes.

1
8. Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration, It is a vector
quantity.
Unit: m/s2
9. Direction of velocity and acceleration need not be same
Ex: 1. For a body going up angle between velocity and acceleration is 1800.
2. In circular motion the angle between velocity and acceleration is 900.
3. Acceleration may not be zero if the velocity of the body is zero.
Ex: At the maximum height, the velocity of the body is zero but not its acceleration.
Acceleration is zero if change in the velocity is zero (or) its velocity is uniform.
10. For a body moving with uniform acceleration and velocity changes from ‘u’ and ‘v’ in‘t’
uv
seconds Average velocity =
2
11. If a body covers the first half of distance with velocity ‘v1’ and second half of distance
with velocity ‘v2’ then
Average velocity = Total displacement
Total time
2v1v 2
v
v1  v 2
12. If a body covers first 1/3rd of distance with velocity v1, second 1/3rd of distance with
velocity v2 and third 1/3rd of distance with velocity v3, then
3v1v 2 v3
Average velocity (V) =
v1  v 2  v3
13. If a body travels with a velocity v1 for a time t1 and with a velocity v2 for a time t2 , then
v1t1  v 2 t 2
Average velocity (V) =
t1  t 2
14. If ‘u’ and ‘v’ are the velocities of a body at two points in its path, then the velocity at the
mid – point of these two points is

u2  v2
V=
2
15. Equations of motion in the case of a body moving with uniform acceleration along a
straight line
v  u  at
1
s  ut  at 2
2
v 2  u 2  2as

2
 a
sn  u  2n  1 [Distance traveled in nth second]
2
16. Equations of motion in the case of a body moving with uniform acceleration and freely
falling
In this case initial velocity u = 0 and acceleration a = +g
v  gt (or) v  t
1 2
s gt (or) s  t 2
2
v 2  2as (or) v  s
g
sn  2n  1
2
17. Equations of motion in the case of a body going up in air In this case acceleration a = - g
v  u  gt
1 2
s  ut  gt
2
v  u 2  2 gh
g
sn  u  2n  1
2
18. For a body moving with uniform velocity acceleration a = 0 then
s  ut (or) s  t
19. Distances traveled by a body starting from rest in successive seconds (or) equal intervals
are in the ratio
a
1:3:5:7:……………… [ sn  2n  1 , for a body starting from rest]
2
20. If a body starting from rest, travels a distance ‘x’ in‘t’ seconds and a distance ‘y’ in the
next ‘t’ seconds then y  3 x
21. The distances traveled by a particle starting from rest, in the first one second, first two
seconds and first three seconds etc., are in the ration
1:4:9:16:……………….. s  t  2

Formulae for Vertically thrown upward body:

u2
1. The maximum height reached by the body is H   H  u2
2g
Where ‘u’ is the velocity with which the body projected vertically up

3
 u
2. The time taken by the body to reach the maximum height (time of ascent) is t a 
g
tu
3. The time taken by the body to reach the ground from maximum height (time of descent)
u
is t d 
g
4. The total time taken by the object to stat in air (or) the time taken by the object to reach
the point of projection when it is projected vertically (Time of flight) is
u u 2u
T f  ta  td   
g g g
g
5. The distance traveled by the body in the last second of its journey is and it is
2
independent of its velocity of projection.
6. When there is air resistance then t a  t d
7. For a freely falling body acceleration is constant but velocity is variable.
8. For a body thrown from the top of a tower (or) building (or) bridge (or) released from a
rising balloon with velocity u
Then the distance traveled by the body before reaching the ground is
1 2
s  ut  gt
2
t  time of flight
s  height of the tower of building
9. When a body is dropped from the top of a tower of height ‘h’ and another thrown up
from the bottom of the tower with velocity ‘u’, then both meet after “h/u” seconds.
10. When a body is dropped, its velocity after falling through a height ‘h’ is v  2 gh .
11. If the distances traveled by a body in mth and nth seconds are sm and sn, then uniform
acceleration of the body is
sm  sn
Acceleration a 
mn
if m  2 n 1
then a  s 2  s1
12. A body projected up from the top of a tower reaches the ground in ‘t1’ seconds. If it is
thrown down with the same velocity from A it reaches the ground in ‘t2’ seconds.
If it is dropped from A it reaches the ground in‘t’ seconds then t  t1 t 2

4
 1
Height of the tower is H  gt1t 2
2
g
Velocity of projection is u  t1  t 2 
2
 A body is projected upward with a velocity ‘u’ from a tower and reaches the ground with
velocity ‘nu’. Then the height of the tower ‘h’ is
u2 2
H
2g
n 1 
 When the large number of bullets are fired in all directions with same speed. The
maximum area on the ground on which these bullets will spread is
u4 2 u2
  R (Where R  as radius)
g2 g
PROJECTILES:
Definition: A body which is projected with an angle ‘ө’ other than 900 to the horizontal and
allowed to move under gravity is called “projectile”.
Ex: 1. A stone thrown upwards at an angle to the horizontal.
2. A ball hit by bat.
3. A bullet fired from a gun or rifle.
4. A javelin thrown by athlete.
5. A bomb thrown from an aero plane.
In the case of a projectile ө < 900.
For the entire motion the acceleration of a projectile is ‘g’ acting downwards.
The path of the projectile is a parabola.

VERTICAL PROJECTION:

If a body is projected with a velocity ‘u’ at an angle  with the horizontal, then
 Horizontal component of velocity u x  u cos . And it is constant throughout the flight,
since horizontal acceleration is zero.

5
 Vertical component of velocity u y  u sin   gt . And initially at t  0, the vertical

component of velocity u y  u sin  .

2 2
 Velocity of projection(magnitude of resultant velocity) is v  u x  v x

uy 
 Angle of projection   tan 1  
 ux 
 If ‘x’ and ‘y’ represents the horizontal and vertical displacements with respect to the
point of projection‘t’ seconds after projection.
 Horizontal displacement x  u cos  t
1 2
 Vertical displacement y  u sin   t  gt .
2
g
 Equation of trajectory y  x tan   2 2
x2 .
2u cos 
This is in the form of y  Ax  Bx 2 .
g
Where A  tan  and B  .
2u cos 2 
2

u 2 sin 2 
 Maximum height reached H 
2g
 Maximum height is maximum when the angle of projection is ө = 900.
u sin 
 Time of ascent t a 
g
u sin 
 Time of descent t d 
g
2u sin 
 Time of flight t f 
g

u 2 sin 2 2u x u y
 Range of the projectile R  
g g
R is maximum when ө = 450.
Rmax = u2/g R = u cosө × tf
 For a given velocity of projection ‘R’ is same for the angles of projection ‘ө’ and (900 -
ө).
 R is same for angles of projections (450 + ө) and (450 - ө).
 If H1 and H2 are the maximum heights attained by a projectile for complementary angles
of projection then
u2
H1  H 2 
2g

6
 R  4 H1H 2

Rmax  2H 1  H 2 

 If t1 and t2 are the time of flights for complementary angles of projection, then
1
R gt1t 2
2
A2 g
 H max  where A  tan  and B 
2B 2u cos 2 
2

A
 R
B
H max A
 
R 4
 If ө is the angle of projection the tanө = 4 Hmax/R
 When the range is maximum then Hmax = R/4
 If Hmax = R then tanө = 4 → ө = tan-1(4) = 760.
 When ө = 450 then R = 4 Hmax
 Acceleration of a projectile relative to another projectile is zero.
 Path of the projectile relative to another projectile is a straight line.
 When a body projected vertically upwards with a velocity ‘u’ from ‘A’ on the ground.
And at the same instant another body is projected with a velocity ‘v’ at an angle ‘ө’ from
‘B’ on the ground. Then they strike each other in air if sinө = u/v.
 At the highest point of the parabolic path vertical component of velocity uy = 0. And
horizontal component of velocity ux = u cosө.
 A body projected at an angle ө to the horizontal the velocity of projectile is not zero at
any point, it is maximum at the point of projection and point where it reaches the ground,
and minimum at the highest point (maximum height).
 When a body is projected with a horizontal velocity from the top of a tower (or) dropped
from an aero plane flying at a height
1. The path of the body is a parabola for a stationary observer on the ground.
2. Path is a vertical straight line for the pilot in the plane.
3. Path is a vertical straight line for a person on the ground moving in the direction of
motion of the body with the same velocity.
 When a coin is tossed up in a moving train (or) a drop of water falling from the ceiling of
a moving train then the path is
1. A vertical straight line for the person in the train.
2. A parabola for a stationary observer on the platform.

7
 HORIZONTAL PROJECTION:

For a projectile projected with a horizontal velocity, acceleration is ‘g’.

 Horizontal component of velocity u x  u . Throughout the motion horizontal component
of velocity is “zero”.
 Vertical component of velocity u y  gt .

Initially at time t= 0, the vertical component of velocity is “zero”.

2 2
 Magnitude of resultant velocity u  u x  u y

uy 
 Angle made by the velocity vector wit the horizontal is   tan 1  
 ux 
x
 Horizontal displacement after time‘t’ is x  ut and t  .
u
1 2
 Vertical displacement y  gt .
2
2
1  x g
 Equation of trajectory is Y  g   2 x 2 .
2 u 2u

2h
 Time of descent (or) time of flight (t) = .
g

2h
 Range R = x = u × t which is equal to u  .
g

 If a body is projected horizontally and another body is dropped at the same time from the
same height then they reach the ground simultaneously.
The times of flight are in the ratio of 1:1.
OTHER IMPORTANT POINTS:
 The time taken by the projectile to reach the ground when it describes the maximum
range is √2u/g
 Two balls are projected from the same point at angles 600 and 300 to the horizontal. If
they attain the same height, then the ratios of the velocities of projection

8
 u1:u2 = 1:√3
 If a person can throw a body vertically upwards to a height ‘h’ then he can throw it to a
distance of ‘2h’ horizontally.
 At the maximum height the projectile has both potential energy and kinetic energy.
DISPLACEMENT – TIME GRAPHS
The slope of displacement –time graph gives the velocity.
1. If the graph is a straight line parallel to time axis the body is at rest.

2. The two graphs represent a body moving with constant velocity having some initial
displacement and zero initial displacement respectively.

3. The graph is a parabola. It is for a body starting from rest and moving with uniform
acceleration and for a freely falling body also.

4. The graph is a parabola it shows that the body moves with retardation.

9
Relative velocity: The velocity of one body with respect to another body is called relative
velocity.

If two bodies are moving in the same direction with velocities V1 and V2 then their relative
velocity is V1- V2, and if they moving in opposite directions relative velocity is V1+ V2.

VELOCITY TIME GRAPHS:

The slope of the velocity – time graph gives the acceleration.
The area of the velocity-time graph and the time axis gives displacement.
1. If a body travels with uniform velocity the velocity time graph is parallel to the time axis

2. If a body travels with uniform acceleration, then the graph is a straight line passing
through the origin with positive slope.

3. When a body starts from rest and moves with uniform acceleration then the graph is a
straight line cutting the velocity axis.

10
 4. A body moves with retardation the graph is a straight line with negative slope.

5. When a body freely falls from a height and rebounds to the same height after collision
with the floor the velocity - time graph of the body is shown.

LEVEL - I
1. The distances traveled by a body moving with uniform acceleration in 1,2,3,.. seconds are in
1) A.P 2) G.P 3) H.P 4) none of these
2. If u, v are the velocities of a body at two points in its path. The average velocity of it at the
mid point of these points is

u2  v2 uv 2uv vu

1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 uv 2
3. The maximum height that can be attained by a body when projected with a velocity v
making an angle 450 with the ground is
v2 v2 v2 v2
1) 2) 3) 4)
g 2g 3g 4g
4. A body ‘A’ is projected with a velocity ‘v’ vertically from the top of a tower. Another body
‘B’ is thrown vertically down from the same point with the same velocity. A third body ‘C’ is
thrown horizontally from the same point with the same velocity, then
1) B touches the ground with more velocity
2) C touches the ground with the least velocity
3) A, B, C touch the ground with the same velocity
4) None of these

11
5. The velocity of a body starting from rest is directly proportional to the time at any instant, and
then the body is
1) having constant velocity 2) having constant acceleration
3) having constant retardation 4) none of these
6. A body starting from rest has a displacement ‘B’ in time‘t’ with uniform acceleration. Then
‘s’ is directly proportional to

1) 1 2) 1 2 3) t 2 4) t
t t
7. A body is moving with a constant speed on the circumference of a circle of radius R. its
displacement when it makes an angle 600 at the centre of the circle is
1) 3 R 2) 2 R 3) R 4) R/2
8. A body starting from rest and moving with uniform acceleration traveled a distance s1, in a
time‘t’ sec and traveled s2 with uniform velocity for ‘2t’ seconds. Then
1) s 2  4s1 2) s 2  2s1 3) s1  4s 2 4) s1  2s 2

9. The displacement – time curves for two buses have same slope, then their velocities are
1) equal 2) unequal 3) may be equal or unequal 4) we can’t say
10. The displacement – time curves for two buses have difference angles of slopes. The point of
intersection of these two curves indicates the --- point and time
1) different 2) meeting 3) non meeting 4) all the above
11. The relative velocity of two freely falling bodies is
1) constant 2) increases 3) decreases 4) may increase or decrease
12. A body starting from rest is moving with uniform acceleration for 4 seconds. If it travels s1
distance in first two seconds and s2 distance in next two seconds, then s1:s2 =
1) 1:1 2) 1:3 3) 1:2 4) 1:4
13. A horizontally projected body from certain height and a body dropped freely from the same
height reaches the ground in the times ratio of
1) 1:1 2) 1:2 3) 1:3 4) 1:4
14. A car starting from rest traveled for sometimes with uniform acceleration ‘x’ and then
uniform retardation ‘y’ and comes to rest. If ‘t’ is the total time taken then the maximum
velocity of the car is
 xy  x y
1) v   t 2) v   t 3) v  xyt 4) v   x  y t
x y  xy 
15. The velocity of a particle is given by v  5  t 2 m/s the average acceleration of the particle
between 3 and 5 seconds will be
1) 2 m/s2 2)  8m / s 2 3)  14m / s 2 4) 9 m/s2

12
16. A body is projected vertically up with a velocity ‘v’ and after some time it returns to the
point from which it was projected. The average velocity
1) v 2) 0 3) v/2 4)2v
17. The displacement of a body ‘x’ in time‘t’ seconds is represented by the
1
equation x  3  2t  t 2 . Then its acceleration is
2
1) 2 m/s2 2) 4 m/s2 3) 1 m/s2 4) 16 m/s2
18. The acceleration of a body moving with uniform velocity is
1) infinity 2) zero 3) may be zero (or) infinity 4) we can’t say
19. Bodies of masses m1,m2 when dropped from h1,h2 heights. Then the ratio of times taken by
them to reach the ground is

1) h1:h2 2) h2:h1 3) h1 : h2 4) h2 : h1
20. To attain a maximum height equal to twice the range of a projectile, with what angle the
body is to be projected
1) tan 1 4  2) tan 1 1 3) tan 1 8 4) tan 1 2 
21. For what angle the range of a projectile is double the maximum height reached by it
1) tan 1 1 2) tan 1 2  3) tan 1 3 4) tan 1 4 
22. A body is projected at an angle of 450 with the horizontal. The ratio of its range and
maximum height is
1) 4:1 2) 2:1 3) 2:3 4)1:4
23. A body is thrown horizontally with a velocity of 29 m/s from a height 10m. its velocity
while touching the ground is
1) 14 m/s 2) 15 m/s 3) 10 m/s 4) 29 m/s
24. The velocity is minimum for a projectile at
1) starting point 2) the end 3) the highest point 4) all points
25. The magnitude of initial velocity of a projectile is equal to its maximum range, then that
initial velocity is
1) 4.9 m/s 2) 9.8 m/s 3) 14.7 m/s 4) 19.6 m/s

13
 LEVEL – II
1. A body traveling with uniform acceleration, travels a distance in nth second is given by
s n  0.4n  9.8 m. then its initial velocity in m/s is

1) 0.4 2) 10 3) 5 4) 4
2. The velocity of a freely falling body increased to ‘v’ on falling through a distance h. to
become its velocity double, the distance that should be traveled by it is
1) 4h 2) 2h 3) 3h 4) h
3. A body started from rest and moved with uniform acceleration ‘a’ for some time and then
moved with uniform retardation ‘b’ for same time. If it finally comes to rest and ‘t’ is the total
time of journey, then its maximum velocity is
ab  ab  ab  ab 
1) t   2)  t 3)  t 4)  t
 ab  ab  2ab   2a  b  
4. The difference of maximum and minimum velocities of a projectile is ½ times the initial
velocity, then its angle of projection is
1) 300 2) 450 3) 600 4) 900
5. If ‘h’ is the maximum height reached by a projected body, then its time of flight is

4h 8h 8h 16h
1) 2) 3) 4)
g g g g
6. A body is projected with same velocity making an angle 750 with the horizontal, then its
range is 100m. if another body is projected with the same velocity but with an angle of 150 to
the horizontal then its range will be
1) 100m 2) 20m 3) 500m 4) none of these
7. Two bodies are dropped from two different heights at the same time. If they reach the
ground in 2 seconds and 1 second respectively, then the difference in their heights is
1) 9.8 m 2) 14.7 m 3) 19.6 m 4) 39.2 m
8. A freely falling body traveled half of the total distance in its last second of its journey then
the time taken by it to reach the ground is

1 2
1) 2 2) 3) 1 4)
2 2 1
9. A body started from rest is moving with uniform acceleration. The distance traveled by it is
directly proportional to—
1) square of the time 2) square of final velocity 3) time 4) final velocity
1
10. A body traveled th of the circle of radius ‘r’. then its displacement is—times to its radius.
4
1) 2 2) 3 3) 2 4) 3

14
11. If a body starting from rest traveled 36 m in first 2 seconds, then the distance traveled by it
in 11th second is
1) 198 m 2) 189 m 3) 396 m 4) 36 m
12. A body traveling with uniform acceleration traveled 10 m in 3rd second and 12 m in 5th
second. Then its acceleration is
1) 1 m/s2 2) 2 m/s2 3) 3 m/s2 4) 4 m/s2
13. A freely falling body traveled ‘y’ meter in nth second. Then the distance traveled by it in
(n+1)th second is
1) y-g 2) y+g 3) y/g 4)yg
14. The relation between displacement along x-axis and time (in S.I units) is given by the
equation x  2t 3  6t 2  12t  6. then acceleration when t = 2 is
1) 22 m/s2 2) 24 m/s2 3) zero 4) 12 m/s2
15. The equation v = 2t gives the relation between the velocity of a body starting from rest and
time. Then the distance traveled by it in 3 seconds is
1) 9 m 2) 6 m 3) 3 m 4) zero
16. The angle between velocity and acceleration at the highest point of a projectile is
1) 00 2) 450 3) 900 4) 1200
17. A body is projected at an angle 600 with the horizontal. Then the ratio between its maximum
height and range is
1) 1:1 2) 1:2 3) 2:1 4) 3 :4
18. For a body subjected to a constant force the displacement ‘x’ and time‘t’ relation is given by
t  x  3. its displacement when its velocity become zero is
1) 3m 2) 1m 3) 5 m 4) zero
19. A body projected vertically from the top of a tower with certain velocity reaches the foot of
the tower in 10 seconds. If another is thrown with the same velocity from the top of the same
tower reaches its foot in 4 seconds. Then the height of the tower is
1) 196m 2) 98m 3) 49m 4) 392m
20. The distance traveled by a vertically projected body in the last second of its journey is
1) g m 2) 2g m 3) g/2 m 4) g/4 m
21. A body projected vertically up from the top of a building reaches the ground in t1 seconds
and another body thrown vertically down from the same point with the same velocity reaches the
ground in t2 seconds. The time taken by the stone dropped freely from the same building reaches
the ground in

t1 t1
1) 2) t1 t 2 3) t1t2 4)
t2 t2

15
22. A body is dropped from a balloon moving vertically up with a velocity 12 m/s when it is at a
height 30.4 m. then that body reaches the ground in
1) 4s 2) 12s 3) 8s 4) 2s
23. A body moving with constant acceleration has a velocity 40 m/s at a particular instant. After
10s its velocity is 60 m/s, then the velocity of the body 4s before that instant is
1) 20 m/s 2) 46 m/s 3) 56 m/s 4) 32 m/s
24. A ball dropped from a height 10m on touching the ground raised to a height of 2.5m. if the
ball is in contact with ground for 0.01s, then the acceleration of the ball in the upward direction
is
1) 1000 m/s2 2) 210 m/s2 3) 2100 m/s2 4) 100 m/s2

LEVEL – III
1. A stone is dropped from a height ‘h’ simultaneously another stone is thrown up from the
ground which reaches a height 4h. The two stones cross each other after time

h h
1) 2) 8 gh 3) 2 gh 4)
8g 2g

1
2. The displacement ‘x’ of a body varies with time as x   t 2  16t  30 .Where
3
‘x’is in meters and‘t’ is in seconds. The time taken by the body to come to rest is
1) 36sec 2) 30sec 3) 24sec 4) 12sec
3. A body starting from rest and moving with a constant acceleration covers a certain distance in
time‘t’. It covers the second half of the distance in time
 1   1  t t
1) t 1   2) t 1   3) 4)
 3  2 3 2
4. A body of mass 2kg crosses a point ‘P’ with a velocity 80m/s. A force of 20N directed
towards ‘P’ begins to act on it. It will again cross ‘P’in
1) 16 sec 2) 8sec 3) 12sec 4) 4sec
5. A ball is dropped from a tower covers half the total distance in the last second of its motion.
The total time of full is ( g  10m / s 2 )

1) 2  2 Sec 2) 2 2 sec 3) 2 sec 4) 2 sec

6. A body starts from rest with a uniform acceleration. If its velocity after’n’ seconds is ‘v’.
Then its displacement in the last two seconds is
2v(n  1) v(n  1) v(n  1) 2v(n  1)
1) 2) 3) 4)
n n n n

16
7. A body travels 200cm in the first 2 seconds and 220 cm in the next 4 seconds. What is the
initial velocity of the body?
1) 15cm/s 2) 115cm/s 3) 215cm/s 4) 315cm/s
8. The velocity of a particle is given by v  bt . The distance covered by the particle in time‘t’
will be
bt 2
1) bt 2 2) 2bt 2 3) 4) b t
2
9. A ball is thrown vertically up ward from the top of a tower with a velocity ‘u’.This ball-
reaches the ground level with a velocity 3u. The height of the tower is
3u 2 4u 2 6u 2 9u 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
g g g g
10. A balloon is flying up with a constant velocity of 5m/s, at a height of 100m. A stone is
dropped from it. At the instant the stone reaches ground level, the height of the balloon will be
1) 25m 2) 50m 3) 125m 4) 100m
11. The angle of projection, for which the horizontal range and the maximum height of a
projectile and same will be
1) 760 2) 670 3) 900 4) 1800
12. A person can throw a ball vertically upwards up to a height of 50m. The maximum distance
in the horizontal direction up to which he can throw the ball will be
1) 50m 2) 100n 3) 150m 4)200m
13. The time of flight of projectile is 10 sec and its range is 500m.The maximum height reached

by it will be g  10m / s 2 
1) 25m 2) 50m 3) 82m 4) 125m
14. A body is thrown with initial kinetic energy 100J at an angle ‘ө’ to the horizontal. If it’s K.E
at the top is 25J. Then the angle of projection is
1) 300 2) 450 3) 600 4) 900
15. If R is the maximum horizontal range for a particle, the maximum height reached will be
R R
1) R 2) 3) 2R 4)
2 4
16. A body is projected at an angle of 300 to the horizontal with a speed of 40m/s.The angle
with the horizontal after 2 seconds will be
1) 100 2) 300 3) 450 4) 00
17. A projectile can have the same range R for two angles of projection. If t1 and t2 are the times
of flight in the two cases, then
1 1
1) t1t 2R 2 2) t1t 2R 3) t1t 2 4) t1t 2
R R2

17
18. A gun shoots at 300 and then at 600 with the horizontal, the height attained in both cross
shall be in the ratio of
1) 2:3 2) 1:3 3) 1:2 4) 1:1
19. For the same range, the two heights attained are 20m and 80m. The range is
1) 120m 2) 20m 3) 40m 4) 160m
20. Two balls are projected, one vertically up and the other at an angle of 300 to the horizontal,
with the same initial speed. The potential energy at the highest point will be in the ratio
1) 3:4 2) 4:3 3) 4:1 4) 1:4
21. A particle is moving with in a circle with uniform speed ‘v’. Change in its speed after
covering an angle of 600 will be
v
1) v 2) 2v 3) 4) zero
2
22. The time of height of a projectile is related to its horizontal range by the equation gT 2  2 R .
Its angle or projection is
1) 300 2) tan-1(2) 3) sin-1(2) 4) 450
23. The range of projectile fixed at an angle of 150 is 30m. If it is fixed with the same speed at
an angle of 450, its range will be
1) 50m 2) 30m 3) 60m 4) 100m
24. When a body is projected at an angle 300 to the horizontal, it crossed a wall of 5 meters at its
maximum height. Its velocity of projection is (g = 10)
1) 10 m/s 2) 28 m/s 3) 14 2 m/s 4) 20 m/s
25. A projectile has the maximum range 500m. if the projectile is thrown up an inclined plane of
300 with the same velocity, then the distance covered by it along the inclined plane will be
1) 250m 2) 500m 3) 750m 5) 1000m

LEVEL -1
1) 1 2) 1 3) 4 4) 3 5) 2 6) 3 7) 3 8) 1 9) 1 10) 2 11) 1 12) 2 13) 1 14) 1 15) 2 16) 2 17) 1 18) 2
19) 3 20) 3 21) 2 22) 4 23) 1 24) 3 25) 2
LEVEL-II
1) 2 2) 3 3) 2 4) 3 5) 3 6) 1 7)2 8)4 9) 1 10) 1 11) 2 12) 1 13)2 14)4 15)1 16) 3 17) 4 18)4 19) 1
20) 3 21) 2 22)1 23) 4 24) 3
LEVEL -III
1) 1 2) 3 3) 2 4) 2 5) 1 6) 4 7) 2 8) 3 9) 2 10) 4 11) 1 12) 4 13) 4 14) 3 15) 4 16) 4 17) 1 18) 2
19) 4 20) 3 21) 4 22) 4 23) 3 24) 4 25) 1

18
 WORK, POWER AND ENERGY
WORK:
Work is said to be done by a force if the force produces some displacement in body either in the
direction of the force or in the direction along which the force possesses a component.
The amount of work done is measured by the dot product of force and displacement. Hence
work is a scalar quantity.
   
Work done W  F . S  FS cos . here θ is the angle between F and S .
Work done by a force may be negative or positive.
Work is positive if the force or its component is along the direction of the displacement. Ex:
freely falling body under gravity.
Work is negative if the force or its component is along a direction opposite to that of
displacement. Ex: body lifted up from the ground.
Unit of work: joule (MKS), erg (CGS)
Dimensional formula: M L2T 2 .
The area of force – displacement graph gives the work done.

S2
 
Work done by a variable force W   F . dS .
S1

If the force acting is uniformly varying, then Work done = Average force X displacement.

Work done in lifting an object of mass ‘m’ through a height ‘h’ from the ground is
W  mgh .
If the object is lifted from a height h1 and h2 then the work done is W  mg (h1  h2 ).
Work done in stretching or compressing the spring through a distance x is given by
1 1 2 F2
W  Fx  Kx  .
2 2 2K
1
The work done in changing the elongation of a spring x1 to x2 is W  K ( x22  x12 ).
2

19
Work done by any expanding gas at constant pressure is W  PdV .
Work done in pulling the simple pendulum of length l through an angle θ is W  mgl (1  cos ).
Work done in rotating a uniform rod of length ‘l’ through an angle θ about the point of
l
suspension is W  mg (1  cos ).
2
A uniform chain of length l and mass m is placed on a frictionless table such that 1/n th of its
length is hanging over the edge. Then work done in pulling the hanging part on to the table is
mgl
W  .
2n 2
A thin uniform rod of mass m and length l is placed on the ground on its length made to stand on
mgl
one edge, work done is W  .
2
A uniform rope of mass m and length l is hanging vertically from certain level. Work done in
mgl
pulling it up to that level is W  .
2
A bucket containing water (total mass M) is pulled up from a depth h using a uniform rope of
m
mass m and length l, then work done is W  (M  ) gl.
2
Work done against friction on a level surface is W  μmgs.
Work done in moving up a body on a smooth incline is W  (mg sin  )S .
Work done in moving up a body on a rough incline is W  mg (sin   μ cosθ) S.
If an applied force could not produce any displacement then work done is zero. A man pushes a
wall and fails to displace it. Here the work done by him is zero.
In uniform circular motion, work done by the net force zero. In non-uniform circular motion
work done by the net force is not zero.
In a tug of war one team is slowly giving way to the other. Here work is done by the winning
team.
If a person holds an object on his head or in his hand and stands at rest, the work done is zero.
If a person pushing a block in a moving bus and produced a displacement S in it then the work
done by the applied force F is F.S with respect to that person. If the displacement of the bus is So
in the same time along the direction of force then the work done as observed by the person on
the ground is W  F ( S  So ).
Work done in lifting a body of mass m and density d in a liquid of density ρ through a height h

is W  mgh(1  ).
d

20
A block of mass m is suspended from a mass less rope. If the rope is moved such that the block
moves with acceleration a, in moving it through a distance of d the work done by the rope is
W  m( g  a)d cos .
If the block moves up W  m( g  a )d .
If the block moves down W  m( g  a )d .
ENERGY:
Energy is the capacity of doing work.
Unit: joule
Dimensional formula: M L2T 2 .
Energy possessed by a body is of two types
1. potential energy
2. kinetic energy
Potential energy: the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its state or position is called
potential energy.
Ex: water in a reservoir, body at certain height h.
Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy.
Ex: freely falling body
Electron volt is the smallest unit of energy. 1 eV=1.6×10-19 joules.
If a body is lifted to a height h above the ground, gravitational potential energy is P.E  mgh. .
With reference to the centre of the earth, gravitational potential energy of the body is
GMm
P.E   . where m is the mass of the body, M is the mass of the earth and R is radius of
R
the earth.
GMm
If the body is at a height h above the surface of the earth, its potential energy is  .
( R  h)
A block of mass m has the dimensions l×b×h (l>b>h). If it is kept on the ground its maximum
mgl mgh
potential energy P.E  . its minimum potential energy P.E  .
2 2
1 2
In translatory motion, K .E  mv .
2
1 2
In rotatory motion, K .E  I .
2
1 2 1 2
For a rolling body without slipping, kinetic energy is mv  I .
2 2
A body is dropped from a height h above the ground when it falls through a distance x, its
K .E  mgx and P.E  mg (h  x).

21
If the bob of a pendulum is moved to a side such that the string makes an angle θ to the vertical

and released, its velocity on passing through the mean position is v  2 gl (1  cos ) .
A body can not have momentum without kinetic energy or kinetic energy with out momentum.
P2
If P is the momentum of a body of mass m, its kinetic energy is given by K .E  .
2m
And P  2mE .
E1 m2 1
If two bodies have same momentum, ratio of their kinetic energies is  ( E ).
E2 m1 m

P1 m1
If two bodies have the same kinetic energy, ratio of their momenta  .
P2 m2

If the momentum of a body is increased to x times then its kinetic energy increases to x2 times.
If the kinetic energy of a body is increased to x times, its momentum increases to x times.
If the momentum of a body is increased by x %, then the percentage increase in its
(200  x ) x
K.E is . if the decreases in momentum is x %, then the percentage decreases in K.E is
100
(200  x) x
.
100
If a lorry and a car are moving with the same kinetic energy, then lorry will have greater
momentum.
Two bodies of masses m1 and m2 are moving with same momentum. Same opposing forces
applied on both to stop them finally. Before coming to rest both will travel for the same time. If
S1 m2
S1 and S2 are the distances traveled before coming to rest,  .
S2 m1
Two bodies of masses m1 and m2 are moving with same kinetic energy. Same opposing forces
are applied on both to stop them finally. Before coming to rest both with travel the same

t1 m1
distance. If t1 and t2 are the times after which they stop,  .
t2 m2

WORK - ENERGY THEOREM:

1 2 1 2
Work done by all forces is W  mv  mu .
2 2
A body moving with a velocity v is brought to rest by the application of an external force F. if
the body is brought to rest in a distance S,
mv 2 mv 2
FS .
2S 2F

22
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:
“Energy is neither be created nor be destroyed. But it can be transformed from one form
to another form”
If a projectile is thrown with kinetic energy E from the ground and the angle of projection is θ
with the ground, at the maximum height its K .E  E cos2  and its P.E  E sin 2  .
A ball dropped from a height h1 above the ground and rebounds to height h2 after hitting the
h h 
ground. Then the fraction of energy lost is  1 2 . here the % of lost of energy is
 h1 
 h1  h2 
   100.
 h1 
A body is released from height h and on reaching the ground its velocity is V. if there is air
resistance during its motion, energy lost is to overcome the air resistance.
 1 
→ Work done against air resistance W   mgh  mV 2 .
 2 
SPRINGS:
When a spring is compressed or stretched, the tension or spring force is F   Kx.
Where K is the spring constant or force constant
When a spring is compressed or elongated from its natural length, work done by the spring force
1
is W   Kx 2 .
2
1
Spring constant of a spring is inversely proportional to its length i.e., K  .
l
1
Spring constant of a spring is inversely proportional to the number of turns of the spring K  .
n
Shorter the spring was it will more stiffer.
If a spring of spring constant K is cut into two equal parts then the spring constant of each part is 2K.
If the spring is cut into n equal parts then the force spring constant of each part is nK.
1 2
Potential energy of the spring is Kx .
2
If the two springs with spring constants K1 and K2 are joined together as a system in series
1 1 1
combination then the spring constant for the system becomes   .
K K1 K 2
If the two springs with spring constants K1 and K2 are joined together as a system in parallel
combination then the spring constant for the system becomes K  K1  K 2 .

23
POWER:
Power is the rate of doing work. It is a scalar.
Workdone W
Power   .
time t
Unit: watt
Dimensional Formula: ML2T 3.
Power is also measured in horse power. 1HP  746 watts .
 
Power of a vehicle moving with a constant velocity V is P  F .V  FV cos .
Power of a machine gun which fires n bullets per second each with a velocity v is
1 
P  n mv 2 .
2 
If a crane lifts a body of mass M at constant velocity V from the ground, its power P  MgV .
If a pump delivers water of mass M per second over a height h then its power P  Mgh.
If a vehicle moves with constant speed V against friction, power of the engine is P  mg V .
If a vehicle moves up a smooth incline with constant speed V, then power of the engine is
P  (mg sin  )V .
If a vehicle moves up a rough incline with constant speed V, then power of engine is
P  mg (sin    cos )V .
If a pump lifts water from a well of depth h and then forces the water with a velocity V, then
1
(mgh  mv 2 )
power of the pump is P  2 .
t
If P is rated power of a device and x% of its efficiency, useful power P1 is x% of P
x 100 1
then P1  ( P).  P  ( P ).
100 x
Conventional energy sources: - energy that has been used from ancient times is known as
conventional energy.
Examples: 1) wood 2) coal 3) oil (petroleum) 4) electricity.

Non-conventional energy sources:- energy that is renewable and ecologically safe is known as
non-conventional energy.
Examples: 1) water 2) wind mills 3) biogas 4) solar energy 5) geothermal energy.

24
 LEVEL – I

1. A man pushes a lawn roller through a distance of 10m by applying a force of 100Nin a
direction inclined at an angle 300 to the ground. Find the work done. Hint:- W=FS cosθ
1) 8000J 2) 866J 3) 4400J 4) 2000J
2. A shot travelling at the rate of 100m/s is just able to pierce a plank 4cm thick. What velocity
is required to pierce a plank 9cm thick Hint:- Work = KE
1) 150m/s 2) 50m/s 3)100m/s 4)None
3. A body falling from height 10m rebounds from the hard floor. If it losses 20% of its energy in
impact, how much height it will rise Hint:- mgh X 80/100=mgx
1) 5m 2) 6m 3) 8m 4) 10m
4. An Automobile weighing 4000Kg climbs up a hill raises 1 in 20m of its length, at the rate of
54Kmph.Neglecting friction, find the minimum. Power developed by engine Hint:- p=f.v
1) 29400W 2) 294W 3) 3940W 4) 500W
5.A pump can hoist 9000Kg of coal per hour of 120m deep calculate the power assuming its
efficiency is 75% Hint:- 75/100 X p=mgh/t
1) 3000W 2) 2000W 3) 3920W 4) 4010W
6. An elevator is designed to lift a load of 1000Kg through 6 floors of a building averaging
3.5mts per floor in 6sec. What is the power of the elevator neglecting other losses
1) 34.3KW 2) 3KW 3) 30.3KW 4) 30KW
7. The K.E of a 0.5kg stone is 100J what is the momentum? Hint:- kinetic energy = p2/2m
1) 5 Kg-m/sec 2) Kg-m/sec 10 3) 30.3 Kg-m/sec 4)30Kg-m/sec
8. A body of mass 2Kg is projected vertically upward with a velocity of 2m/sec.what is the K.E
of the body just before striking the body Hint:- ke=1/2mv2
1) 2J 2) 3J 3) 4J 4) 5J
9. A man weighing 80Kg supports a mass of 20Kg on his head and moves up an incline rising 1
in 20 for a distance 30m calculate the workdone by the man Hint:- W=mgsinθXs
1) 1400J 2) 1470J 3)1570J 4)None
10.A car of mass 2000Kg is to be stopped from a speed of 74Kmph.If the coefficient of friction
between tires and road is 0.4,find the distance traveled before comes to rest
1) 10m 2) 20m 3)40 4) 50m
11. In the shot put event it was finished by a distanced of 20m the mass of the shot is 5Kg and
assuming that the shot is projected at an angle of 450, find the K.E of shot
1) 490J 2) 300J 3) 350J 4) 150J

25
12. A person of mass 42 Kg eats a banana of 980cal.If this energy is used up to lift him from the
ground, what is the height to which he can climb
1) 5m 2) 10m 3) 15m 4) 20m
13. A uniform rod of mass 12Kg and length 6m is lying horizontal on the ground. Find the
workdone in keeping it vertical with one of its ends touching the ground
Hint:- h=6/2=3m W=mgh
1) 300J 2)320J 3)352.8J 4)0
14. A body of mass 10Kg is dropped from a height of 10m.What is the K.E while it touches the
ground Hint:- KE=mgh
1) 98J 2) 100J 3) 980J 4) 9.8J
15. A girl of weight 30Kg while skipping jumps to a height 1/3 m at the rate of 30 times per
minute. What is the power at which she is expending energy?
1) 49W 2) 15w 3) 20W 4) 25W
16. A motor is used to lift water well of depth 10m.It fills a tank of capacity 2m X3m X 4m in 5
min. If 20% energy is wasted in over coming frictional losses power of the engine is
1) 100W 2) 104W 3) 1000W 4) 10W
17. A spring gun has a spring constant 80N/cm. The spring is compressed by 12cm. The PE of
the spring is Hint:-PE= ½ KX2
1) 57.6J 2) 50J 3) 150J 4) 40.2J
18. A body constrained to move along Z- axis of a co-ordinate system is subjected to a constant
force F  (2i  4 j  3k ) N Work done by the force in moving the body by a distance of 6m
along Z-axis Hint:-W=F.S along Z-axis
1) 18ergs 2) 6X 6  29 joule 3) 18joule 4) 30joule
19. A man pushes a 60Kg block 30m along a smooth level floor with a force 3N directed 600
above the horizontal, work done is Hint:- W=FS cosθ
1) 150J 2) 50J 3) 40J 4) 45J
20. A body of mass 1Kg travels through a distance of 2m with an acceleration of 30cm/s2. The
workdone for this travel is Hint:-f=ma W=fs
1) 1.2J 2) 0.6J 3) 1J 4) 2J
21.A block of mass 10Kg is raised from the bottom to a top of an inclined plane of inclination
300 and length is 5m,work done is Hint:- F=mg sinθ , W=f.s
1) 245J 2) 250J 3) 240J 4) 975J
22. A can of water 10Kg is raised from a depth of 20m.When the can raises by 10m its velocity
is 1m/swork done is
1) 980J 2) 985J 3) 990J 4) 975J

26
23. A uniform chain of mass M and Length L is held on a smooth table with 1/5th of length
hanging over its edge. Work to be done to pull the hanging part back on the table
Hint:- W=mgl/2n2
1) MgL/5 2) MgL/10 3) MgL/6 4) MgL/50
24. Which of the following possesses KE
1) Flowing water 2) A body kept at a height
3) A strectched string 4) A book placed on the table
25. A bus of mass 6metric tons is pulled at a speed of 18Kmph on inclined of inclination
1in 20.power of the engine is
1) 14.7KW 2) 147W 3) 147KW 4) 1470W
26. A pump of 200W power is lifting 2Kg of water from average depth of 10m/sec.Velocity of
water delivered by the pump
1) 4m/s 2) 2.5m/s 3) 3m/s 4) 2m/s
27. A machine gun fires 360 bullets per min./Each bullet moves with a velocity of 600m/sif the
power of the gun is 5.4KW,mas of each bullet is Hint:- P=n X ½ mv2/t
1) 5Kg 2) 0.5Kg 3) 0.05Kg 4) 0.005Kg
28. H.P is equal to
1) 746J 2) 746ergs 3) 746watts 4) none
29. A force of 8N is applied on a body is at rest of mass 2Kg for 10sec.Its K.E is
1) 1600J 2) 800J 3) 400J 4) 200J
30. Two masses of 2Kg and 8Kg are moving with linear momentum in the ratio 1:2 the ratio of
their K.E KE=p2/2m
1) 2:1 2) 1:4 3) 4:1 4) 1:1
31. A body is dropped from a height 12m.If it losses 25% of its K.E on striking the ground, the
height to which the body will rise is Hint:- %loss of energy=(h1-h2/h1) X100
1) 12m 2) 10m 3) 9m 4) 7m
32. If the K.E is 3 times its momentum is increased by
1) 3times 2) 9times 3) no change 4) 3 times
33. A man holds 10Kg suitcase 0.5m above the ground for 2min.the work done is
1) 49J 2) 98J 3) 9.8J 4) 0
34. The work done in lifting a body to a certain height depends up on
1) Time of its rise 2) Path fallowed by the body 3) Both 1&2 4) None
35. A body of mass 1Kg is dropped from a height of 40m.After 1sec its K.E is
Hint:- V=u+at, KE=1/2 mv2
1) g/2 2) g/4 3) g2/2 4) g/4

27
36. Two bodies of masses m1, m2 have equal momenta.Their K.E are in the ratio
Hint:- p=sqrt (2mE)
1) m1 : m 2 2) m1:m2 3) m2:m1 4) m21:m22
37. A light and a heavy body have equal momentum which one has great K.E
1) Lighter body 2) Both will have equal K.E
3) Heavier body 4) Data is in completed
38. If a force ‘F’ is applied on a body & it moves with a velocity ‘V’ the power will be
1) F X V 2) F/V 3) F/V2 4) F X V2
39. 1 Kilo watt hour is equal to
1) 36J 2) 36X103J 3) 36X104J 4) 36X105J
40. A bomb of 12Kg explodes in to two pieces of masses 4Kg and 8Kg.Velocity of 8Kg mass is
6m/s, K.E of the other mass is Hint:-(m1+m2)v=m1 v1+m2 v2
1) 48J 2) 32J 3) 24J 4) 288J

LEVEL –I

1) 2 2) 1 3) 3 4) 1 5) 3 6) 1 7) 2 8) 3 9) 2 10) 4 11) 1 12) 2 13)3

14) 3 15) 1 16) 2 17) 1 18) 3 19) 4 20) 2 21) 1 22) 2 23) 4 24) 1 25) 1 26) 4
27) 4 28) 3 29) 1 30) 4 31) 3 32) 4 33) 4 34) 4 35) 3 36) 1 37) 1 38) 1 39) 4
40) 4

LEVEL II
1. If the stone is thrown up vertically and return to ground, its P.E is maximum
1) During the upward journey 2) At the maximum height
3) During the return journey 4) At the bottom
2. The energy stored in wound watch spring is
1) K.E 2) P.E 3) Heat energy 4)Chemical energy
3. It is easier to draw up a wooden block along an inclined plane than to halt it vertically,
principally because
1) The friction is reduced 2) The mass becomes smaller
3) Only a part of the weight has to be over come 4) ‘g’ becomes smaller
4. A particle moves under the coefficient of a force F = Cx, from x = 0 to x = x1
Cx 21
1) 2) Cx 2 1 3) Cx 31 4) Zero
2

28
5. A body of mass m is moving with a velocity V collides head-on with another body of mass
2m which his initially at rest .The ratio of K.E of colliding body before and after collision will
1) 1:1 2) 2:1 3) 4:1 4) 9:1
6. A bomb of mass 9Kg explodes in to two pieces of mass 3Kg and 6Kg.The velocity of 3Kg is
16m/s.The K.E of mass 6Kg Hint:- (m1+m2)v=m1v1+m2v2
1) 96J 2) 192J 3) 384J 4) 768J
7. The dimension of time in power is
1) 3 2) -3 3) 2 4) 1
8. The principle of conservation of linear momentum can be strictly applied during a collision
between two particles provided the time of impact is
1) Extremely small 2) Moderately small
3) Extremely large 4) depends on a particular case
9. Work is always done on a body when,
1) A force acts on it 2) It moves through a certain distance
3) Mechanical influence 4) None of the above
10. In an elastic collision
1) Momentum is conserved but K.E is not conserved
2) Momentum is not conserved but K.E is conserved
3) Neither momentum nor K.E is conserved
4) Both Momentum &K.E is conserved
11. A long Spiral spring of mass is stretched by 2cm.,it’s P.E is ‘U’ If the spring is stretched by
10cm then the P.E of the spring is
1) U/25 2) U/5 3) 5U 4) 25U
12. If the momentum of a body is increased by 50% then its K.E is increased by
Hint:- % increase in KE=(200+x)/100
1) 25 2) 50 3) 100 4) 125
13. A spring of force constant 10N/m has an initial stretch 0.20m.In changing the stretch to
0.25m; the increase in P.E is about
Hint:- increase in PE=K(x22 – x12)/2
1) 0.1J 2) 0.2J 3) 0.3J 4) 0.5J
14. The power of a water pump is 2KW.If g = 10m/sec2 the amount of water it can raise in one
min. to a height of 10 m is
1) 2000 liter 2) 1000 liter 3) 100 liter 4) 1200 liter
15. If a gun of mass M fires horizontally a shot of mass m the ratio of the energy of recoil of the
gun to the energy of shot is
1) M/m 2) m/M 3) (M+m)/(M-m) 4) m2/M2

29
16. A stone slides down an inclined plane of an angle 300 and length 20m. Its velocity at the
bottom of the plane is

14 1
1) 14m/s 2) m/s 3) m/s 4) 1.4m/s
2 2
17. A bullet is fired freely .If the rifle recoils freely then
1) The K.E of the rifle is less than that of the bullet
2) The K.E of the rifle is greater than that of the bullet
3) The K.E of the rifle is equal to that of the bullet
4) The K.E of the rifle is zero
18. A body of mass 20gms moving at 200m/s passes through a plank and its velocity reduces to
100 m/sec In passing through the plank with a part of its K.E is lost
1) 1/4 2) 1/2 3) 3/4 4) 2/3
19. If a man increases his speed by 2m/s, his K.E is doubled. The original speed of the man is
1) (2  2 )m / s 2) ( 2  2 2 ) m/s 3) 4m/s 4) (1  2 2 ) m/s
20. A simple pendulum has a length 0.2m. The bob of that pendulum is given a velocity such
that it rises to a height of 0.4m. Find the velocity that is given to the bob Hint:- ½ mv2 = mgh
1) 2m/s 2) 2.8m/s 3) 3.2m/s 4) 0
21. A boy blows 0.2 gm of air through a whistle per sec. with a velocity 50m/s.Find the power of
his lungs
1) 25W 2) 10W 3) 5W 4) 0.25W
22. Two blocks of masses 1Kg & 2Kg have momentum in the ratio 1:2 >What is the ratio of
their K.E?
1) 1:2 2) 2:1 3) 1:1 4) 1:4
23. The heart of a man pumps 4 liters of blood per min. at a pressure of 130mm of Hg.If the
density of blood is 13.6gm/cc,the power of the heart is ……..,watts
Hint:- W=p X v, p=work done/time
1) 1.155 2) 2 3) 4 4) 13.6
24. A pump delivers 6000 liters of water /min. through an average height of 100m What is the
power of the pump Hint:- p=mgh/t
1) 28KW 2) 98KW 3) 100KW 4) 9.8KW
25. A train runs at 36 Kmph. If the resistance to motion is 500N.What is the Horse power of the
engine? Hint:-p=f X v
1) 4 2) 5 3) 6 4) nearly7
26. A child on a swing reaches a maximum height of 1.6m above the lowest position. Find the
speed of swing at the lowest position

30
 1) 6m/s 2) 5m/s 3) 5.6m/s 4) 7m/s
27. Two bodies have the same K.E which has more momentum?
1) Lighter body 2) Heavier body 3) Both 4) None
28. The river is flowing at 10m/s.The K.E of 1cube meter of water is
1) 25000J 2) 2500J 3) 50KJ 4) 50J
29. When the KE is increased by 300%, the momentum of the body increases by
1) 20% 2) 50% 3) 100% 4) 200%
30. Area of force - displacement curve gives
1) Work 2) Power 3) Acceleration 4) Momentum

LEVEL –II

1) 2 2) 2 3) 3 4) 1 5) 4 6) 2 7) 2 8) 1 9) 3 10) 1 11) 4 12) 4 13) 1

14) 4 15) 2 16) 1 17) 1 18) 3 19) 2 20) 2 21) 4 22) 1 23) 1 24) 2 25) 4 26) 3
27) 2 28) 3 29) 3 30) 1

31