Chapter review 6

dy Formatted: Not Highlight

1 a + y tan x = e x cos x
dx Field Code Changed

e∫
tan x dx
= sec x Commented [A1]: Amended
dy Field Code Changed
sec x + y sec x tan x =
ex
dx Commented [A2]: Amended
Field Code Changed
y sec =
x ex + k
Field Code Changed

=y e cos x + k cos x
x
Field Code Changed

b at x = π, y = 1
e π cos π + k cos π =
1 Field Code Changed
1 − e π cos π Field Code Changed
k=
cos π
k= − (1 + e π ) Field Code Changed

Therefore:
=y e x cos x − (1 + e π ) cos x Field Code Changed

= (e x
− e π − 1) cos x

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
 dy Formatted: Not Highlight
2 − 3y =
sin x
dx Field Code Changed

e ∫ = e −3 x
−3 dx
Commented [A3]: Amended
Field Code Changed

e −3 x − 3e −3 x y =
sin x Commented [A4]: Amended

e −3 x
y = ∫e −3 x
sin x dx Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed

∫e −e −3 x cos x − ∫ 3e −3 x cos x dx
−3 x
sin x dx =

=−e −3 x cos x − 3  −e −3 x sin x − ∫ 3e −3 x sin x 

−e −3 x cos x − 3e −3 x sin x − 9 ∫ e −3 x sin x dx

=
1
− e −3 x ( 3sin x + cos x )
=
10
Field Code Changed
∫ e sin x dx =
−e −3 x cos x − 3e −3 x sin x − 9∫ e −3 x sin x dx
−3 x

1
∫e
−3 x
− e −3 x ( 3sin x + cos x )
sin x dx =
10

1 Field Code Changed

e −3 x y = − e −3 x ( 3sin x + cos x ) + A
10
1 Field Code Changed
y= − ( 3sin x + cos x ) + Ae3 x
10
At x = 0, y = 0
1 Field Code Changed
− + A= 0
10
1 Field Code Changed
A=
10
1 1 Field Code Changed
y= − ( 3sin x + cos x ) + e3 x
10 10

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
 dy Formatted: Not Highlight
3 = x (4 − y2 )
dx Field Code Changed
1 dy Field Code Changed
=x
4 − y 2 dx
1 Field Code Changed
∫ 4 − y 2 dy = ∫ x dx
1 1 Field Code Changed
=
4− y 2
( 2 − y )( 2 + y )
1 A B Field Code Changed
= +
( 2 − y )( 2 + y ) 2 − y 2+ y
1= A ( 2 + y ) + B ( 2 − y ) Field Code Changed

When y = 2
4A = 1
1 Field Code Changed
A=
4
When y = −2
4B = 1
1 Field Code Changed
B=
4
Therefore:
1 1 1 Field Code Changed
= +
( 2 − y )( 2 + y ) (
4 2 − y ) ( + y)
4 2
1 1 1 1 1 Field Code Changed
∫ 4 − y 2 dy 4 ∫ 2 − y dy + 4 ∫ 2 + y dy
=

1 1 1 1 Field Code Changed

4 ∫ 2− y
dy + ∫ dy = ∫ x dx
4 2+ y
1 1 Commented [A5]: Amended
∫ 2 − y dy + ∫ 2 + y d y = 4 ∫ x dx
Field Code Changed
− ln ( 2 − y ) + ln ( 2 + y ) = 2 x 2 + c Field Code Changed

 2+ y  2
Field Code Changed
ln  =  2x + c
 2 − y 
2+ y 2 x2 + c Field Code Changed
=e
2− y
2
= e 2 x ec
2
= Ae 2 x
Field Code Changed
2
Let u = Ae 2 x
2+ y Field Code Changed
=u
2− y
2 + y= u ( 2 − y ) Field Code Changed

2 + y = 2u − uy Field Code Changed

uy + y = 2u − 2 Field Code Changed

y=
(
2 Ae 2 x − 1
2

) Field Code Changed

2 x2
Ae +1

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3
 When x = 0, y = 1
2 ( A − 1) Field Code Changed
1=
A +1
A + 1= 2 A − 2 Field Code Changed
A=3 Field Code Changed
Therefore:

y=
( 2
2 3e 2 x − 1 ) Field Code Changed

2
3e 2 x + 1

d 2 y dy Formatted: Not Highlight

4 + +y= 0
dx 2 dx Field Code Changed
2
m + m +1 = 0 Field Code Changed
−1 ± 1 − 4 Field Code Changed
m=
2
−1 ± −3
=
2
1 3
=− ± i
2 2
− x
1
 3   3  Field Code Changed
y e 2  A cos  x  + B sin  x  
 2 
    2 

d2 y dy Formatted: Not Highlight

5 − 12 + 36 y = 0
dx 2 dx Field Code Changed
m 2 − 12m + 36 = 0 Field Code Changed
( m − 6 )( m − 6 ) =0 Field Code Changed
m=6
y ( A + Bx ) e6 x
= Field Code Changed

d2 y dy Formatted: Not Highlight

6 −4 = 0
dx 2 dx Field Code Changed
2
m − 4m = 0 Field Code Changed
m ( m − 4) = 0 Field Code Changed
m = 0 or m = 4

y= A + Be 4 x Field Code Changed

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 4
 d2 y Formatted: Not Highlight
7 + k2y = 0
dx 2 Field Code Changed
2 2
m +k = 0 Field Code Changed
m2 = −k 2 Field Code Changed
m = ± ki Field Code Changed
=y A cos kx + B sin kx
Field Code Changed
dy
= − kA sin kx + kB cos kx Field Code Changed
dx
dy Field Code Changed
When x = 0, y = 1 and =1
dx
A =1 Field Code Changed
kB = 1 Field Code Changed
1
B=
k
1 Field Code Changed
=y cos kx + sin kx
k

d2 y dy Formatted: Not Highlight

8− 2 + 10 y = 0
dx 2 dx Field Code Changed
m 2 − 2m + 10 = 0 Field Code Changed
2 ± 4 − 40 Field Code Changed
m=
2
2 ± −36
=
2
= 1 ± 3i
=y e x ( A cos 3 x + B sin 3 x ) Field Code Changed

dy Field Code Changed

= e x ( A cos 3 x + B sin 3 x ) + e x ( −3 A sin 3 x + 3B cos 3 x )
dx
dy Field Code Changed
When x = 0, y = 0 and =3
dx
A=0 Field Code Changed
A + 3B = 3 Field Code Changed
B=1
y = e x sin 3 x Field Code Changed

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 5
 d2 y dy Formatted: Not Highlight
9 a − 4 + 13 y = e 2 x (1)
dx 2 dx Field Code Changed
Let y = ke 2 x Field Code Changed
dy Field Code Changed
= 2ke 2 x
dx
d2 y Field Code Changed
= 4ke 2 x
dx 2
Substituting into (1) gives:
4ke 2 x − 4(4ke 2 x ) + 13ke 2 x = e2 x Commented [A6]: Amended
k =1 Field Code Changed
Commented [A7]: Amended
Hence the particular integral is e 2 x Field Code Changed
Commented [A8]: Amended
b m − 4m + 13 =
2
0
Field Code Changed
( −4 ) − 4 (1)(13)
2
4±
m= Field Code Changed
2 Field Code Changed
4 ± −36
=
2
= 2 ± 3i
Therefore the complementary function is:
=y e 2 x ( A cos 3 x + B sin 3 x ) Field Code Changed

And the general solution is:

y e 2 x ( A cos 3 x + B sin 3 x ) + e 2 x
= Commented [A9]: Amended
Field Code Changed
d2 y Formatted: Not Highlight
10 2 − y = 4e x (1)
dx Field Code Changed
Let y = Axe x Field Code Changed
dy Field Code Changed
= Axe x + Ae x
dx
d2 y Field Code Changed
= Axe x + 2 Ae x
dx 2
Substituting into (1) gives:
Axe x + 2 Ae x − Axe x = 4e x Field Code Changed
2A = 4
A=2
Hence the particular integral is 2 xe x Field Code Changed
m 2 − 1 =0 Field Code Changed
m = ±1
Therefore the complementary function is:
=y Ae x + Be − x Field Code Changed
And the general solution is:
y = Ae x + Be − x + 2 xe x Field Code Changed

Formatted: Not Highlight

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 6
 d2 y dy Field Code Changed
11 a − 4 + 4y = 4e 2 x (1)
dx 2 dx
2
m − 4m + 4 = 0 Field Code Changed
( m − 2 )( m − 2 ) =
0 Field Code Changed
m=2
Therefore the complementary function is:
y ( A + Bx ) e 2 x
= Field Code Changed

b Let y = λ e 2 x Field Code Changed

dy Field Code Changed
= 2λ e 2 x
dx
d2 y Field Code Changed
= 4λ e 2 x
dx 2
Substituting into (1) gives:
4λ e 2 x − 8λ e 2 x + 4λ e 2 x =
4e 2 x Field Code Changed
2x
0 = 4e Field Code Changed
This is not possible, therefore λ e 2 x cannot be the particular integral. Field Code Changed
Let y = λ xe 2 x Field Code Changed
dy Field Code Changed
= 2λ xe 2 x + λ e 2 x
dx
d2 y Field Code Changed
= 4λ xe 2 x + 2λ e 2 x + 2λ e 2 x
dx 2
= 4λ xe 2 x + 4λ e 2 x
Substituting into (1) gives:
4λ xe 2 x + 4λ e 2 x − 4 ( 2λ xe 2 x + λ e 2 x ) + 4λ xe 2 x =
4e 2 x Field Code Changed

4λ xe + 4λ e − 8λ xe − 4λ e + 4λ xe =
2x 2x 2x 2x
4e 2x 2x
Field Code Changed
0 = 4e 2 x Field Code Changed
This is not possible, therefore λ xe 2 x cannot be the particular integral. Field Code Changed

c Let y = kx 2 e 2 x Field Code Changed

dy Field Code Changed
= 2kx 2 e 2 x + 2kxe 2 x
dx
d2 y Commented [A10]: Amended
= 4kx 2 e 2 x + 8kxe 2 x + 2ke 2 x
dx 2 Field Code Changed
Substituting into (1) gives:
4kx 2 e 2 x + 8kxe 2 x + 2ke 2 x − 4 ( 2kx 2 e 2 x + 2kxe 2 x ) + 4kx 2 e 2 x =
4e 2 x Commented [A11]: Amended
Field Code Changed
4kx 2 e 2 x + 8kxe 2 x + 2ke 2 x − 8kx 2 e 2 x − 8kxe 2 x + 4kx 2 e 2 x =
4e 2 x
Commented [A12]: Amended
Comparing coefficients for constant terms: Field Code Changed
2k = 4
k=2
Hence the particular integral is 2 x 2 e 2 x Commented [A13]: Amended
Aand the general solution is: Field Code Changed
y= ( A + Bx ) e2 x + 2 x 2e2 x Commented [A14]: Amended
= ( A + Bx + 2 x 2 ) e 2 x Field Code Changed

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 7
 d2 y Formatted: Not Highlight
12 + 4y = 5cos 3t (1)
dt 2 Field Code Changed
Let y A cos 3t + B sin 3t
= Field Code Changed
dy Field Code Changed
=−3 A sin 3t + 3B cos 3t
dt
d2 y Field Code Changed
= −9 A cos 3t − 9 B sin 3t
dt 2
Substituting into (1) gives:
−9 A cos 3t − 9 B sin 3t + 4 ( A cos 3t + B sin 3t ) =5cos 3t Field Code Changed

−9 A cos 3t − 9 B sin 3t + 4 A cos 3t + 4 B sin 3t = 5cos 3t Field Code Changed

−5 A cos 3t − 5 B sin 3t = 5cos 3t Field Code Changed
Comparing coefficients:
For cos 3t:
−5 A = 5 Field Code Changed
A = −1
For sin 3t:
−5 B = 0 Field Code Changed
B=0
Hence the particular integral is − cos 3t Field Code Changed
m2 + 4 = 0 Field Code Changed
m = ±2i
Therefore the complementary function is:
=y A cos 2t + B sin 2t Field Code Changed
And the general solution is:
y = A cos 2t + B sin 2t − cos 3t Field Code Changed
dy Field Code Changed
=−2 A sin 2t + 2 B cos 2t + 3sin 3t
dt
dy Field Code Changed
When t = 0, y = 1 and =2
dt
A =1 Commented [A15]: Amended
B=1 Field Code Changed
Therefore the particular solution is:
y = cos 2t + sin 2t − cos 3t Commented [A16]: Amended
Field Code Changed

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 8
 d2 y dy Formatted: Not Highlight
13 a − 3 + 2 y = 4 x + e2 x (1)
dx 2 dx Field Code Changed
Let y =λ + µ x + kxe 2x
Field Code Changed
dy Field Code Changed
= µ + 2kxe 2 x + ke 2 x
dx
d2 y Field Code Changed
= 4kxe 2 x + 2ke 2 x + 2ke 2 x
dx 2
= 4kxe 2 x + 4ke 2 x
Substituting into (1) gives:
4kxe 2 x + 4ke 2 x − 3 ( µ + 2kxe 2 x + ke 2 x ) + 2 ( λ + µ x + kxe 2 x ) = 4 x + e 2 x Field Code Changed

4kxe + 4ke − 3µ − 6kxe − 3ke + 2λ + 2 µ x + 2kxe = 4 x + e

2x 2x 2x 2x 2x 2x
Field Code Changed

ke − 3µ + 2λ + 2 µ x = 4 x + e
2x 2x
Field Code Changed
Comparing coefficients:
For e 2 x : Field Code Changed
k=1
For x:
2µ = 4 Field Code Changed
µ=2 Field Code Changed
For constant terms:
−3µ + 2λ = 0 Field Code Changed
−6 + 2λ =0 Field Code Changed
λ =3 Field Code Changed
Hence the particular integral is 3 + 2 x + xe 2 x
Field Code Changed

b m − 3m + 2 =
2
0 Field Code Changed
( m − 1)( m − 2 ) =0 Field Code Changed
m = 1 or m = 2
Therefore the complementary function is:
=y Ae 2 x + Be x Field Code Changed
And the general solution is:
y= Ae 2 x + Be x + xe 2 x + 2 x + 3 Field Code Changed

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 9
 d2 y dy Commented [A17]: Amended
14 a 16 + 8 + 5 y = 5 x + 23 (1)
dx 2 dx Formatted: Not Highlight
Let =y Ax + B Field Code Changed
dy Commented [A18]: Amended
=A
dx Field Code Changed
d2 y Commented [A19]: Amended
=0
dx 2 Field Code Changed
Substituting into (1) gives:
8 A + 5( Ax + B) = 5 x + 23 Commented [A20]: Amended

8 A + 5 Ax + 5 B = 5 x + 23 Field Code Changed

Comparing coefficients: Commented [A21]: Amended
For x: Field Code Changed
5 A =5 ⇒ A =1
Commented [A22]: Amended

A=1 Field Code Changed

For constant terms: Commented [A23]: Amended
8 A + 5 B = 23 ⇒ B = 3 Field Code Changed
B=3
Commented [A24]: Amended

Hence the particular integral is x + 3 Field Code Changed

16m 2 + 8m + 5 = 0 Commented [A25]: Amended

−8 ± 82 − 4 (16 )( 5 ) Field Code Changed

m=
2 (16 ) Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
−8 ± −256
= Field Code Changed
32
−8 ± 16i
=
32
1 1
=− ± i
4 2
Therefore the complementary function is:
1
− x 1   1  Field Code Changed
=y e 4  A cos  x  + B sin  x  
 2   2 
And the general solution is:
1
− x 1   1  Field Code Changed
=y e 4  A cos  x  + B sin  x   + x + 3
 2   2 
dy 1
− x 1 1  1
1
 1  1 − x  1   1  Field Code Changed
= e 4  − A sin  x  + B cos  x   − e 4  A cos  x  + B sin  x   + 1
dx  2  2  2  2   4   2   2 
dy Field Code Changed
When x = 0, y = 3 and =3
dx
A+3=3
A=0
1 1 Field Code Changed
B − A +1 = 3
2 4
B=4
Therefore the particular solution is:

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 10
 1
− x 1  Field Code Changed
=y 4e 4
sin  x  + x + 3
2 

1
− x 1  Field Code Changed
b As x → ∞, 4e 4
sin  x  → 0 so y → x + 3
2 
d 2 y dy Commented [A26]: Question number
15 − − 6= y 3sin 3 x − 2 cos 3 x (1)
dx 2 dx Formatted: Indent: Left: 0 cm
Let A cos 3 x + B sin 3 x Field Code Changed
dy Field Code Changed
=−3 A sin 3 x + 3B cos 3 x
dx
Field Code Changed
d2 y
= −9 A cos 3 x − 9 B sin 3 x Field Code Changed
dx 2
Substituting into (1) gives:
−9 A cos 3 x − 9 B sin 3 x + 3 A sin 3 x − 3B cos 3 x − 6 A cos 3 x − 6 B sin 3 x =3sin 3 x − 2 cos 3 x Field Code Changed
−15 A cos 3 x − 15 B sin 3 x + 3 A sin 3 x − 3B cos 3 x =3sin 3 x − 2 cos 3 x Field Code Changed
cos 3 x ( −15 A − 3B ) + sin 3 x ( 3 A − 15 B=
) 3sin 3x − 2 cos 3x Field Code Changed
Comparing coefficients:
For cos 3x:

−15 A − 3B = −2 (1) Formatted: Indent: Left: 0 cm

For sin 3x: Field Code Changed
3 A − 15 B =3 (2)
Field Code Changed
Adding (1) and 5 × (2) gives:
−78 B = 13 Field Code Changed
1 Field Code Changed
B= −
6
1 Commented [A27]: Amended
A=
6 Field Code Changed
1 1 Field Code Changed
Hence the particular integral is cos 3 x − sin 3 x
6 6
m2 − m − 6 = 0 Field Code Changed
( m + 2 )( m − 3) =
0 Field Code Changed
m = −2 or m = 3
Therefore the complementary function is:
=y Ae3 x + Be −2 x Field Code Changed
And the general solution is:
1 1 Field Code Changed
y = Ae3 x + Be −2 x + cos 3 x − sin 3 x
6 6
If y(x) remains finite as x → ∞ then A = 0
Therefore:
1 1 Field Code Changed
y= Be −2 x + cos 3 x − sin 3 x
6 6
When x = 0, y = 1
1 Commented [A28]: Amended
1= B +
6 Field Code Changed
5 Field Code Changed
B=
6
Therefore the particular solution is:

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 11
 1 Field Code Changed
y=
6
( 5e−2 x + cos 3x − sin 3x )

Formatted: Not Highlight

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 12
 d2 x dx Field Code Changed
16 a + 8 + 16 x = cos 4t , t ≥ 0 (1)
dt 2 dt
Let x A cos 4t + B sin 4t
= Field Code Changed
dx Field Code Changed
= −4 A sin 4t + 4 B cos 4t
dt
2
d x Field Code Changed
= −16 A cos 4t − 16 B sin 4t
dt 2
Substituting into (1) gives:
−16 A cos 4t − 16 B sin 4t + 8 ( −4 A sin 4t + 4 B cos 4t ) + 16 ( A cos 4t + B sin 4t ) =cos 4t Field Code Changed

−16 A cos 4t − 16 B sin 4t − 32 A sin 4t + 32 B cos 4t + 16 A cos 4t + 16 B sin 4t = cos 4t Field Code Changed
−32 A sin 4t + 32 B cos 4t = cos 4t Field Code Changed
Comparing coefficients:
For cos 4t:
32 B = 1 Field Code Changed
1 Field Code Changed
B=
32
For sin 4t:
−32 A = 0 Field Code Changed
A=0
1 Field Code Changed
Hence the particular integral is sin 4t
32
m 2 + 8m + 16 = 0 Field Code Changed
( m + 4 )( m + 4 ) = 0 Field Code Changed
m = −4
Therefore the complementary function is:
x ( A + Bt ) e −4t
= Field Code Changed

And the general solution is:

1 Field Code Changed
x= ( A + Bt ) e−4t + sin 4t
32

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 13
 1 Formatted: Not Highlight
( A + Bt ) e−4t +
16 b x = sin 4t
32 Field Code Changed
dx 1
= −4 ( A + Bt ) e −4t + Be −4t + cos 4t Field Code Changed
dt 8
1 dy Field Code Changed
When t = 0, x = and =0
2 dt Field Code Changed
1 Field Code Changed
A=
2
1 Field Code Changed
−4 A + B + = 0
8
15 Field Code Changed
B=
8
Therefore the particular solution is:
1 1 Field Code Changed
x= ( 4 + 15t ) e−4t + sin 4t
8 32

1 Field Code Changed

c As t → ∞ the e −4t dominates the first term so ( 4 + 15t ) e−4t → 0 leaving:
8 Field Code Changed
1 Field Code Changed
x= sin 4t which is an oscillation.
32

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 14
 u dx Field Code Changed
17
= a Let x e= , then eu
du
dy dy dx dy dy dy dy Field Code Changed
and = × = eu =x Find in terms of x and , and
du dx d u dx dx du dx
d 2 y dx dy d 2 y dx d2 y dy d2 y
show that = x + x 2 2 then
= × +x 2 × du 2 dx dx
du 2
du dx dx du
substitute into the differential equation.
2
dy d y
= x + x2 2
dx dx
2
d y dy d2 y dy
∴ x 2 2 + 4 x + 2 y = ln x ⇒ 2 + 3 + 2 y = ln x = u *
dx dx du du

The auxiliary equation is

m 2 + 3m + 2 =0 Field Code Changed

∴ (m + 2)(m + 1) = 0
⇒ m= −1 or − 2
∴The c.f. is= y Ae − u + Be −2u Field Code Changed

dy d2 y Field Code Changed

Let the p.i. be y = λu + μ ⇒ = λ, 2 = 0
du du
Substitute into *
∴ 3λ + 2λu + 2 μ =
u Field Code Changed
Equate coefficients of u: 2λ =1 ⇒ λ = 1
2
Field Code Changed

constants: 3λ + 2 μ =
0 ∴ μ=
− 34 Field Code Changed

y
∴ The p.i. is = 1
2 u − 34 Field Code Changed

The general solution is y= Ae + Be −u −2 u

+ u−
1 3 Field Code Changed
2 4

But x = eu → u = ln x Field Code Changed

−u −1 1 2u −2 1 Field Code Changed

Also e= x= and e −= x=
x x2
A B 1 3 Field Code Changed
∴The general solution of the original equation is y = + + ln x −
x x2 2 4

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 15
 But y 1=
17 b= when x 1 Field Code Changed

∴ 1= A+ B − ⇒ A+ B =
3
4
7
4 (1) Field Code Changed

dy A 2B 1 Field Code Changed

=
− 2− 3 +
dx x x 2x
dy Field Code Changed
=
When x 1,= 1
dx
∴ 1 =− A − 2 B + 12 ⇒ A + 2 B =− 12 (2) Field Code Changed

− 94 and A =
Solve the simultaneous equations (1) and (2) to give B = 4 Field Code Changed

4 9 1 3 Field Code Changed

∴ The equation of the solution curve described is y = − 2 + ln x −
x 4x 2 4

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 16
 dz dy d y Field Code Changed
18 sin x ∴
z= cos x and
= = × cos x
dx dx dz
d2 y dy d 2 y dz Field Code Changed
∴ 2
− sin x + cos x 2 ×
=
dx dz dz dx
dy 2 d2 y
− sin x + cos x 2
=
dz dz
d2 y dy Field Code Changed
∴ cos 2 x esin x †
+ tan x + y cos 2 x =
dx 2 dx
d2 y dy dy
⇒ cos 2 x 2 − sin x + tan x cos x + y cos 2 x =
cos 2 x e z
dz dz dz
d2 y
⇒ 2 +y= ez *
dz
The auxiliary equation is m 2 + 1 =0 ⇒ m =± i Field Code Changed

is y A cos z + B sin z
∴ The c.f.= Field Code Changed

dy d2 y Field Code Changed

The p.i. is y = λe z ⇒ = λe z and 2 = λe z
dz dz
Substitute in * to give

2λe z = e z ⇒ λ = 1 Field Code Changed

2

∴ The general solution of * is y = A cos z + B sin z + 12 e z Field Code Changed

The original equation † has solution Field Code Changed

y = A cos(sin x) + B sin (sin x) + e 1 sin x

Field Code Changed
2

But y 1=
= when x 0 Field Code Changed

∴ 1= A+ ⇒ A = 1
2
1
2
Field Code Changed

dy Field Code Changed

cos x( A sin (sin x)) + cos x( B cos (sin x)) + 12 cos x esin x
=−
dx
dy Field Code Changed
As
= 3=
when x 0
dx
∴ 3 = B + 12 ⇒ B = 5
2 Field Code Changed
sin x
∴=y 1
2 cos (sin x) + sin (sin x) + e
5
2
1
2

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 17
Challenge

1 dy 1 − 12 dz Field Code Changed

1 a Given
= that z y 2 ,=
and so y z=
2
and z
dx 2 dx

dy 1 Field Code Changed

The equation 2(1+ x 2 ) + 2 xy = becomes
dx y

1 − 1 dz 1 −1 Field Code Changed

2(1+ x 2 ) × z 2 + 2x z 2 = z 2
2 dx

Field Code Changed

1
z2
Multiply the equation by
1+ x 2

dz 2x 1 Field Code Changed

Then + z=
dx 1+ x 2 1 + x2

2x
∫ 1+ x2 dx 2 Field Code Changed
The integrating factor is e = e In (1+ x ) = 1+ x 2

dz Field Code Changed

∴ (1 + x 2 ) + 2 xz =
1
dx
d
∴ [(1 + x 2 ) z ] =
1
dx
∴ ∫ 1 dx
(1 + x 2 ) z =
= x+c
x+c
∴ z=
(1 + x 2 )

1
x+c Field Code Changed
As y z=
= 2
, y
(1+ x 2 )

b When x = 0, y = 2 ∴2= c ⇒c = 4 Field Code Changed

x+4 Field Code Changed

∴y =
1+ x 2

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 18
 dy dy du Formatted: Not Highlight
2 a =
dx du dx Field Code Changed
d 2 y d  dy du  Commented [A29]: Amended
=  
dx 2 dx  du dx  Field Code Changed
dy d 2u du  d 2 y du 
= +  
du dx 2 dx  du 2 dx 
2
dy d 2u  du  d 2 y
= + 
du dx 2  dx  du 2
Let x = eu, therefore:
u = ln x
du 1 Field Code Changed
=
dx x
= e−u
d 2u Field Code Changed
= − x −2
dx 2
= −e −2u
The original equation is:
d2 y dy Field Code Changed
x2 2 + 4x + 2 y = ln x
dx dx
The transformed equation is:
 dy d2 y   dy  Field Code Changed
e 2u  ( −e −2u ) + e −2u 2  + 4eu  e − u  + 2 y =
u
 du du   du 
dy d 2 y dy Field Code Changed
− + + 4 + 2y = u
du du 2 du
d2 y dy Field Code Changed
+ 3 + 2y = u (1)
du 2 du
Let =y Au + B Commented [A30]: Amended
dy Field Code Changed
=A
du Commented [A31]: Amended
2
d y Field Code Changed
=0
du 2 Commented [A32]: Amended
Substituting into (1) gives:
Field Code Changed
3 A + 2( Au + B ) = u
Field Code Changed
Comparing coefficients:
For u: Commented [A33]: Amended
2A = 1 Field Code Changed
1 Commented [A34]: Amended
A=
2 Field Code Changed

For constant terms: Commented [A35]: Amended

3 A + 2B =0 Field Code Changed

3 Commented [A36]: Amended
+ 2B = 0
2 Field Code Changed
3
B= − Commented [A37]: Amended
4
Field Code Changed

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 19
 1 3 Field Code Changed
Hence the particular integral is u−
2 4
d2 y dy Field Code Changed
+ 3 + 2y = u
du 2 du
m 2 + 3m + 2 = 0 Field Code Changed
( m + 1)( m + 2 ) = 0 Field Code Changed
m = −1 or m = −2
Therefore the complementary function is:
=y Ae − u + Be −2u Field Code Changed
And the general solution is:
1 3 Field Code Changed
y = Ae − u + Be −2u + u −
2 4
Therefore:
A B 1 3 Field Code Changed
y = + 2 + ln x −
x x 2 4

A B 1 3 Formatted: Not Highlight

2 b y = + 2 + ln x −
x x 2 4 Field Code Changed
dy A 2B 1 Field Code Changed
=− 2− 3 +
dx x x 2x
dy Field Code Changed
When x = 1, y = 1 and =1
dx
3 Field Code Changed
A+ B − = 1
4
7 Field Code Changed
A+ B = (2)
4
1 Field Code Changed
− A − 2B + = 1
2
1 Field Code Changed
− A − 2B = (3)
2
Adding (2) and (3) gives:
9 Field Code Changed
B= −
4
7 Field Code Changed
A+ B =
4
9 7 Field Code Changed
A− =
4 4
A=4
Therefore the particular solution is:
4 9 1 3 Field Code Changed
y= + − 2 + ln x −
x 4x 2 4

dy Field Code Changed

3 Substitute u = so equation becomes
dx

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 20
du Field Code Changed
= u2
dx
du
⇒∫ 2 = ∫ dx
u
1
⇒− = x+B
u
dy 1
⇒ = −
dx x+B
⇒y= − ln( x + B ) + A
= A − ln( x + B ) as required.

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 21