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12.2 Structure and Function of Eye New
12.2 Structure and Function of Eye New
Question 1 Question 2
–A -C
• Organ of sight.
• Situated in the orbital cavity and
supplied by the optic nerve (2nd
cranial nerve).
• It is almost spherical in shape and
Introduction about 2.5 cm in diameter.
• Space between the eye and the
orbital cavity is occupied by adipose
tissue.
• Bony walls of the orbit and the fat
help to protect the eye from injury.
Functions of eyes
•Provide living organisms with vision
•To receive and process visual detail
•Enabling several photo response functions that
are independent of vision.
•Detect light and convert it into electrochemical
impulses in neurons.
LO#1 Structure
of the eyes
LO#1 Structure of the eyes
Eyelashes
2.Eyelashes
•Meibomian (tarsal) glands :
sebaceous glands near the inner
margins of the eyelids;
•produce sebum - lubricates
the lids and restrains tears
from flowing over the margin
of the eyelids.
3.Eyebrows
•Two arched ridges of the
supraorbital margins of the
frontal bone.
Function:
•Protect the eyeball from
sweat, dust and other
foreign bodies.
4.Lacrimal apparatusLacrimal sac nasolacrimal duct.
• The lacrimal glands are exocrine
glands
Lacrimal ducts
Superior or interior
lacrimal canal
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Nasal cavity
5. Extrinsic eye
muscle
extrinsic muscles of the eye Innervation
5.Extrinsic
eye muscle
UJI MINDA
•Consists of a
•connective tissue matrix containing collagen,
elastic fibers, and proteoglycans,
•outer surface : stratified squamous epithelium
•inner surface : simple squamous epithelium
1.1 Cornea (Clear lens infront of eye)
Function:
• Allow the passage of light into the eyes and
function as a fixed lens.
• Focus light rays onto retina
• As light passes through the cornea, the light
bends, or refracts. Refraction of light is an
important part of focusing.
1.2 Sclera (White part)
• Made up fibrous connective tissue containing collagen
and elastic fibres.
• The surface of the sclera contains small blood vessels
and nerves.
• Helps maintain the shape of
the eyeball, protects its
internal structures, and
provides an attachment
point for the muscles that
move it.
1.2 Sclera (White part)
• Made up fibrous connective tissue containing collagen
and elastic fibres.
• The surface of the sclera contains small blood vessels
and nerves.
• Helps maintain the shape of
the eyeball, protects its
internal structures, and
provides an attachment
point for the muscles that
move it.
Conjuctiva
• Is a thin, transparent mucous
membrane associated with the
eyelids and the exposed areas
of the eye.
1. Anterior cavity
• Filled with aqueous humor; a water fluid similar to
cerebrospinal fluid.
2. Vitreous chamber
•Contains a clear, jellylike substance called
vitreous body.
• The nearly parallel light rays • The more divergent light rays from a
from distant objects require nearby object require more refraction.
little refraction. Consequently, To help focus the light rays, the ciliary
the ciliary muscle encircling the muscle surrounding the lens contracts.
lens relaxes and the lens flattens This narrows the lens, causing it to
and thins. bulge into a convex shape and thicken,
giving it more focusing power.
Constriction of the pupil
• Constriction of the Pupil The center of the cornea—
just like the center of any lens—can focus light rays
better than the periphery.
• To reduce blurriness when focusing on a nearby
object, the pupil constricts to screen out peripheral
light rays.
• The constriction and dilation of the pupil depends
upon muscles inside the iris; these are called the
intrinsic eye muscles.
Constriction of the • The pupillary constrictor muscle
pupil encircles the pupil. When stimulated
by the parasympathetic nervous
system, the muscle constricts,
narrowing the pupil to admit less
light.
Light rays from distant objects are Light waves from close objects diverge
almost parallel, meaning the eyes more. Therefore, the eyes must move
require little adjustment. inward, or converge, on the object to
align the visual axis with the light rays.
• f the eyes fail to converge, light rays from the object
will fall on different parts of each retina, resulting in
double vision (diplopia).