WRITING:

Activity 1. Consider the following academic situations and decide if they are
plagiarism.

Situation Plagiarism? (Yes/No)

1 Copying a paragraph, but changing a few words and No

giving a citation.

2 Cutting and pasting a short article from a website, with Yes

no citation.

3 Taking two paragraphs from a classmate’s essay, Yes

without citation.

4 Taking a graph from a textbook, giving the source. No

5 Taking a quotation from a source, giving a citation but Yes

not using quotation marks.

6 Using something that you think of as general No

knowledge (e.g. the ownership of mobile phones is
increasing worldwide).

7 Using a paragraph from an essay you wrote and had No

marked the previous semester, without citation.

8 Using the results of your own research (e.g. from a Yes

survey you did), without citation.

9 Discussing an essay topic with a group of classmates Yes

and using some of their ideas in your own work.

10 Giving a citation for some information but misspelling Yes

the author’s name.

Students can avoid plagiarism by (1) _________________________________________________,

(2)_______________________________________________,
and (3)_________________________________________________.
1. PARAPHRASING
1.1 ANALYZING THE MODEL
Activity 2. Read the models and then answer the questions.

Original passage
1 Language is the main means of communication between peoples. 2 But so many
different languages have developed that language has often been a barrier rather than
an aid to understanding among peoples. 3 For many years, people have dreamed of
setting up an international universal language which all people could speak and
understand. 4 The arguments in favor of a universal language are simple and obvious. 5
If all peoples spoke the same tongue, cultural and economic ties might be much closer,
and good will might increase between countries.
Source: Kispert, R. J. (2000). Universal Language. In The World Book Encyclopedia (p.
204). Chicago: World Book.

Paraphrase
1 Humans communicate through language. 2 Because there are so many different
languages, however, people around the world have a difficult time understanding one
another. 3 Some people have wished for a universal international language that
speakers all over the world could understand. 4 Their reasons are straightforward and
clear. 5 A universal language would build cultural and economic bonds. 6 It would also
create better feelings among countries (Kispert, 2000).
Source: Kispert, R. J. (2000). Universal Language. In The World Book Encyclopedia (p.
204). Chicago: World Book.

Questions and Answers:

1. How many sentences are there in the original passage? In the paraphrase? - 5 and 6.
2. How do the original passage and the paraphrase differ sentence by sentence? What
are the differences between them in sentence structure and words?
a. What is the first word of the first sentence in the original passage? Where does this
word appear in the first sentence of the paraphrase? - Language. In the last of the first
sentence of the paraphrase paragraph.
b. What is the first word of the second sentence in the original passage? What word
replaces it in the second sentence of the paraphrase? - However. But.
c. What words replace have dreamed of in the third sentence?What word replaces
arguments in favor of in the fourth sentence? - Wished for. Reasons.
d. Which sentence in the original becomes two sentences in the paraphrase?
- 5 -> 5 and 6

1.2 PLAGIARISM & PARAPHRASING

There are two kinds of plagiarism that need considering when paraphrasing.
Activity 3. Read the following examples and find out why each example is guilty of
plagiarism.
Unacceptable paraphrase 1
Humans communicate through language. However, because there are so many
languages in the world, language acts as an obstacle instead of as an aid to
understanding. People have long wished for a universal international language that
speakers all over the world could understand. A universal language would certainly build
cultural and economic bonds. It would also create better feelings among countries.
 - No citation
Unacceptable paraphrase 2
Language is the principal means of communication between peoples. However,
because there are numerous languages, language itself has frequently been a barrier
rather than an aid to understanding among the world population. For many years, people
have envisioned a common universal language that everyone in the world could
communicate in. The reasons for having a universal language are clearly
understandable. If the same tongue were spoken by all countries, they would
undoubtedly become closer culturally and economically. It would probably also create
good will among nations (Kispert, 2000).
- Use the same exact word with the original one.

1.3 WRITING A SUCCESSFUL PARAPHRASE

Activity 4. Choosing the best paraphrase
Read each original passage. Then read the paraphrases in each group and decide
which the best is. Label it Best. Label the others Too sim. (too similar), No cit. (no
in-text citation), or Inc. / Inacc. (incomplete and / or inaccurate information).
Original passage 1
Source: A passage titled "Late-blooming or Language Problem, " published in 2012 on
the website of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. There are no
authors listed.
- Best The stages that children pass through in the development of language are
very consistent. However the exact age when they hit these milestones varies a
lot.

- Best a. As children develop language skills, they usually go through the same
stages, but they may reach the stages at different ages ("Late-blooming," 2012).
- No cit b. Developing children may pass through linguistic stages at different ages
although they will generally pass through each stage at some point.

- Inacc c. The stages that are passed through by children in language development
are very consistent. However the exact time when they hit these milestones can
be different ("Late-blooming," 2012).

- Too sim d. Language development is very different for different children, and
there can be variation in the stages they go through ("Late-blooming," 2012).

Original passage 2
Source: The same as Passage 1.
The kind of language the child hears and how people respond to the child can
affect the speed of language development
 ___________ a. People’s response to the child and the kind of language the child
hears can affect his rate of language development ("Late-blooming," 2012).

___________ b. Language can develop at different rates depending on the child’s

exposure to language and the response he or she gets when using it ("Late-blooming,"
2012).
- No cit c. Rate of language development can be influenced by children’s exposure
to language and response to their language use.

- d. Language develops more quickly if children are exposed to different

languages and if they receive a response ("Late-blooming," 2012).

Original passage 3
Source: A passage titled, "Speech and Language Disorders in the School Setting" from
the same website as Passages 1 and 2.
Children with communication disorders frequently do not perform at grade level.
They may struggle with reading. Similarly, they may have difficulty understanding and
expressing spoken language. Individuals with reading and writing problems also may
have trouble using language to think and learn.
__________ a. Communication disorders prevent children from learning and are
evidence of low intelligence ("Speech and Language Disorders," 2012).

__________ b. Children with speech and language challenges can fall behind in
school because of trouble processing text or comprehending and using speech.
Difficulty reading and writing can lead to problems with thinking and learning.

__________ c. Children with communication disabilities often do not work at grade

level. They may have challenges with reading or have trouble comprehending and using
spoken language. People with reading and writing problems also may have trouble
using language to process ideas ("Speech and Language Disorders," 2012).

__________ d. Communication disabilities can cause problems for children in the

areas of reading, writing, speaking, listening, thinking, and learning, which can result in
poor performance in school ("Speech and Language Disorders," 2012).

Activity 5.
BRAINS AND SEX

It is widely agreed that men and women think and act in different ways. Women
appear to have better memories, better social skills and are more competent at
multitasking. Men, in contrast, seem to focus better on issues and have superior motor
and spatial skills, although clearly many people are exceptions to these patterns.
 These differences have been explained as behavior adopted thousands of years
ago, when the men went hunting while the women stayed at home and cared for their
children. But another approach is to see the behavior as a result of the way our brains
function.
Recent research by Ragini Verma’s team at the University of Pennsylvania has
used brain scans to compare 428 men and 521 women. They tracked the pathways of
water molecules around the brain area, and found fascinating differences.
The top half of the brain is called the cerebrum, and it is divided into a left and a
right half. The left hemisphere is thought to be the home of logic and the right is the
center of intuition. Dr Verma found that with women most of the pathways went
between the two halves, while with men they stayed inside the hemispheres. She
believes that these results explain the gender differences in ability, such as women’s
social competence compared to men’s more intense focus.

1. Find synonyms for the words underlined. Rewrite the paragraph using these.
It is widely agreed that men and women think and act in different ways. Women
appear to have better memories, better social skills and are more competent at
multitasking. Men, in contrast, seem to focus better on issues and have superior motor
and spatial skills, although clearly many people are exceptions to these patterns.

2. Change the word class of the underlined words. Rewrite the paragraph using the
changes.
These differences have been explained as behavior adopted thousands of years
ago, when the men went hunting while the women stayed at home and cared for their
children. But another approach is to see the behaviour as a result of the way our brains
function.

3. Change the word order of these sentences, rewriting the paragraph so that the
meaning stays the same.
Recent research into brain functioning by Ragini Verma’s team at the University of
Pennsylvania has used brain scans to compare 428 men and 521 women. They tracked
the pathways of water molecules around the brain area, and found fascinating
differences.

4. Combine all three techniques to paraphrase the final paragraph.

The top half of the brain is called the cerebrum, and it is divided into a left and a right
half. The left hemisphere is thought to be the home of logic and the right is the center of
intuition. Dr Verma found that with women most of the pathways went between the two
halves, while with men they stayed inside the hemispheres. She believes that these
results explain the gender differences in abilities, such as women’s social competence
compared to men’s more intense focus on a limited area.
Activity 6. Writing a paraphrase
Read the passage from an article that supports bilingual education. Write a paraphrase
on a separate sheet of paper.
Original Passage
Source: An editorial in the Houston Chronicle, published Thursday, February 16, 2012,
and accessed online August 5, 2012. The title of the article is "Editorial: Children can,
and should, learn more than one language." There is no author listed.
A powerful body of data shows that speaking more than one language arms kids
with crucial real-world abilities. People who master two or more languages in childhood
enjoy better cognitive development, leading to better academic performance across the
board. Learning languages at a young age is also associated with better
problem-solving, heightened verbal skills, and mental agility.

VOCABULARY:
2a – Fill in the gaps
From the following list, use each word only once to complete the sentences below.
Remember that in the case of nouns and verbs you may need to change the form of
the word:
achieve (v) automatic (adj) conceive (v) create (v)
ensue (v) equilibrium (n) manipulate (v)
mathematics (n) innovative (adj) period (n) precede (v)
section (n) series (n) stable (adj) tradition (n)
1. In order to be successful, some politicians manipulate other people to get what
they want.
2. Japanese and Korean companies have invested heavily in the UK, creating
thousands of new jobs.
3. The Internet was first conceived of as a way of linking computers in the USA
together.
4. Serious unrest and rioting ensued as a result of the decision to ignore the result of
the election.
5. Since consumers are always demanding new products, companies which can be
innovative are more likely to succeed.
6. Most planes today are controlled not by human pilots but by a computer system
known as an automatic pilot, which is even responsible for taking off and landing.
7. Most employers insist that their employees have qualifications in English and
mathematics.
8. Some academics have argued that standards have been falling because more
students are achieving first class degrees.
9. Over a period of twenty years, the economy grew at an average of 8% per year.
10. The price of a product will not change if there is equilibrium between the supply
and the demand for that product.
11. By tradition , wedding guests in most cultures give presents or money to the
newly-married couple.

12. In addition to the regular lectures, we have a series of public lectures given by
guest speakers from other universities.
13. Although the arrival of coffee in Britain preceded that of tea, it is the second drink
which is the more popular today.
14. Reports are usually divided into separate sections with headings such as
'Findings' and 'Conclusions.'
15. After a very difficult night, his blood pressure became stable again and his family
were allowed to visit him.
2b – Choose the right word
In each of the sentences below, decide which bold word is more suitable.
1. A new moon occurs / takes place every 28 days.
2. Students should not be inert / passive but should try instead to contribute as
much as possible to discussions in seminar groups.
3. On the first day, the course director and the subject tutor explained their respective
/ single roles to the new students.
4. It is now possible to infer / imply a link between using mobile phones and
contracting some forms of cancer.
5. The fact that population growth is still accelerating / catching up is one of the
most important problems we face.
6. Most universities need to earn money from private sources, but the important /
major part of their funding still comes from the government.
7. Expenditure on weapons such as guns, tanks and airplanes consumes a large
piece / portion of a country's wealth.
8. Because foreign exchange rates ebb and flow / fluctuate, it is not always possible
for exporters to know how much money they will receive from sales.
9. Member countries award / contribute money to the United Nations to pay for the
running of the organization.
10. The main concentration / focus of Greenpeace is on problems concerning
pollution.
11. Although their plan / design was often very good, the quality of many British cars
tended to be poor.
12. Although it is very expensive, it is possible to convert / exchange other forms of
carbon into diamonds.
13. Prehistoric man could not think / comprehend why the moon appears to grow
bigger and then smaller each month.
14. In some situations, a law court can authorize / let the police to enter a house
without the owner's permission.
2c – Finish the sentence
Choose the best ending for each of the sentence extracts below from the list
underneath:
1. In 1905, Einstein published the first part of his theory…
-> h. …of relativity, which completely changed our ideas of time and space.

2. Environmentalists point out that electric cars just shift…

-> d. ...the pollution problem from the car itself to the electricity station.

3. Most metals expand…

-> k. ...when they are heated.

4. As a result of the intense…

-> f. ...heat of the fire, the front half of the train was completely destroyed.

5. Fifty years ago, most smokers were not aware…

-> a. ...of the dangers of smoking.

6. The new grading machine has the function…

-> i. ...of the European immigrants, rather than from that of the original inhabitants.

7. In many universities, there is a coffee bar adjacent…

-> c. ...to the library where students can take a break.

8. After studying for two hours, it becomes difficult to concentrate…

-> j. ...on your work and so it is a good idea to take a break.

9. Some children show a great deal of maturity…

-> b. ...at a young age, while others may continue to be irresponsible.

10. Sadly, according to government statistics,...

-> m. ...over 30% of marriages end in divorce within five years.

11. In the seventeenth century, Galileo demonstrated…

-> e. ...that all objects (heavy or light) fall at the same speed.

12. In the 1980's, the US and Soviet governments made the crucial…
-> n. ...decision to reduce the number of atomic weapons.

13. Politicians often complain that newspapers distort…

-> g. ...what they say so that the readers cannot read the truth.
14. The history of the Americas is usually seen from the perspective…
-> l. ...of separating the larger pieces of metal from the smaller pieces.

15. An already difficult operation was complicated…

- > o. ...by the fact that the patient had a history of heart disease.

2d – Word substitution
From the list below, choose one word which could be used in place of the language shown
in bold without changing the meaning of the sentence. Remember that you may need to
change the form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word:

affect (v) capillary (n) notion (n) decade (n)

emphasize (v) expose (v) generate (v)
consequent (adj) pertinent (adj) predict (v)
select (v) signify (v) structure (n) undergo(v)
1. Over the previous ten years, we have seen an enormous growth in the number
of home personal computers. -> decade
2. Lecturers often speak more loudly and more slowly when they want to stress
an important point. -> emphasize
3. One important function of newspapers is to uncover dishonest behavior and
wrong-doing by those in power. -> expose
4. The organization of the company has changed completely, with far fewer
senior managers. -> structure
5. The decision to give longer prison sentences indicated a hardening of the
government's attitude towards drug offenders. -> signified
6. The new computer system created a lot of interest among potential
customers. -> generated
7. When the government increased the tax on petrol, there was a resultant rise in
transport costs. -> consequent
8. In the first instance, the blood passes out of the heart, through the lungs and
along the arteries before reaching the small blood vessels within the skin. ->
capillaries
9. Until the sixteenth century, the idea that the Earth moves around the Sun was
regarded as a ridiculous idea, whereas today we accept this concept as
completely normal. -> notion
10. Pollution is a problem which has an effect on every country today. -> affects
11. Most economists forecast that China will become a leading world economy in
the twenty-first century. -> predict
 12. One difficult aspect of writing an essay is selecting material which is relevant
to the topic and excluding irrelevant information. -> pertinent
13. The company has experienced a number of significant changes in the last few
years. -> undergo
14. The first thing to do is to choose the courses which you would like to study
and then look at each university prospectus. -> select

2e – Choose the best word

For each of the sentences here, choose the best word from a,b or c: i
1. Although he had no _____________ injuries, doctors later found that he was
suffering from internal U bleeding.
a. outside b. external c. outlying

2. There is a marked ______________ between the poverty of the poorest

members of society and the affluence of the richest.
a. opposite b. contrast c. variation

3. The allied forces launched ______________ bombing raids on several

important sites in and around the enemy capital.
a. simultaneous b. contemporary c. coincidental

4. Students are often advised to look at the first and last ______________ of a
book before attempting to read it in detail.
a. headings b. chapters c. titles

5. Although this is far from certain, the ______________ age of the universe is
about 4.6 billion years. a. approximate b. general c. rough

6. Some economists argue that new ______________ causes unemployment

while others feel that it allows more jobs to be created.
a. science b. engineering c. technology

7. After you have submitted your application, the university will attempt to
______________ that the information you have supplied is correct.
a. verify b. certify c. investigate

8. Young children go through a ______________ in their development when they

try to copy everything they hear.
a. process b. phase c. transition

9. In some countries, there is no tax on books on the ______________ that

education should not be taxed.
a. principle b. idea c. concept
 10. Further information can be ______________ from the nearest British Council
office. a. obtained b. found c. got

11. As everyone knows, certain metals such as iron and steel can have a
__________________ field while others like copper cannot.
a. electrical b. magnetic c. chemical

12. Just as dividing up an orange into _____________ makes it easier to eat,

always try to break up a longer piece of text into small blocks of words.
a. segments b. pieces c. sections

13. One problem for any teacher is that each student has his/her own
______________ needs. a. separate b. individual c. distinctive

14. Good theories are important of course, but we must have _______________
evidence to support them.
a. empirical b. true c. realistic

2f – Make a collocation

1. In spite of advances in technology, we are still at risk from natural

phenomena such as earthquakes and floods.

2. One threat facing companies today is highly sophisticated computer

'hackers' who break into the most advanced computer systems.

3. The accident was the result of a tragic sequence of events which could
have been prevented with better safety procedures.

4. The company reacted angrily to the suggestion that its products were
unsafe.

5. There is considerable doubt over whether the proposal by the American

government for a manned trip to Mars is technically and economically
feasible.

6. Tigers (and other large cats) are now an endangered species and may
disappear altogether in the future.

7. After the Second World War, African nations started to assert the right to
become independent.
 8. In law, a verbal agreement even though it is not written down like a formal
contract, is still a contract.

9. While she refused to give any precise details , the Minister admitted that
several people had been arrested.

10. In order to produce new medicines, drug companies have to devote time
and money on a huge scale to their research and development activities.

11. Most economists believe that high taxes inhibit growth in the economy.

12. In spite of its age, the satellite is still continuing to transmit signals to
Earth.

13. Are the mind and body the same thing or are they two separate entities ?

GRAMMAR:

• Relative clauses:
Exercise 1:
1. , which
2. , which
3. which/that
4. who
5. who
6. , whose
7. which/that – who
8. who
9. who
10. , who
Exercise 3:
1. who
2. who
3. that
4. whom
5. that
6. which
7. that
8. who
9. that
10. that
Exercise 4:
1. T
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. T
6. F
7. F
8. T
9. T
10. F
11. T
12. T

• Word Order
Exercise 1:
2. how can buying fair trade products bring -> how buying fair trade products
bring can
4. why is industry experience -> why industry experience is
7. earn sometimes -> sometimes earn
8. .... in a few year...> In a few years,...
Exercise 2:
1. Being able to express your feelings is very healthy, especially for
teenagers.
2. A number of countries have already banned advertising targeted at your
children.
3. Teachers want to give their students a positive learning experience.
4. Unfortunately, schools often lack the resources that would help teachers
deliver quality instruction to their students.
5. Even environmentally conscious people often waste a lot of water at
home.
6. Young people will continue to leave the countryside unless a lot of
exciting new job opportunities are created in rural areas.
7. Fierce competition and school demands cause many teenage Japanese
students to suffer from severe stress.
8. Earning a good salary, which is not possible for many, can help people
create a stable life.
9. Some people still fail to understand why old buildings should be
protected.
10. Tourists often need to be told explicitly how they should behave when
visiting a foreign country.
Exercise 3:
1. Scientists can hardly explain why our climate is changing so rapidly.
2. Charity is not an effective way to eradicate poverty in the long term.
3. In my opinion, the deterrent effect of long prison sentences is vastly
overrated.
4. Art provides children with a medium through which they can express
their emotions.
5. A lot of grown-ups do not understand how teenagers can spend so
much time on the Internet.
6. It is obvious that traditional cultures are profoundly influenced by
technological developments.
7. Firstly, almost one fifth of the world’s population still live under
conditions of extreme poverty.
8. There are families where the children teach their parents how to use
mobile phones or laptops.
9. Young adolescents are not usually mature enough to be responsible for
their own development.
10. A large number of diseases can be treated more effectively if they are
identified earlier on.
• Tenses:
Exercise 1:
1. visit
2. agree
3. are
4. is
5. is
6. discourages
7. is
8. understands – does
9. does not involve
10. is – are
Exercise 2:
1. does not adversely impact
2. agree
3. is – ensure
4. means – need
5. helps
6. is
7. makes
8. heed – tend
9. believe – do
10. accumulate
Exercise 3:
1. is rising
2. firmly believe – do not solve
3. are having
4. emigrate
5. consider
6. agree – do not accurately reflect
7. are melting
8. search – need
9. is becoming
10. match – is looking for
Exercise 4:
1. continued
2. felt – were
3. has altered
4. had resulted
5. did not expect
6. has been
7. has shown
8. accounted
9. walked – has reached
10. was – has had
Exercise 5:
1. has widened
2. have lost – broke out
3. has become
4. did not enjoy
5. have brought
6. began – has now reached
7. have climb
8. have been
9. spent
10. have ever had – took
Exercise 6:
1. will be following
2. has made/ do not have
3. forget/ were already spending
4. agree/ are
5. will have disappeared/ cooperate
6. are choosing/ is causing
7. helps/ enter
8. have been trying
9. is melting/ are going to rise
10. buy/ had been used
Exercise 7:
1. going -> go
2. reoffend -> will reoffend
3. used -> use
4. is -> has been
5. were -> are
6. will be -> are
7. melted -> have melted
8. gradually becoming -> are gradually becoming
9. buy -> are buying
10. ever heard -> had ever heard
11. read -> have read
12. stimulate -> stimulates
13. Armstrong and Aldrin have actually set foot -> Armstrong and Aldrin
actually set foot
14. gradually decreased -> is gradually decreasing
15. were influencing -> were influenced

Peer Assessment:
WRITING AN INTRODUCTION
The introduction was written by Nguyen Thi Yen Nhi, and assessed by Nguyen Thi
Tuyet Trinh.
A. Introductory paragraph
Recent advances in the fields of medicine and biotechnology have brought about
situations that could scarcely be imagined only a generation ago.
Battery-operated plastic hearts can be implanted into people. People can be kept
alive indefinitely by machines. Exact duplicates of animals can be made.
While such scientific achievements may ultimately benefit humankind, they have also
created complex legal and ethical issues.
WRITING A CONCLUSION
The conclusion was written by Nguyen Thi Yen Nhi, and assessed by Nguyen Thi
Tuyet Trinh.

A. Concluding paragraph

Learning needs appropriate methods and skills for each person to acquire
knowledge most effectively. The above three methods are simple, but these bring
clear results through the studies that have been shown. Combining three methods of
taking notes, using study techniques, and seeking to enhance their understanding
can improve students' points and studying skills. It will cause a vast breakthrough for
students in future examinations.

B. Assessment
 Criterion Rating scale Note
TASK
ACHIEVEMENT
The conclusion …
1 brings the essay 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Not using transition signal
to a close Very Ineffective Acceptable Effective Very
ineffective effective
2 reinforces the 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 paraphrasing the thesis,
thesis statement Very Ineffective Acceptable Effective Very summarizing subtopics
ineffective effective
3 leaves the reader 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 recommending some tips
with a strong Very Ineffective Acceptable Effective Very and assuming the
impression ineffective effective consequence of using
them: It will cause a vast
breakthrough for students
in future examinations.

COHERENCE &
COHESION
4 has a clear 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Combining three methods
progression Very Unclear Acceptable Clear Very of (a) taking notes, (b)
unclear clear using study techniques,
and (c) seeking to enhance
their understanding
5 uses cohesive 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Not too effective but still
devices Very Ineffective Acceptable Effective Very be good enough
ineffective effective
LEXICAL
RESOURCE
6 uses a range of 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 including less common
vocabulary Very Limited Sufficient Wide Very words (levels B2, C1), e.g.
limited wide appropriate, acquire,
enhance, breakthrough,
etc. and collocation, e.g. a
vast breakthrough,
combine methods, acquire
knowledge etc.
7 uses written 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 using noun clauses, formal
English Informal Rather Neutral Rather Formal vocabulary but not enough
informal formal
8 makes few lexical 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 having no errors in word
errors (4 or more (3 errors) (2 errors) (1 error) (0 error) choice, word formation
errors) and spelling.
GRAMMATICA
L RANGE AND
ACCURACY
9 uses a range of 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 using mostly simple
structures Very Limited Sufficient Wide Very structures and sometimes
limited wide compound sentences
makes it less effective, e.g.
coordinators, modal verbs.
1 makes few 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 having 1 grammatical
0 grammatical (4 or more (3 errors) (2 errors) (1 error) (0 error) mistake: …but these bring
errors errors) clear results… should use
they instead and students’
scores instead of students’
points
TOTAL 8.6 GOOD