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TRANSMISSIONS
• GEAR: Gears are rollers which has teeth's cut on its
circumference and when the teeth of one roller is meshed
precisely with the teeth of other, we will get a positive
transmission of motion.
Gears are used in pairs or in combinations to
• 1) transmit motion,
• 2) change direction of motion,
• 3) Increase or decrease speed

TYPES
• Spur Gear
• Bevel Gear
• Helical gear
• Herringbone Gear
• Worm and Worm Gears
Spur Gear: A spur gear is a wheel or cylinder with teeth cut
parallel with the axis of rotation .These are the simplest
and most widely used type of gear
Bevel Gear: is one in which the teeth are cut on a conical
surface and radiate from the apex of a cone.
Bevel gears are used to transmit motion from one shaft to
the other shaft at an angle.
• Helical Gear: is one with the teeth cut on a cylinder at an
angle with the axis of rotation of the gear body.
Helical gears are used to transmit motion from one shaft
to another shaft which are parallel
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• Herringbone gear: It consist of two helical gears of equal

size but of opposite hand joined together.
• Worm and Worm Gears
Worm: is cylinder with teeth resembling those of a an
acme thread. The worm is mounted on a shaft, which is
perpendicular to the shaft of the worm gear.
Worm Gear: is a wheel having teeth cut angular with the
axis of rotation and radially in the gear face

GEAR NOMENCLATURE

• Pitch circle: It is an imaginary circle passing through the

points at which the teeth of the meshing gears contact
each other.
• Addendum: It is the portion of the tooth that projects
above or outside of the pitch circle.
• Dedendum: It is the portion of the tooth that is below the
pitch circle and is equal to addendum plus the clearance .
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• ROOT CIRCLE is the diameter of the gear measured at the

base of the tooth.
• PITCH is the distance between a point on a tooth and the
corresponding point on the next tooth, measured on the
pitch circle. This is known as the CIRCULAR PITCH.
Gear ratio: It is the number of teeths each gear has when two
gears are in mesh. It is usually written as a fraction or ratio
reduced to its lowest terms
• Speed ratio: It is the relationship of RPM of two meshing
gears. It is also expressed as a fraction or ratio reduced
to its lowest terms.

GEAR TERMS
Backlash (or lash) The terms used to describe the clearance
which must exist between gear teeth at point of mesh,
essential with all forms of gearing to allow for expansion and
lubrication.
Idler Gear A gear which is interposed between the driving
and driven gear, its function is to connect the drive between
two shafts.
Intermediate Gear A gear which is positioned between the
driving gear and one or more driven gears in a gear train. It
may function as an idler gear or transmit drive through its
own shaft.
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Pinion This term is usually applied to the smaller of two

mating gears.
Lay-shaft A shaft which supports an idler gear or
intermediate gear
Rack and Pinion A device in which a toothed rod (rack)
meshes with a mating pinion to translate the rotary
movement of the pinion into linear movement
Gear trains: There are two types of gear train
• Simple gear train
• Compound gear train.
Simple gear train: It consist of two or more gears mounted on
separate shafts
Compound Gear: This is a gear wheel which has more than
one driving face. These faces may be formed integrally on
one casting or forging, or it may comprise two or more gears
bolted or splined together to transmit drive to a number of
shafts
• Gear Pattern :The pattern of two gears is also very
important and closely related to the backlash. The
backlashes and patterns are generally most critical
where directional changes are made with gears, because
they are adjustable by moving the gears inward or
outward in order to obtain the correct relationship. Each
gear tooth of a bevelled gear has a heel and a toe
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Gear sector: is a wheel that has teeth on a part of its

periphery only. It is used to transmit power in intermittent
manner
Gear rack: is a flat surface on which teeth have been cut.
Rectangular stock is commonly used, but square and round
stock may be used.It is used to change rotary motion to
reciprocating motion
Internal Gear: is one in which teeth are cut on the inner
surface of a ring.
Mitre Gear: is a name given to mating bevel gears having
same number of teeth and pitch cone angle of 45 degree.
Step-Up Drive A drive through a gear train in which the
speed of rotation of the output (driven) shaft is increased.
Example: Used in aero-engines in a generator drive. It
ensures that the generator has sufficient rev/mm to remain
“on charge” at engine idling rev/mm.
Step-Down Drive A reduction gear in which the rev/mm of
the output shaft is reduced while the torque is increased.
Example: Used between the engine and propeller in order
to allow the engine to develop its power by running at high
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RPM while maintaining high propeller efficiency by avoiding

the tips speeds

BELTS AND PULLEYS

Types of Belts
->FLAT BELTS: The flat belt is mostly used where a
moderate amount of power is to
be transmitted from one pulley to another
when the two pulley are not more than
10 m apart
->V Belt: It is used where a great amount of power
is to be transmitted from one pulley to
another when the two pulleys are very
near to each other where high torque is
required at high speed. The included angle of V-belt is
usually from 30º – 40º
->Circular belt: It is used where a great power is to be
transmitted between shafts that are not more than 5 m
apart
->Timing belt: A timing belt or cambelt is a part of an
internal combustion engine that synchronizes the rotation of
the crankshaft and the camshaft(s) so that the engine's valves
open and close at the proper times during each cylinder's
intake and exhaust strokes.
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PULLEYS
 It is a kind of disc or wheel fixed on a shaft by means of
key to rotate along with the shaft.
 Pulleys are driven by ropes or belts to transmit
power or motion from one shaft to another.They
transmit power due to friction
MATERIAL:
Pulleys are made of cast iron, wrought iron, steel & wood
Different type of pulleys are
Belt pulley: The peripheries of these pulleys have crowing
or camber
Split Pulley: These are made in two halves and joined
together by countersunk bolts or rivets with a plate fixed
inside the rim. These are lighter, stronger and more
durable. These are made of wrought iron or mild steel and
used in high speed
V belt pulley: It is a type of groove pulley having
V- groove on the rim to carry V-belt.
Rope Pulley : This pulley or pulley has groove to take the
ropes of round cross-section, ropes are made of cotton or
steel.
Jockey Pulley: It is an automatic tightening pulley to
tighten the loose belt.
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Fast and Loose Pulley: Fast pulley is keyed with the shaft to
rotate with it and the loose pulley is free on the
shaft

Control Chains
• Chains are used to change direction of control runs in
systems where considerable force is required, such as
aileron and elevator controls.
• Chain consists of a series of inner plates, rollers and
bushes, connected together by outer plates and bearing
pins
• The pitch of the chain is the distance between the centres
of the rollers.

• The transfer of straight line to rotary motion is achieved

by using a chain wheel (sprocket).
Inspection
 The pre-tensioning of chains should not be excessive, as
this will cause friction, but should be just sufficient to
prevent any back-lash in the system.
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 The guarding should be checked to ensure that jamming

could not occur and that the chain would not come off
the wheel should it become slack.
 The initial lubricant on new chains should not be
removed and the chains should be further lubricated after
assembly by brushing all over, particularly on link edges,
with lubricant complying with specification DTD 417A,
unless otherwise specified
Maintenance
 The continued smoothness of operation between the
chain and the chain wheel or pulley should be checked.
If the chain does not pass freely round the wheel or
pulley, it should be removed and checked as described.
 The chain should be checked for wear; if it is worn so
that the links are loose and can be lifted away from the
wheel teeth, it should be removed and checked for
excessive elongation.

Push-Pull Rod Systems

• The majority of aircraft push-pull systems can be found
in both the flying and engine controls.
• The push-pull rods are of light alloy tubing to which the
end fittings are attached by taper pins, either directly or
by a socket assembly fitting which provides a limited
adjustment by screw and lock nut.
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Eye bolt and clevis bolt are used in

turnbuckle.