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QA-Formula Sheet
QA-Formula Sheet
QA-Formula Sheet
1] Factors:
A positive integer ‘f’ is said to be a factor of a given positive A number is d ivisible by:
integer ‘n’ if f divides n without leaving a remainder. 1] 2, 4 & 8 when the number formed by the last, last two, last three
e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 are the factors of 12. digits are divisible by 2, 4 & 8 respectively.
2] Prime Numbers:
A prime number is a positive number which has no factors 2] 3 & 9 when the sum of the digits of the number is divisible
besides itself and unity. by 3 & 9 respectively.
3] Composite Numbers: 3] 11 when the difference between the sum of the digits in the odd
A composite number is a number which has other factors places and of those in even places is 0 or a multiple of 11.
besides itself and unity. 4] 6, 12 & 15 when it is divisible by 2 and 3, 3 and 4 & 3 and
4] Factorial: 5 respectively.
For a natural number ‘n’, its factorial is defined as: n! = 1 × 5] 7, if the number of tens added to five times the number of units
2 × 3 × 4 × .... × n is divisible by 7.
(Note: 0! = 1)
6] 13, if the number of tens added to four times the number of
5] Absolute value: units is divisible by 13.
Absolute value of x (written as |x|) is the distance of ‘x’ from 7] 19, if the number of tens added to twice the number of units
0 on the number line. |x| is always positive. is divisible by 19.
|x| = x for x > 0
= –x for x < 0 Laws of Indices
Factors, Multiples HCF and LCM 1] am × an = am + n
1] Factorization: 2] am × an × a p × ..... = a m + n + p + ...
(a ) = a
Any natural number N can be expressed as a m
3] m n mn
× b n × cp .... where a, b, c, ... are all prime numbers.
e.g. 72 = 2 3 × 3 2
4] a m ¸ a n = a m – n
The number of divisors of N is equal t o p
(m + 1) × (n + 1) × (p + 1) .... q
5] a q
= a p where a and p are real numbers and q ¹ 0
The sum of divisors of N is
.6 ] a n = n a
1
m +1 n +1 p +1
a -1 b -1 c -1
. . ..... 1
a -1 b -1 c-1
7] a –n =
2] HCF and LCM: an
Product of numbers = HCF × LCM 8] a 0 = 1 (where a ¹ 0)
m
3] HCF and LCM of fractions: æaö a m
9] (a × b) m = a m × b m and ç ÷ = m
HCF of Numerators èbø b
HCF of fractions =
LCM of Denominators 10 ] If a m = a n and a ¹ –1, 0, 1 then m = n.
LCM of fractions =
LCM of Numerators 11 ] If a m = b m and m ¹ 0 then
HCF of Denominators i. a = +b for even m
4] Relatively Prime Numbers: Two positive integers are said to be ii. a = b for odd m
relatively prime to each other if their highest common factor is 1
6] Binomial theorem:
Properties o f numbers
(x + y) n = x n + n .x n – 1 y + n C 2 x n – 2 y 2 + n C 3 x n – 3 y 3 .. .
1] For any positive integer n: ... + n.x yn–1 + y n
the product of any ‘n’ consecutive positive integers is divisible Hence, to find the remainder when (x + y)n is divided by x,
by n!.
find the remainder when yn is divided by x
Hence, n(n 2 – 1) is divisible by 6.
2] For a p rime n u mb e r ‘p ’ a n d wh ole n u mb e r ‘a ’, (x + 1)n = xn + n.xn–1 + nC2xn–2 + ... + n.x + 1n
a p – a is divisible by p. Hence, (x + 1)n leaves remainder 1 when divided by x
3] Square of a number can neither end with an odd number
of zeroes nor with 2 , 3, 7 or 8.
4] Product of two even numbers is even Numeric inequalities
Product of two odd numbers is odd
Product of odd and even numbers is even a + b
1. If a, b ³ 0, then ³ ab .
2
Algebra ic F ormulae 2. If a, b c, .. .. k are n p ositive qua ntities , th en
1] a 3 ± b 3 = (a ± b)(a 2 m ab + b 2 ) æa
ç
m
+ b m
+ cm
+ ... + k ö÷ æ a + b + c + ... + k öm
m
Hence, a3 ± b 3 is divisible by (a ± b) and (a 2 m ab + b2). ç ÷>ç ÷
è n ø è n ø
2] an – bn = (a – b)(an–1 + an–2b + an–3b2 + ... + bn–1)
unless m is a positive proper fraction.
[for all n]
Hence, an – b n is divisible by a – b for all n. a b
3. + ³ 2, where a and b are positive numbers.
b a
3] a n – b n = (a + b)(a n–1 – an–2b + an–3b 2 ... – bn–1)
[n-even] a b c d
4. + + + ³ 4, where a, b, c and d are positive numbers.
Hence, an – bn is divisible by a + b for even n. b c d a
4] an + bn = (a + b)(an–1 – an–2b + an–3b2 + ... + bn–1) 5. a 4 + b 4 + c4 + d 4 ³ 4abcd, where a, b, c and d are positive numbers.
[n-odd]
Hence, a n + bn is divisible by a + b for odd n.
5] a 3 + b 3 + c3 – 3abc
= (a + b + c)(a 2 + b 2 + c2 – ab – ac – bc)
Hence, a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc if a + b + c = 0
B a se system 4. For the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c, let a and
roots.
The ‘Decimal Number System’ or the ‘Base 10 system’ uses the 10 b c
digits from 0 to 9 to represent any number. Then ax2 + bx + c = a (x2 + x + )
a a
Similarly, the ‘Binary System’ or the ‘Base 2 system’ uses 0 and = a (x – a ) (x – b )
1 while the ‘Octal System’ or the ‘Base 8 system’ uses digits from = a [x2 – ( a + b ) x + ab ]
0 to 7.
Hence, we have:
Conventionally, (..XYZ) n is the representation of a number in Base b c
i) a + b = – ; ii) ab =
‘n’ notation. (where X,Y,Z are the last 3 digits of the number) a a
and (..XYZ) n = ... + X ´ (n) 2 + Y ´ (n) 1 + Z ´ (n) 0 4. The roots a , b are given by:
For eg. (9276) 10 = 9(10) 3 + 2(10) 2 + 7(10) 1 + 6(10) 0
-b± D
(10110) 2 = 1(2) 4 + 0(2) 3 + 1(2) 2 + 1(2) 1 + 0(2) 0 a, b = ; where D = b 2 – 4ac is the discrim
2a
= 16 + 4 + 2 = (22) 10 1
i) If c = a, then a =
(712) 8 = 7(8) 2 + 1(8) 1 + 2(8) 0 = 448 + 8 + 2 b
= (458) 10 ii) If b = 0, then a = – b
Conversion from Decimal to any base ‘X’ number system: iii) If a = m + n , then b = m – n
e.g. Convert (21) 10 into binary system and iv) If a = m + in, then b = m – in
convert (1 34) 10 in to octal system
5. Properties of the discriminant D :
i) If D ³ 0, then a , b are real.
1
0 ii) If D = 0, then a = b .
6
1
0 iii) If D < 0, then a , b are complex conjugates.
0
2
1 6. Quadratic inequalities:
(x – a )(x – b ) > 0 if x < a or x > b ( a < b )
\ (21) 10 = (10101) 2 \ (134) 10 = (206) 8
6] |x – y| = |y – x| 1
a æ pa n + qc n + ren + ... ö n
|x . y| = |x| . |y| (iii) = çç n ÷
÷
è pb + qd + rf + ... ø
b n n
If a<0, then the graph is an inverted bell-shaped curve that cuts 100 - x
multiply the number by
the X-axis in a maximum of two points. 100
2. An equation of the form: increase/d ecrease
6] % increase/decrease in a no. = original number × 100
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ¹ 0) is called a quadratic equation.
P ´ N´ R
simple interest, I =
100
5. For calculating compound interest, the interest is added back to
the principal and the interest is calculated on the sum of the interest
and the principal.
N
æ R ö
For compound interest, amount A = P ç1 + ÷
è 100 ø
Time, Speed, Dista nce Lines, Angles and Triangles
1. Distance covered by a body is given by
1. Sum of the angles in a straight line = 180° (Angles in a linear pair).
Distance = Speed × Time
2. Vertically opposite angles are congruent (equal).
Total distance travelled 3. If any point is equidistant from the endpoints of a segment,
2. Average speed = then it must lie on the perpendicular bisector of the segment.
Total time taken
4. When two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, corresponding
® If a part of a journey is travelled at speed s1 km/hr in t1
angles are equal, alternate angles are equal and co-interior angles are
hours and remaining part at speed s2 km/hr in t2 hours
supplementary. (All acute angles formed are equal to each other and all
then, Total distance travelled = s1t1 + s2t2
obtuse angles are equal to each other).
s1t1 + s 2 t 2 5. The ratio of intercepts formed by a transversal intersecting three
Average speed = t1 + t 2 parallel lines is equal to the ratio of corresponding intercepts formed by
any other transversal.
® If equal time intervals are travelled with d ifferen t speed s,
say ‘a’ and ‘b’ km/hr, then the average speed is equal to For any triangle ( D ABC):
their arithmetic mean.
6. Sum of interior angles = 180°.
a +b
Average speed = km/hr 7. Measure of exterior angle = Sum of remote interior angles.
2
1
® If equal distances are travelled with different speed s, say 8. Area = × (base) × (height) = s(s - a )(s - b)(s - c)
‘a’ and ‘b’ km/hr, then the average speed is equal to 2
their harmonic mean. a +b +c
(where a, b, c are its sides; s = )
2
æ 2ab ö = r × s (r = radius of incircle)
Average speed = ç ÷ km/hr
èa + bø
abc
3. If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is x : y, then : = (R = radius of circumcircle).
4R
® the ratio of time taken to travel equal distances is y : x 9. The line segment joining the midpoint of any two sides is
® the ratio of distance travelled in equal time intervals is x : y parallel to the third side and has half the length of the third
4. Relative speed side. (Midpoint theorem)
If A and B are travelling at ‘a’ and ‘b’ km/hr, (a > b) AD AE
10 . If DE || BC, then = .
Case (i): In the same direction DB EC
® A gains (a - b) km over B in 1hour. (Basic proportionality theorem - BPT)
5
1 km/hr = m/sec; Special Triangles
18
Equilateral triangle:
= 2 2 2
l ´b + h
2. Cube;
x = the x coordinate = distance of P from the Y–axis
Total surface area = 6 l 2 y = the y coordinate = distance of P from the X–axis
Partitioning
no groups n -1
Similar Items - Distinct Groups C r -1
empty
some groups n + r -1
C r -1
may be empty
some groups n
3 Distinct Items - Distinct Groups may be empty r
arrangement within a (n + r - 1)!
(E.g. 6 rings - 4 fingers)
group matters (r - 1)!
List the various possibilities and find number
Similar Items - Similar Groups of ways for each possibility
List the various possibilities and find number
Distinct Items - Similar Groups of ways for each possibility