Write your name here

Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Biology
International Advanced Level
Unit 4: Energy, Environment, Microbiology and
Immunity
Sample Paper 2 Paper Reference
Time: 1 hour 45 minutes WBI14/01
You must have: Total Marks
Scientific calculator, ruler, HB pencil

Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where
appropriate.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 90.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• toIn questions marked with an asterisk (*), marks will be awarded for your ability
structure your answer logically, showing how the points that you make are
related or follow on from each other where appropriate.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*S58690A0132*
S58690A
©2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology – 1

Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
12
1 A student carried out an investigation to compare the antibacterial effect of a garlic
extract with that of three antibiotics, all at the same concentration.

(a) (i) To obtain the extract, a clove of garlic was cut into lots of small pieces and
soaked in 0.1% ethanol for a long time.
Explain why this is an effective method of extraction.
(2)

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(ii) The diagram shows the effect of the garlic extract on bacteria growing on
an agar plate.

bacteria

garlic extract
on filter paper disc
clear zone
(no bacteria)

The area of the clear zone was calculated by assuming it is a circle and
estimating the diameter. The estimate made was 4.3 cm.
Calculate the estimated area of the clear zone.
(2)

Answer ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30
2
*S47563A03036* Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Biology A (Salters-Nuffield)
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – December 2014 © Pearson Education Limited 2014
 (b) The results of the investigation are shown in the table.

Estimated area of clear zone

/ mm2
Sample
number Antibiotics Plant extract
Chloramphenicol Tetracycline Streptomycin Garlic
1 28 16 15 20
2 26 19 13 28
3 29 11 14 18
4 28 21 12 25
5 26 7 14 27
6 29 11 15 26
7 22 8 9 25
8 25 21 14 25
9 29 10 12 29
Mean 27 14 13 25
Standard
2.37 5.54 1.90 3.60
deviation

These data were analysed using t-tests.

(i) Several statistical tests were available to the student to analyse these data,
including the t-test, Chi squared and the correlation coefficient.
Explain why the t-test was chosen to analyse these data, rather than the other
two tests.
(3)

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31
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Biology A (Salters-Nuffield)
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – December 2014 © Pearson Education Limited 2014 *S47563A03136* Turn over
3
 (ii) Calculate the t value for the data to compare garlic with chloramphenicol,
using the formula:

x1 − x 2
t=
 σ12 σ 22 
 n +
1 n2 
(3)

Answer ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32
4
*S47563A03236* Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Biology A (Salters-Nuffield)
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – December 2014 © Pearson Education Limited 2014
 (iii) The table shows the critical values of t with 16 degrees of freedom.

Significance level (p) 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.01 0.001

Critical value of t 1.34 1.75 2.12 2.92 4.02

Use your value of t to test the validity of a stated null hypothesis.

(4)

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33
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Biology A (Salters-Nuffield)
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – December 2014 © Pearson Education Limited 2014 *S47563A03336* Turn over
5
 (c) The size of the clear zone depends on variables other than the antibacterial
properties of the substances used, such as size and solubility of the antimicrobial
molecules in the extract.
A new method was developed in which the minimum concentration of extract
that causes inhibition of bacterial growth (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,
MIC), was found.
Samples of extract, bacteria (E. coli) and a respiration indicator were placed in a
micro-titre tray.

A B C D E F G H

1
1 = 4%
2 2 = 2%
3 = 1%
3 4 = 0.5% concentration of
5 = 0.25% extract
4 6 = 0.125%
7 = 0.0625%
5 8 = 0.0%

The diagrams show the results obtained. The tubes are black when respiration
occurs and clear when no respiration occurs.

rosemary geranium garlic cedar

34
6
*S47563A03436* Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Biology A (Salters-Nuffield)
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – December 2014 © Pearson Education Limited 2014
 (i) Analyse the data to explain the results of this experiment.
(2)

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(ii) Give two changes that can be made to the procedure to get a more accurate
measure of MIC.
(2)

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(iii) It was concluded that plant extracts inhibit respiration of bacteria. This
conclusion may not be valid because the investigation has limitations.
Describe how the investigation could be modified to reduce the effect of two
named limitations.
(2)

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(Total for Question 1 = 20 marks)

35
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Biology A (Salters-Nuffield)
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – December 2014 © Pearson Education Limited 2014 *S47563A03536* 7
32 Blowflies are found in many parts of the world, including Africa.
The diagram shows the life cycle of one species of blowfly (species A) found in Africa.

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Reproduce

Adult
Pupa Eggs

Larva
Pupate Hatch

An investigation was carried out to find the temperature at which 50% of the larvae
of this species survive. This investigation was repeated for a further six species of
African blowfly larvae, B to G. All other variables were kept constant.
In another investigation, the temperature of sand that the larvae selected when ready
to pupate was recorded.
(a) A student used the data from these investigations to find out if there is a

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statistically significant correlation between the two sets of temperatures.
To do so, a Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient can be calculated.
(i) Complete the table to rank all the data and to calculate d and d2 for species E to G.
(3)

Mean Rank for

Rank for
temperature mean Mean Difference
mean
Blowfly at which temperature temperature Difference in rank
temperature
species 50% of for 50% of sand in rank (d) squared
of sand
larvae larvae selected / °C (d2)
selected
survive / °C survival
A 49.0 5 26.1 7 −2 4

B 47.5 2 23.2 3 −1 1 DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

C 48.5 3 24.7 6 −3 9

D 42.9 1 16.6 1 0 0

E 48.8 23.6

F 50.1 24.2

G 49.2 23.1

8
*P52290A0828*
 (ii) Calculate the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (rs) using the equation:
(3)
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6 ∑ d2
rs = 1 −
n(n2 − 1)

where Ȉd2 = 34 and n is the number of blowfly species.

Answer........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(iii) The table shows critical values for rs.

Probability
n 0.10 0.05 0.01
5 0.900 1.000 1.000
6 0.829 0.886 1.000
7 0.714 0.786 0.929
8 0.643 0.738 0.881
9 0.600 0.683 0.833

Deduce whether the data showed a statistically significant correlation.

(2)
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9
*P52290A0928* Turn over
 (b) A number of observations were made about a dead rhinoceros:
• adults of all seven species of blowfly (A to G) were observed near the rhinoceros

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• large numbers of living larvae of species F were present inside the rhinoceros
• mean temperature in this group of larvae was 49 ± 1.1 °C
• mean temperature of the air surrounding the rhinoceros was 33 ± 3.0 °C.
(i) Determine how the mean temperature of 49 °C was found.
(2)

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(ii) It was observed that all the living larvae in the rhinoceros belonged to species F.
The metabolic activity of the larvae of species F increases the temperature
within the dead rhinoceros.
Explain the advantages for this species of blowfly of increasing the
temperature within the dead rhinoceros.
(3)

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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 13 marks)

10
*P52290A01028*

93 The table shows information about one area of the North Atlantic Ocean.

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Net primary
Mean hours of Mean monthly
Month productivity (NPP)
daylight / hr temperature / °C
/ g carbon m−2 day−1
January 9.0 2.8 −1.0
February 10.0 3.1 −1.2
March 11.0 6.7 −0.5
April 13.0 9.4 +3.0
May 14.0 15.5 +4.0
June 15.0 20.6 +8.0
July 14.0 23.9 +7.0
August 13.5 23.3 +7.0

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September 12.0 21.1 +5.0

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October 11.0 16.1 +4.0
November 10.0 11.1 +3.0
December 9.0 4.0 −1.2

(a) (i) State what is meant by the term net primary productivity (NPP).
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Analyse the data to explain the effect of daylight and temperature on NPP.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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11
*P52287RA02432*


(b) The diagram shows some of the energy transfers through a food chain from this area.
The figures show the energy transfer in kJ m–2 yr–1.
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Tertiary
consumers

Secondary
consumers

Decomposers 1122 Heat loss

2040 Primary 7038

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consumers
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51 000 Producers 66 303

127 503

(i) Calculate the percentage efficiency of energy transfer from the producers to
the primary consumers.
(2)
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Answer ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12
*P52287RA02532* Turn over

(ii) Explain why the efficiency of energy transfer differs between different trophic levels.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Bluefin tuna are the top predators in this ocean.

Bluefin tuna are caught by the fishing industry for human consumption.

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The demand is very high.
One method to help meet the demand for Bluefin tuna is tuna farming.
This method traps young sexually immature fish from the wild. They are placed in
submerged cages and fed on a diet of prey species captured from the ocean.
The graph shows the masses of wild Bluefin tuna caught and Bluefin tuna
produced by farming. It also shows the total mass of wild Bluefin tuna in an area
of the North Atlantic Ocean.

400 –

350 –
Mass of tuna / thousand tonnes

300 –

250 –

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200 –
Key
150 – t otal mass of wild
Bluefin tuna
mass of wild Bluefin
100 –
tuna caught
mass of Bluefin tuna
50 –
produced by farming
0–
–

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year

13
*P52287RA02632*


Comment on the impact of Bluefin tuna farming.

(4)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 13 marks)

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14
*P52287RA02732* Turn over
 64 Mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells are thought to have originated
millions of years ago by a process called endosymbiosis.
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In endosymbiosis, free-living prokaryotic organisms were engulfed by their new host cells.
(a) The table shows the lipid composition of the membranes of these two organelles.

Percentage of total lipid composition

Type of lipid of membranes (%)
In mitochondria In chloroplasts

phosphatidyl A 43 0

phosphatidyl B 35 0

phosphatidyl C 6 1

phosphatidyl D 3 7

phosphatidyl E 13 0
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monogalactosyldiacylglycerol F 0 55

digalactosyldiacylglycerol G 0 24

sulfolipid H 0 8

(i) Analyse the data and use your knowledge to explain why these two organelles
are thought to have originated from different prokaryotic organisms.
(3)

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15

*P52212A01528* Turn over

 (ii) Digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) is synthesised from galactose and
monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG).

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The galactose forms a 1,6 glycosidic bond with the MGDG.
The diagram shows the structure of galactose and MGDG.

O
CH2 O C
O
CH2OH CH2OH CH O C
OH O OH OH O O CH2
H H
OH H OH H
H H H H
H OH H OH
galactose MGDG

Complete the diagram below to show the structures of the products formed
when DGDG is synthesised from galactose and MGDG.

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(3)

O
CH2 O C
O
C CH O C
O O CH2
H
OH H
H
H OH

(iii) Chromatography can be used to separate MGDG, DGDG and sulfolipid

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extracted from chloroplasts.

The diagram shows the position of these three lipids, P, Q and R, on a chromatogram.

solvent front

16

*P52212A01628*
 Which row in the table identifies the position of these three lipids in
this chromatogram ?
(1)
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Lipid in position P Lipid in position Q Lipid in position R

A DGDG sulfolipid MGDG

B MGDG DGDG sulfolipid

C sulfolipid DGDG MGDG

D sulfolipid MGDG DGDG

(b) Chloroplasts are thought to be derived from cyanobacteria.

It is estimated that there are 1 × 1010 carbon atoms in one cyanobacterial cell.
Ten photons of light are needed to fix one carbon atom.
(i) Calculate the number of photons of light needed to fix enough carbon
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to form one cyanobacterial cell.

(1)
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(ii) Explain why the value calculated in (b)(i) is likely to be an underestimate.

(2)
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(iii) Describe how carbon fixation takes place in chloroplasts.

(3)
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 13 marks)

17

*P52212A01728* Turn over


6
5 (a) The classification of viruses is based on structure and nucleic acid types.

(i) Which of the following pairs of viruses both have an envelope?

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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(1)
A Ebola and λ (lambda) phage
B human immunodeficiency virus and Ebola
C λ (lambda) phage and tobacco mosaic virus
D tobacco mosaic virus and human immunodeficiency virus

(ii) Which of the following pairs of viruses both have a helical capsid?
(1)
A Ebola and tobacco mosaic virus
B λ (lambda) phage and Ebola
C human immunodeficiency virus and λ (lambda) phage

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D tobacco mosaic virus and human immunodeficiency virus

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(b) When a bacterial cell is infected with λ (lambda) phage, the virus will enter the
lytic cycle.
(i) Describe the lytic cycle of a virus.
(3)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*P49850A01428*
18


(ii) The multiplicity of infection (MOI) is one factor that determines whether a
virus enters the lytic cycle or latency.
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number of infectious virus particles

MOI =
number of target cells present

A scientist needed to use a MOI of 0.5 for an investigation.

The virus particles were at a concentration of 2 × 109 cm–3 and the bacteria
were at a concentration of 8 × 108 cm–3.
Calculate the volume of virus particles that should be added to 0.25 cm3 of
bacteria.
(3)
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Answer .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

(Total for Question 5 = 8 marks)

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19
*P49850A01528* Turn over
116 The distribution and abundance of species on a rocky shore were investigated using a
systematic sampling technique.
(a) The diagram shows the placing of the transect and quadrats on a rocky shore.

quadrats

transect line

0
2 high tide
4
6
8
10
12
14
16 low tide
18

distance in metres from start point

Not to scale

(i) Give a reason why systematic sampling, rather than random sampling, was
used in this investigation.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26
20
*S47563A02636* Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Biology A (Salters-Nuffield)
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – December 2014 © Pearson Education Limited 2014
 *(ii) The diagram shows the distribution of some of the abiotic and biotic
components of a sea shore. There are three species of seaweed (Fucus) and
one species of limpet (Patella vulgata). Limpets feed on seaweed.

100
shingle
0
100
bare rock
0
limpet 100
Patella vulgata 0
100
sand
0
100
Fucus spiralis
0
100
F. vesiculosus
0
100
F. serratus
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Distance from start / m
high tide mark low tide mark

Analyse the data to explain how the distribution patterns of Fucus spiralis,
Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus are affected by abiotic and biotic factors.
(6)

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Biology A (Salters-Nuffield)
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – December 2014 © Pearson Education Limited 2014 *S47563A02736* Turn over
21
 (b) (i) Another study compared the diversity of species at different places on the shore.
On the upper shore the following data were obtained.

Species Number of individuals found

Pelvetia canaliculata 10
Enteromorpha sp. 3
Patella vulgata 3
Littorina littorea 15
Gibbula sp. 14
Lichens 15

Calculate an index of diversity (D) for this site using the formula below.
(3)
N(N − 1)
D=
Σn(n − 1)

n = total number of organisms of a particular species

N = total number of organisms of all species

Answer ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28
22
*S47563A02836* Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Biology A (Salters-Nuffield)
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – December 2014 © Pearson Education Limited 2014
 (ii) On the middle shore the index was found to be 7.74 with a total individual
count of 37.
Comment on the relationship between diversity and the total number of
individuals on these two parts of the shore.
(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 6 = 12 marks)

Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Biology A (Salters-Nuffield)

Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – December 2014 © Pearson Education Limited 2014
*S47563A02936* Turn over
23
87 A broth culture for growing bacteria was set up.
Dilution plating was used to determine the number of live bacteria in the culture over a period
of 24 hours.
The graph below shows the number of live bacteria in the culture during this 24-hour
period.

9–
phase 3
8–

7–
Log10 number of bacteria

6–
phase 2 phase 4
5–

4–

3–
phase 1
2–

1–

0–
–

–
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time / hours

(a) Which is the correct order of the phases 1 to 4 shown on the graph?
(1)
A lag, log, death, stationary
B lag, log, stationary, death
C log, lag, death, stationary
D log, lag, stationary, death

19
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Biology B
*s47568A01928*
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – December 2014 © Pearson Education Limited 2014
24
Turn over
 *(b) Evaluate the use of dilution plating and optical methods for determining the
number of bacterial cells in a culture.
(6)

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Calculate the growth rate constant (k) for phase 2 of this culture, using the formula:

log10 Nt − log10 N0
k=
0.301 × t
(4)

Answer .......................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 7 = 11 marks)

(Total for paper = 90 MARKS)

20
25
*s47568A02028* Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Biology B
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – December 2014 © Pearson Education Limited 2014