NAMA : FIQRI ADAM SURYANTO

NIM : 1440126019

MATKUL : BAHASA INGGRIS

KASUS THYPOID

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Literature Review

1. Typhoid Fever

a. Definition

Typhoid fever is an acute gastrointestinal infection caused by Salmonella typhi. Paratyphoid

fever is a similar disease caused by Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, and C. The symptoms and
signs of the disease are almost the same, but the manifestations of paratyphoid are lighter
(Widoyono, 2008).

b. Factors that influence the incidence of typhoid fever

1) Age

At the age of 3-19 years the chance of getting typhoid fever is greater, people at that age tend
to have a lot of physical activity, pay less attention to hygiene and food sanitation. At these
ages, people will tend to choose to eat out of the house or snack in any place that does not
pay attention to food hygiene and sanitation. The greatest incidence of typhoid fever occurred
in school children, related to hygiene factors. Salmonella typhi germs multiply in foods that
are not hygienically maintained (Rahmaningrum et al, 2017).

2) Nutritional Status
Poor nutritional status will reduce body resistance, so children are susceptible to disease,
even poor nutritional status will lead to high mortality rates for typhoid fever (Rahmaningrum
et al, 2017).

3) History of typhoid fever

History of typhoid fever can occur and last for a short time in those who get a mild infection
so their immunity is also weak. A history of typhoid fever will occur if previous treatment is
inadequate, ten percent of untreated typhoid fever will result in a history of typhoid fever.
History of typhoid fever is influenced by immunity, hygiene, food consumption, and the
environment (Rahmaningrum et al, 2017).

Abstract

Typhoid fever (hereinafter referred to as typhoid) is a communicable disease with a heavy

publichealth burden estimated at 22 million cases per year globally resulting in 216,000 to
600,000 deathsannually. In Indonesia, typhoid should receive serious attention from various
parties as it is endemic.The purpose of this study is to review the typhoid control program in
Indonesia as well as the challenges and opportunities in the implementation of the program.
The method used is review of literature and documents related to the study obtained from
National Institute of Health Research and Development library, as well as Directorate
General of Disease Control and Environmental Health, and the google search results with the
keywords “demam tifoid”, “typhoid fever”, “program pengendalian demam tifoid”, and
“typhoid fever control program”. Overall, we collected 31 articles and documents relevant to
the study topic. The study found that the typhoid control program has not been implemented
optimally in Indonesia with many outstanding challenges such as lack of financing the
control program as well as the increasing cases of carriers or relapse and resistance. To
strengthen the typhoid control program and reduce the typhoid morbidity, there is a need to
intensify advocacy, improve cooperation across programs and sectors particularly on access
to clean water, the role of travel agents in typhoid vaccination for travelers, study of the
effectiveness of typhoid vaccination in control program for adding the vaccine to a national
immunization program, prevention of carriers or relapse and resistance, as well as financing
the control program in provinces and districts/cities.

Typhoid fever.

Introduction Typhoid or enteric fever is an ancient disease, which has afflicted mankind since
human populations grew large enough to contaminate their water and food supplies. It is
caused by Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (previously known as salmonella typhi), a
pathogen specific only to humans, as well as by certain non-typhoid salmonella (NTS),
particularly Paratyphoid strains A, B, C. These waterborne gram negative aerobes are
associated with poor sanitation and fecal contamination of water and food supplies. The
syndrome needs to be distinguished from that caused by many other organisms. Today there
are as many as 16-30 million cases per year, almost exclusively in the developing world, with
a mortality rate of 10%. Recent developments in the mapping of the Salmonella genome have
provided insights into its pathogenicity and how antibiotic resistance and human immunity
develop. Typhoid fever is important surgically because abdominal complications such as
intestinal perforation, bleeding, cholecystitis and pancreatitis represent the most serious
complications of the illness. Typhoid perforation of the ileum is one of the most common
causes of bowel perforation in the developing world. (1) Excellent reviews are available for
both adult (2-6) as well as pediatric disease. (7) This Review will focus on recent
developments in our understanding of this disease.

~Descriptive Analysis of Typhoid Fever Surveillance Data in the Jimma Zone,

Southwest Ethiopia (2015–2019).

Introduction Typhoid fever is a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the globe, and
it is a serious illness in developing countries. Typhoid fever is prevalent in Ethiopia, and the
burden differs with diverse demography, environment, and climate. The study aimed to
determine the incidence of typhoid fever cases by person, place, and time. Method A
descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the five years (2015–2019) of
surveillance data of typhoid fever in the Jimma Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The data
were extracted from the zonal health management information system database from May to
June 2020. SPSS version 21 was used to enter and analyze the data. Descriptive analysis was
used to assess the distribution of typhoid fever incidence in time, place, and personal groups.
Result A total of 36,641 individuals suffered from typhoid fever during the five years.
Among these, 18,972 (51.8%) were females and 17,669 (48.2%) were males. Incidence of
typhoid fever was found as follows: 216, 198, 203, 264, and 299 cases per 100,000 persons
were reported during 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. Typhoid fever cases
were increased by 1.4 from 2015–2019. A high incidence of cases was observed at the start of
wet months. The majority of the investigated cases were identified in Kersa, 4,476 (12.2%),
Gomma, 4,075 (11.1%), and Mana, 3,267 (8.9%), woredas. Of the total, 151 (0.4%) of the
reported cases were admitted for inpatient care. During the five years of surveillance data,
death was not reported from all woredas. Conclusion and Recommendation. Typhoid fever
was a major public health problem in the Jimma Zone for the last 5 years, and it was
increased through the years. Zonal health departments should strengthen the interventions
focused on the woredas that had a high burden of typhoid fever at the start of the wet months.