Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dalton Tavares 2008 Simpsonychthys и Nematolebias
Dalton Tavares 2008 Simpsonychthys и Nematolebias
Simpsonichthys
and
Nematolebias
Simpsonichthys
and
Nematolebias
2008
All rights reserved, no part of this publica-
Cabral
Copyright ©
tion may be reproduced or transmitted by any
means, eletronic, mechanical, photocopying
Editora e Livraria or other wise, without the prior permission
of the publisher.
Universitária
General Director
Mário Cabral de Vasconcellos
Eletronic Editor
André Luiz Cabral de Vasconcelos
Cover
André Luiz Cabral de Vasconcelos
Foto: Rosário La Corte
Review
Karol Lotufo
1
Killies: Killifish plural. Group of small size fish with cylindrical shape, colorful and ovíparus,
from Cyprinodontiformes order. It’s etimology cames from de Dutch, that means fish canal. At the
end of XVIII century, the word started to appear with order grafic writtens: Killyfish, Killefish, Kill
fish, Killeyfish, Killiefish before Kiillifish.
The emotion of collecting such a beautiful fish, knowing it was a new species,
was so profound that on the next day Dalton confessed that, just like me, he also
had dreamed with the fish in the night after we collect it. A few months after the
event, we discovered that the same fish had been collected by Steffen Helner a
few weeks before us and it was being described as Simpsonichthys. But that didn’t
change the magic moment we had in the banks of the São Francisco river.
Our expedition ended after running more than 3.000 milles on an old
Volkswagen van, trough the three major hydrographic basins in Brazil (São
Francisco, Araguaia and Paraná) and found the most incredible fish.
Many other collecting trips followed this one on 1993. Even then, my heart
beat still goes up every time I get one of these fantastic fish.
I hope everyone reading this book feels at least part of the emotion of finding
this fascinating little fish, without having to face the loads of mosquitoes, leeches,
roach infested hotels, stinky wet clothes and long, long hours driving trough the
horrible secondary roads in Brazil.
Good reading!
ANDRÉ CARLETTO
Contents
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
South American annual fish
Introduction ................................................................................... 15
1 - History ...................................................................................... 19
2 - Morphology .............................................................................. 21
3 - Feeding ...................................................................................... 25
4 - Reproductive behavior ............................................................. 29
5 - Reproduction in aquarium ........................................................ 42
6 - Sicknesses ................................................................................ 51
7 - Systematic ................................................................................. 53
8 - Geographic distribution ............................................................ 61
9 - Ecology ..................................................................................... 67
10 - Subgenera: Simpsonichthys ........................................................ 89
- S.boitonei .............................................................................. 90
- S.cholopteryx ....................................................................... 94
- S.nigromaculatus ................................................................... 96
- S.parallellus ......................................................................... 99
- S.punctulatus ....................................................................... 103
- S.santanae ............................................................................. 106
- S.zonatus .............................................................................. 108
11 - Subgenera Hypsolebias ........................................................... 111
- Group S.antenori ................................................................ 112
- S.antenori ........................................................................... 113
- S.flagellatus ......................................................................... 115
- S.flavicaudatus ................................................................... 117
- S.ghisolfii ............................................................................. 119
- S.igneus ............................................................................... 121
- S.janaubensis ......................................................................... 122
- S.macaubensis ..................................................................... 124
- S.mediopapillatus ................................................................... 126
- Group S.flammeus .............................................................. 127
- S.alternatus ......................................................................... 128
- S.brunoi .............................................................................. 130
- S.delucai ............................................................................... 132
- S.fasciatus ......................................................................... 134
- S.flammeus .......................................................................... 136
- S.marginatus ....................................................................... 138
- S.multiradiatus ................................................................... 140
- Group S.magnificus ............................................................... 142
- S.adornatus ......................................................................... 144
- S.carlettoi .......................................................................... 146
- S.fulminantis ......................................................................... 152
- S.hellneri .............................................................................. 154
- S.magnificus ........................................................................... 156
- S.picturatus ........................................................................ 161
- Group S.notatus .................................................................... 163
- S.auratus ................................................................................ 164
- S.gibberatus ........................................................................ 167
- S.nielseni ........................................................................... 169
- S.notatus ............................................................................ 172
- S.ocellatus .............................................................................. 174
- S.radiosus ............................................................................ 176
- S.rufus ................................................................................ 178
- S.similis ................................................................................ 180
- S.stellatus ............................................................................. 182
- S.trilineatus .......................................................................... 184
- S.virgulatus .......................................................................... 186
12 - Subgenera Ophtalmolebias .................................................... 189
- S.bokermanni ..................................................................... 190
- S.constanciae ...................................................................... 192
- S.perpendicularis ................................................................ 194
- S.rosaceus ........................................................................... 196
- S.suzarti .............................................................................. 198
13 - Subgenera Spectrolebias ...........................................................
- S.chacoensis ..................................................................... 201
- S.costai ............................................................................. 202
- S.filamentosus .................................................................... 204
- S.reticulatus ....................................................................... 207
- S.semiocellatus .................................................................... 209
14 - Subgenera Xenurolebias ........................................................ 213
- S.izecksohni ........................................................................ 219
- S.myersi .............................................................................. 220
15 - Genera Nematolebias .............................................................. 222
- N.papilliferus ..................................................................... 225
- N.whitei ............................................................................... 226
Conclusion ..................................................................................... 228
References ....................................................................................... 231
233
14 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 15
Introduction
“How can a simple rain water pool get filled up with fish right
after the start of the rainy season?”
What a strange fish is this that, as if by magic, ‘show up’ in a
water pool that was totally dry for so long?
There can be many scientific explanations for this fascinating
fact, but for the local people that had witnessed this phenomenon,
these will always be the ‘Cloud Fish’ that simply fell from the sky
along with the rain drops
Very popular among aquarium hobbyists all over the world, many species
are maintained in tanks for many generations without too many changes or genetic
variation, all over the world.
Most of the Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias have a pretty pacific
behavior towards other species, but males normally define breeding territories
which they defend by flashing their colors and displaying at the boundaries of
their territories.
The Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias are part of a group of fish known
as Killifish. Killifish is a common designation for all egg laying fish of the
Cyprinodontiformes order. The Simpsonichthys are part of the Rivulidae which is
in turn included in the Cyprinodontiformes order.
The origin of the Cyprinodontiformes goes back 200 million years. Back
then, a single dry land mass, formed by a ‘super continent’ called Pangea, was
starting to divide in two. The mass to the North was called Laurasia, and the one
to the south, Godwana. Between those two new continents a shallow sea was
formed, called the Thetys Sea, and that’s where most of the bony fish, including
the Cyprinodontiformes, first appeared.
There are many other genera in the Rivulidae family that have a similar
reproductive cycle as the Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias; they are called ‘annual
fish’ due to their annual life cycle.
In some habitats, the Simpsonichthys are found in sympatry, living together,
with some other species. Many times, larger predatorial annual species, like the
Cynolebias, are found along with the Simpsonichthys.
Despite the fact of being the South American annual genera with the most
number of species, only recently most of them were discovered and described by
researchers. All of them were described after the middle 80’s, with a ‘flooding’
of new species being described from the 90’s until today. Most of them were
discovered in the São Francisco basin, where 75% of the species of Simpsonichthys
are from (Costa 2003).
Beside the beautiful coloration of the males, many species have exquisite
fineage, with extensions in the dorsal and caudal fins. The intense color seems to be
an evolutive adaptation related to sexual selection, where the most brightly colored
males are normally the healthier ones and because of that, the most attractive for
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 17
females.
Despite the fact that their intense color could make them also very attractive
to predators, most of them live in such inhospitable habitats that they rarely have
any predators.
There are only two species of Simpsonichthys not found in Brazilian territory:
S.filamentosus and S.chacoensis, but this is probably due the fact that very few
research expeditions have targeted countries like Bolivia and Paraguay.
With all these attributes, the Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias are one of
the most fascinating ornamental fish to be maintained in tanks. The fact their eggs
can be exchanged by mail certainly contributes to the increasing number of species
maintained by hobbyists.
Clubs and associations specialized in maintaining and breeding Killifish are
present all over the world, especially in Europe, USA and Asia.
One of the main objectives of this book is to present, in detail, the elaborate
reproductive behavior and fascinating ecology of the Simpsonichthys.
A technical file was created for each currently known species containing
information about Description, Etymology, History, Breeding, Habitat and
Distribution.
18 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 19
History
its base is longer than the last’s. On females, the length of the dorsal fin’s base is
smaller than the anal’s and its origin is posterior than the last. The male’s pectoral
fins have long median rays reaching the 4th ray of the anal fin; the female’s fins are
shorter, not reaching the urogenital spot. Females have dark vertical bars and spots
on their sides, like those of the Cynolebias females. Round caudal fins. Normal
caudal peduncule, without narrowing on its lower side. Narrow preorbital, parietals
present, pseudo-gills present, and pelvic fins absent. Few slender and conical teeth
present in the center forward portion of the vomer. Movable premaxilary. Teeth in
the dentary and premaxilary relatively large.
(1) New genus named after my friend Sr. Charles J. Simpson, San Francisco
CAUS and the species named after Mr. José Boitone.
Since then, a new group of fish caught the attention of several hobbyists and
Ichthyologists around the world, with their beautiful colors and unique shapes.
Actually, the first known species of Simpsonichthys was S.constanciae,
since it was first collected in 1941 and described one year later. But, back then
it was placed in the Cynolebias genus, being reclassified as Simpsonichthys only
in 1996.
Since the 80s, field research and collecting trips got more frequent and many
new species were discovered, making this genus the one with most species in the
Cynolebiatinae sub-family
Today are know 2 species of Nematolebias and 51 species of Simpsonichthys,
divided in 5 sub-genus, and present in tanks all over the world.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 21
Morphology
The Simpsonichthys are very easy to identify. Males are normally very
colorful, while females have a much subdued coloration ranging from brown to
grey with spots or dots over their bodies.
They are small fish with size varying from 20mm to 70mm. Some species
do not have pelvic fins, which caused the new genera to be created.
In many species, the males have extended anal and dorsal fin rays, giving
them an exquisite shape.
The eyes possess a dark traverse strip.
The Simpsonichthys present line of Neuromasts on their heads. These
neuromasts are directly connected with their lateral lines, an organ that helps fish
feel their surroundings by detecting small variation in the water pressure.
Neuromasts
Neuromasts
Scale
Size:
As mentioned before, the Simpsonichthys are small fish with a size ranging
from 20mm to 70mm. The smallest ones are S.costai, S.reticulates, S.parallelus
and S.cholopteryx, which are known to be the smallest species in the Rivulidae
family (Costa, 2006).
The largest Simpsonichthys are part of the Hypsolebias sub-genus, where
S.alternatus and S.ghisolfii can reach more than 70mm.
Some Nematolebias can reach over than 85mm.
In all Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias species, the males are bigger than
females, which are, on average, 20% to 25% smaller. On S.ocellatus, females have
only 65% of the male’s body length (Costa, 2006).
Body shape:
The Simpsonichthys have higher body shape than Nematolebias, which has
a more elongated, slenderer body (Costa, 2006).
Urogenital papilla:
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 23
Color:
Color is an extremely important characteristic on Simpsonichthys, since it
makes evident an elaborate process of sexual selection among them, where the
male needs to show its colorful best possible through the moviments. The color
varies not only from green to red, blue and yellow, but the color patterns are
also extremely variable, from spots to vertical and horizontal bars. (BELOTE e
COSTA, 2002)
Fins:
Another extremely import characteristic of Simpsonichthys males, with
reproductive purpose, are pelvic fins. Several species show unusual shapes and
long extensions, as mentioned before, some species (S.boitonei, S.parallellus e
S.cholopteryx) do not have pelvic fins, that the reason for the genre Simpsonichthy
has been created.
Tactile Papillae:
Right before diving into the substrate to lay eggs, females touch the male’s
24 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
pectoral fins with their heads, signaling it to dive. The male’s pectoral fins have
tactile organs, called tactile papillae, which helps the male to feel the female’s
position, indicating when and to what direction it should dive.
It is also possible that the tactile papillae can help males to identify a female
from its own species. In many pools in the São Francisco basin the water is murky
due to the clay composition of its bottom, making tactile sensing more important
than visual.
The tactile papillae also seem to be related with sexual maturity, since they
are more prominent in young males (Carvalho, 1957)
tactile
papillae
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 25
Feeding
the year, most Simpsonichthys are found in water ranging from 20ºC to 24ºC.
The southern most species are S.constanciae, found at latitude 22º43’S, and
N.papilliferus, 22º 55’S, latitudes at which the climate is still predominantly
tropical.
At the beginning of the dry season, when the water of temporary pools start
to dry out, the temperature goes trough a significant changes, reaching up to 36ºC.
In these conditions, the high water temperature causes the amount of dissolved
oxygen in the water to drop, significantly reducing the fish’s capacity to absorb.
Tubifex, Artemia salina, Daphina, fruit fly and white worms are other sources
of food that are readily accepted by adult Simpsonichthys.
Eventually, Simpsonichthys can take industrialize dor flake food, but the
process of getting them used to it takes time and requires the hobbyist to be patient.
The switch to flake food should be done in a progressive manner, slowly replacing
the amount of live food. This process is very important for people who do not have
direct access to sources of live food.
Home recipes, like paste food, also work well. But, the fish also have to be
‘trained’ to get them. Patience is very important. It is much easier to get fish used
to non-live food when they’re young.
The Simpsonichthys fry will easily take Baby Brine Shrimp, micro-worms,
decapsulated Brine Shrimp eggs and vinegar eels, with Baby brine Shrimp being
the most nutritious and well accepted food.
Baby Brine Shrimp should be separated from the egg’s shell after hatching
and the nauplii should be rinsed with clean fresh water, to remove the excess of
salt, before offering them to the fry.
Micro-worms, decapsulated Brine Shrimp eggs do not require any special
attention, but it is extremely important to not offer any source of food in excess,
since it can cause a significant increase in nitrogenous compounds in the water.
It is extremely important to carefully wash vinegar eels before offering them to
the fry, otherwise the vinegar they live in can quickly drop the water’s pH, which
might kill the young fish.
Offering food twice a day (early in the morning and early in the evening),
in small quantities, is the ideal. Food should be offered in quantity enough to be
consumed in no more than 5 minutes. Food not eaten after 5 minutes should be
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 27
removed from the tank in order to keep the water clean and in the ideal conditions
for the Simpsonichthys optimal food conversion.
The hobbyist sensibility is really important and BALANCE is a key word
in a successful feeding strategy.
28 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 29
Breeding
Behavior
The fact that Simpsonichthys live in temporary water pools has rendered
possible the subsequent development of an elaborate and interesting breeding
behavior. The popularity of this group of fishes among aquarists is much due to
this outcome.
The breeding behavior of the Simpsonichthys appears to follow a defined
pattern, with only small differences among the species.
These patterns aid in the study and definition of an evolutionary proposal and
so are useful for systematic analyses. This form of inquiry is denominated compared
etiology by science, and is based on the ideas of Charles Darwin (1859), in which
instinct evolves, and so ensuing behavioral patterns may be used as indicators of
a common lineage (Belote, 2000).
In 1957, Antenor Leitão de Carvalho wrote a scientific paper, published in
the Brazilian Journal of Biology, in which he conveyed information on the biology
of N.whitei, in the locality of São Pedro da Aldeia, in the state of Rio de Janeiro,
with references to the biotype and its breeding behavior, apart from describing the
spawning conduct of the fish, as outlined below.
After the fishes had become accustomed to the aquarium, the male started to
inspect the substratum therein, in this followed by the female. She, in turn, initiated
movements around the male, to an extent that they began to match forces. As
result of all this movement, the water became progressively muddier, thus making
it impossible to observe the spawning procedure. Therefore, the turf substratum
was exchanged for fine and well-washed beach-sand. Only then was it possible to
contemplate the spawning process.
The male, swimming close to the bottom, began the inspection, with the
female close behind. (Fig.l). Sometimes, he would suddenly stop, make a rapid
up-and-down movement with the body as if nodding his head, and afterwards
30 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
continue the inspection. The female, swimming first to the left then to the right,
would occasionally touch the anal fin of the male with her mouth. On finding
the appropriate place, he then placed himself head-down in an oblique position,
approximately 30º from the vertical. The female then came forward and placed her
head between the body and the pectoral fin of the male, putting the end of her nose
on his axil (Fig. 2), whereupon both, with a quick and flagellate-like conjugated
movement of the tail, penetrated into the substratum. Immediately following this
plunge, both laid down sideways inside the sediment, thereby beginning a rotation
movement of the body. This was the moment in which the egg was expelled and
fertilized, the female always remaining below and completely buried (Fig. 3).They
would stay in this position for 3 to 4 seconds, to afterwards come back to the normal
position (Fig.4). The substratum, which was displaced by the couple on diving,
then fell onto the egg, thus burying it (Carvalho, 1959).
1 2
3
4
Spawning continued with intermediate pauses for several days. The time
between consecutive dives was approximately five minutes.
The cleared-colored and transparent eggs, like minute gelatin pearls,
were small and measured 1,25mm in diameter. On entering in contact with the
substratum, they became enwrapped by a certain amount of matter, this sticking
to the egg.
On observing the eggs through the microscope, the surface of the chorion
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 31
reveals small regular spicules of two sizes, the smaller ones being distributed in
the interval between the bigger ones (Fig. 6).
The vitellin mass (yolk) is clear and transparent like the chorion. There are
5 small drops of oil of different sizes which remain on the upper surface of the
egg (Fig.7).
m
3m
1mm
5 7
0,2mm
6 Illustrative drawing compiled from the work of 8
One of the most intriguing aspects of breeding behavior was the fact that
the female placed her head between the pectoral fin and the body of the male,
shortly before diving.
32 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
The male was examined in detail and it was noted that there were tactile
papillae (Fig.8) on the inner side of the pectoral fin, on the first eight rays counting
from top to bottom. The function of these is to indicate to the male both that the
female is ready for the plunge and whether she is more to the left or to the right.
Over the last few years, with the increase in publications, especially by internet,
a greater exchange of information was made possible, both as regards this topic,
as well as on the development of knowledge on the breeding of annual fishes.
On most occasions, information was mainly obtained by aquarists, and
referred to the physical and chemical conditions of water, the time necessary
for incubating eggs, methods for raising fry, problems with sexual disproportion
among fry, the different types of substratum and alternative methods of embryo
formation from eggs, all of which were related to captive breeding and with the aim
of keeping the species in aquariums and, consequently, of being able to exchange
the surplus raised for other species.
Until publication of the present work, aquarists were those who had the most
available information on breeding behavior at their disposal. Even nowadays, the
contribution by aquarists on this topic is very important, for in several aquariums
spread around the world, various experiences are undertaken, the love of the hobby
leading several people to become researchers, even though for only a few moments
and in an empirical way.
Basically, the breeding behavior of annual fishes was always described in a
simple manner, this until the publication of the Master’s Thesis of Belote, Drausio
de Freitas in 2000:
A Study of the Evolution of Breeding Behavior in Cynolebiatini.
Breeding behavior has been divided into 5 distinct phases (Belote, 2000).
species, the coloring of the males becomes more intense, while during
display their single fins remain expanded. Nevertheless, in fishes of the
S.boitonei group, during male courtship, single fins assume another format,
as these are closed instead of expanded, the latter being the case of the
remaining species.If females are receptive, they follow the males. On the
contrary they move away (Belote, 2000).
The dispute for territory between males, in some species such as N.whitei, can
be so violent that ends on a death of the beaten oponent. This aggressive behavior
can be directed against females, although this happens more rarely.
In nature, the loser withdraws from the strife, so as to avoid further attacks
and preserve himself. Smaller and weaker males are paler in color than dominant
ones, thus indicating submission to the “alpha male”.
In an experiment undertaken with 5 males and 8 females of S.magnificus,
in a 50 liters aquarium, it became clear that the use of display was not only to
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 35
attract the female but also to defend the territory, and so demonstrate its virility to
any possible opponent. A male, on perceiving another near to its territory, would
begin its exhibition through the expansion of all single-fins and by enhancing
colors. On approaching the rival, this would also repeat the same procedure in the
case of confront, or withdraw in the case of renouncing. After the first display,
the male looks for a female, which he forces through the procedure of spawning,
to then, immediately after the act, go back to facing his opponent, as if wishing
to demonstrate his virility to the rival. Females do not mark territories, but only
wander randomly through those of the males. The territories of these are generally
little defined, being approximately 5cm in diameter around each individual, this
changing place as they move around.
In 2006, Shibatta split the behavior of S.boitonei into breeding and agonistic.
Agonistic behavior is more frequent among males, but can also occur between males
and females and among females themselves, but with less frequency. In males this
behavior is related to territory, whereby they enhance colors and expand fins, as
occurs in breeding behavior. After display there can be dispute or flight of one of the
opponents. The description is very much like that observed with S.magnificus.
The chorion of the egg is very rigid and difficult to crush with the fingers.
This is probably so to avoid dehydration of the egg, although, apart from this rigid
chorion, there is exchange of gases between the egg and its environment.
Aggressiveness among males is very variable in different species, and there
can be variations within the same species, for different items such as food and the
dispute for territories or females.
Diapause:
The eggs of annual fishes possess a mechanism for the control of embryo
development called the DIAPAUSE. This mechanism allows the species to survive
the innumerous climatic variations that can occur during the year or during the
most prolonged cycles. The diapause consists of an almost total interruption of
metabolism and, consequently, development of the embryo. The latter, in the
meantime, continues to sporadically emit metabolic signals. This process is essential
for the survival of annual fishes in their seasonal environments (Wourns,
1976).
This mechanism is very important for avoiding that Simpsonichthys and
other annual killifish eggs hatch at the wrong time. What would happen to an
entire generation if there were a heavy rain out of the season, thus filling the pool
for a short period?
Eggs would hatch and there would not be time enough for the fishes to grow
and breed again. In the present case, nature found a way to leave the embryo in a
dormant state, to hatch only in the rainy season itself.
Environmental, physical and chemical factors are responsible for the speed
of embryo development, and for activation and disactivation of the diapause
process.
Environmental Factors: The populational density of adult fishes and their
exposal to the photoperiod have an influence on hormone secretion.
Physical Factors: Temperature, pressure of the water column, moisture of
the substratum, photoperiod and substratum granulation.
Chemical Factors: Ammonia concentration, oxygen and carbonic gas
availability.
the rains are of short duration, thus not permitting that generation to complete
its cycle. Some eggs can adjourn, awaiting one cycle more to develop. There are
reports of viable eggs more than six years old.
The presence of the Diapause suggests an alteration in morphology and
physiology in the developing embryo of annual fishes in relation to other osseous
fishes. The physiological alteration changes the control in the developmental
mechanism, thus either permitting a continuous development of the eggs (escape
eggs) or then, their passage through a prolonged period (Wourns, 1976).
The diapause in annual fishes is similar to that which occurs in insects. In
the latter, both occurrence and intensity are submitted to genetic control.
The variation in duration in which the eggs remain in the diverse diapauses
suggests that this deviation is genetically determined, and that it could correspond
to the background of regularity in the rainfall of the species habitat.
A characteristic of the Diapause is its extreme variability in incidence and
intensity.
Some species of Simpsonichthys inhabit very arid regions in the Brazilian
northeast, whereas others reside in extremely humid regions, such as the Atlantic
Rain Forest and the Amazonian Forest, as well as intermediary regions as, for
example, the Brazilian cerrado.
The Diapause can appear in three stages during embryo development in
annual fishes. These stages are known as Diapause I, Diapause II and Diapause
III.
Diapause I occurs in the cell-disappearance phase, Diapause II in the somite-
forming phase and Diapause III in the pré-hatching phase.
for development in 40 to 240 days, keeping the eggs at a temperature of 25ºC and
incubation in water.
In the natural habitat, there are many risks against survival, characterized
by the non-conjectural status of rainfall regimes. In order to face these conditions,
annual fishes have adopted the strategy of multiple effects, which furnishes survival
in the chaotic climate to which they are submitted.
Thus, in the case of any extreme situation, such as those described above,
there will be eggs in conditions to hatch and so perpetuate the species.
Consequently, in the same batch of eggs we can encounter eggs in the four
different stages of development: Direct development, Diapause I, Diapause II and
Diapause III.
This adaptive strategy is necessary for the diverse environmental conditions
to which they are submitted. Even though some of these conditions are contrary,
such as excessive rain and drought, the survival strategy can be identical, the egg
remaining in the state of Diapause until such a time when environmental conditions
return to the ideal.
The occurrences EL Nino and La Nina are cyclic meteorological phenomena,
with variable intensity and which have an influence on rainfall indexes by adding
accumulative effects in the form of successive floods and droughts, thus altering the
seasonal regime of pools to which many species of annual fishes are adapted.
List of embryonic development of South American annual fishes with their
respective micro-climates.
Reproduction in Aquarium
This is one of the most exciting chapters for the ornamental fish breeder.
Herein, we will take a look at the various techniques used by aquarists to breed
the diverse species of Simpsonichthys in captivity.
Each aquarist develops his own methodology for breeding Simpsonichthys;
hence the techniques described on the book do not eliminate others. Some of them
work very well for one breeder whilst they may not be ideal for others.
The first step is when choosing matrixes. The ideal is to have two or more
females for each male, as the energetic expenditure of the former is higher than
that of the latter, and so there is a greater tendency to fatigue.
In the event of the breeder possessing a couple, after two days of spawning,
it would be advisable to separate them for two days, in order to the female may
recuperate herself, to then pass to a shift system: two days breeding followed by two
days resting. When separating, it is not convenient to leave them where they can
see one another, as this could stimulate the female to spawn without the male.
It is also propitious to observe the sizes of the fishes. It is best to choose
fishes of about the same size.
Place the substratum on the bottom of a small aquarium, which can be
of approximately 20 liters, together with plants such as Elodeae, Cabomba or
Microsorium , as well as a well-fed couple, preferably which have previously been
separated for a week. On becoming accustomed to the new environment, the fishes
will begin to breed, as described in the part “Breeding Behavior”.
Aeration and filtering are optional, although in better aerated water, eggs are
healthier and a higher birth rate is achieved. It is probable that better oxygenation
of the eggs improves their general conditions.
After 20 or 30 days, the substratum with the eggs should be removed, leaving
it to dry in a shady spot, so as to slowly lose humidity.
The substratum is then placed into a plastic bag, which is identified by a
label with information on the name of the species and date of drying.
Some aquarists prefer to leave the substratum on an open tray, so as to
moisten it daily. This procedure is good, but it is more arduous.
Water: The Simpsonichthys are not very demanding fishes concerning
conditions of the water, they even support high temperatures and a low concentration
of oxygen. They inhabit biotypes with much plant-life which naturally eliminates
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 43
the excess of nitrogen compounds in the water. As pools fill with rain water, this
aids in keeping hardness at zero and electric conductibility low.
On the other hand, the pH is altered by the composition of the substratum,
whereby it is important to know the origin of the species and, consequently, into
which bioma it is inserted.
In the case of fishes from the Atlantic coastal basin, specifically those inhabiting
pools in the Atlantic Rain Forest, the substratum of pools from this region is formed
by the decomposition of leaves which thus causes the water to be very acid. In some
cases the pH is as low as 4,5, although the most frequent is around 5,5 to 6,0.
As to fishes which inhabit the São Francisco river basin, to the north of the
town with the same name, here the substratum is composed of very fine clay which
keeps the pH of the water neutral or slightly alkaline at 7,2.
Regarding fishes residing in the basin of the Araguaia and Tocantins rivers,
these dwell in pools wherein the substratum is composed of decomposing leaves
and sand, whereby the pH in these biotypes is around 6,6.
As to fishes of the sub genus Simpsonichthys (from the S.boitonei group),
and which inhabit the source of several water basins, all arising in the Central
Brazilian Plateau, the pools thereabouts denote a high concentration of iron and
aluminium, this giving rise to orange-colored water with a high concentration
of these minerals. The substratum is constituted of fine earth and decomposing
vegetation, generally grass, this causing the pH to be slightly acid at around 6,8.
Biotype of S.punctulatus.
44 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Therefore, the ideal is to repeat the above cited parameters and maintain an
average temperature of 22ºC.
The Substratum: There are various types of substratum available for
aquarists. The ideal is very fine ones, as they better enwrap the egg and consequently
advantageously maintain its humidity during the incubation period under dry
conditions, thus protecting it during this spell.
The ideal point to reach in substratum humidity varies for each species. For
those that live in drier environments it is convenient to leave the substratum drier
in accordance, whereas for those species that dwell in humid surroundings, it is
better to leave it moister.
Moisture of the substratum and temperature are important factors at the
time of incubating eggs.
The amount of substratum is also important. The more the better, as it
furnishes the means for the fish to completely execute all the steps in spawning, as
well as providing better conservation of the egg at the time of drying, by keeping
physical and chemical conditions more stable.
The substratum can be loosely placed on the bottom of the aquarium (Photo
1), within a pot (Photo 2) or with the aquarium on a slope (Photo 3). Each breeder
will choose the method that pleases him most.
Photo 1 Photo 2
Photo 3
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 45
It is easy to check whether eggs are apt for being placed in water, by simply
looking and observing the formation of the embryo. Some of these are agitated
inside the egg, turning around as if seeking to burst through the chorion.
Some aquarists add microworms to aid in hatching. Theoretically,
microworms increase the concentration of CO2 which would be of help in bursting
the chorion, besides being good nourishment for the fry.
New-born fry are approximately 2mm long, and dispose of a small vitellin
sac. After 24 hours, they are already seeking food.
In nature the abundance of food favors quick growth, so that in less than 30
days they are already beginning to sexualize.
In the aquarium, it is difficult to offer all the food options that are available
in nature. Nevertheless, the more one varies nourishment, the healthier and quicker
will fry grow.
When sexualization begins, it is convenient to separate those already
sexualized, mainly the males, as the first ones to arrive at this stage are the dominant
“alpha males”, and this may hinder both the growth and appearance of sexual
characteristics, especially coloring, of the other males.
Physical space is also important. The more available space per individual,
the faster will be its growth.
Sexual disparity
In many species, the birth of a large number of individuals of only one of
the sex occurs, for example, mainly males in the S.magnificus group, or females
in the S.antenori group.
There are indications that this fact could be related to the pH of the water,
although, until the present moment, there is no proof.
A remarkable experiment on this subject was undertaken by Jim Robinson
from Canada. He separated the fry of S.flavicaudatus into pairs and so obtained a
larger number of couples.
been reported in Chapter 9 Ecology, where it was stated that we encountered more
females than males in many pools already in the process of drying up. This may
be related to the premature death of males, due to energetic expenditure arising
from breeding with various females.
During a meeting when this topic was discussed, it was stated that a similar
problem occurs with Nothobranchius. It was reported that, on separating fry two-
by-two in pots, more couples were obtained.
Jim Robinson undertook an experiment with five breeding groups, each
group consisting of one male and twenty-five females. The outstanding results
from this technique could be related to inhibition by hormones or through the
visualization of alpha males, which would thus hinder sexual development in the
other males.
Other experiments related to sexual parity in fishes have already been done.
B. E. Kynard noted that sexual definition in Menida menida (Atherinidae) occurred
as a result of genetic determination, together with the temperature of the water
in which fry were kept during a certain period in their development. Uwe Romer
noted that, in experiments with Apistogramma spp. more elevated temperatures
normally resulted in a higher percentage of males, whereas higher values of pH
gave rise to a greater percentage of females.
Both experiments dealt with variation in temperature. Uwe Romer’s
experiment also treated of pH. In the following experiment, both these factors
were controlled, as well as any other which could interfere in the results, in such
a way that the only variable factor was the number of fry per container.
Experimental details
The experiment itself was undertaken from March 15th to May 1st, 1999.
Eggs from the five breeding groups were collected at the same time, incubated
at the same temperature and hatched at the same time and in the same water. Fry
from each group were placed in 750ml, 1500ml and 20L containers.
Half of the fry from each one of the five groups was placed in 20L aquariums,
the other half being distributed into smaller aquariums in such a way that, groups
of 5 fry were placed in the 750ml aquariums and of 10 fry in those of 1500ml.
All fry born in clutches not included in the experiment were all placed in a
48 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Results #1
The results were fascinating! With all the care received, not a single fry
died.
Experiment #1 Numbers
Fry Males Females Ratio
a) 20 7 13 ~ 1:2
Group 1 b) 20 5 15 1:03
c) 40 5 35 1:07
a) 10 4 6 2:03
Group 2 b) 10 3 7 ~ 1:2
c) 20 1 19 1:19
a) 20 6 14 ~ 1:2
Group 3 b) 20 5 15 1:03
c) 40 3 37 ~ 1:12
a) 30 12 18 2:03
Group 4 b) 30 8 22 ~ 1:3
c) 60 4 56 ~ 1:14
a) 20 8 12 2:03
Group 5 b) 20 6 12 1:02
c) 40 6 34 ~ 1:6
Control 52 4 48 1:12
Conclusions:
Based on the results shown above, it appears to be completely obvious that high
sexual disparity can be significantly improved, by limiting the number of fry kept together
in the initial stages of development, at least when dealing with S.flavicaudatus.
50 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
The process is very arduous, and there is the need for a large number of
aquariums. Nevertheless, for certain species that consistently present problems
as regards sexual disparity, this method may represent the only way for their
preservation. Based on this experiment, it appears that the less fry kept per
aquarium, the greater will be sexual parity.
Even though the results presented here are obvious, to generalize the
conclusion that the procedure works for other species could be dangerous.
This experiment has only proved that sexual parity can be controlled in
one species alone. We can expect similar results for other species of the genus
Simpsonichthys, or even for other South American annual genera, but with
reservation. However, based on the results, it would not be risky to affirm that
the procedure only affects the sex rate, and that it therefore can be considered as
a starting point for other species. It is important to remember that the more fishes
we breed in captivity, the less will be removed from nature! At the present speed
with which “civilization” is destroying nature, it is up to each one of us to try to
breed and distribute these fishes, in an attempt to protect these species.
A graduate student from the University of Toronto managed to duplicate
the experiment, with almost identical results. The only difference occurred in the
groups with a larger number of fry, where the proportion reached 43 females for
each male. Curt, another annual fish fancier did experiments with other species
and obtained the following results, as summarized in the table below:
Species Result
Simpsonichthys picturatus 1:2
Simpsonichthys similis Couples
Simpsonichthys notatus Couples
Austrolebias bellottii Couples
Aphyosemion australe Couples
Aphyosemion elberti Couples
For those species that present the same problem for the aquarist, I believe
this will be a good method to solve it.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 51
Sicknesses
The Simpsonichthys are hardy fishes, and when well-fed and kept in
aquariums with water in a good condition, they rarely get sick.
Sicknesses only appear when the fishes are stressed, whereupon they
diminish the production of protective mucus which woks as a barrier between the
fish and its environment, thus protecting it against the attack of fungi, bacteria and
other parasites present in the water. A fish in an adequate environment is protected
from these assaults.
Stress can occur after a long period of transporting fish in plastic bags, as
a result of the chemical and physical conditions of the water different from the
normal standard for the species, or due to overcrowded conditions in the aquarium,
where territorial disputes could intensify, thus leaving weaker fish hard-pressed
and without adequate food.
The most common sicknesses among the Simpsonichthys are:
Ichthyo (Ichthyophthyrius multifilis): Ichthyo is a parasite that attacks
weak fishes, appearing as small white spots of approximately 1mm of diameter,
all over the fish’s body. It is a sickness mainly common in tropical fish. It is very
rare among Simpsonichthys, and I have only noted the presence of this sickness
in specimens recently collected from the São Fransisco region, where the water
is slightly alkaline. With the trip and consequent adaptation to the aquarium in
slightly more acid water, some fishes developed the sickness.
Treatment: This can be done by using specific parasiticides found on the
market, or by bathing the fish using salt water. This consists of submerging the
fish for a few seconds in water with a salt-density equal to that of sea-water.
When the fish begins to float, it should be taken out and replaced into fresh water.
However, care must be taken, as this is a form of shock-treatment and if the fish
is very weak, it can die. It is convenient, under the circumstances, to remove the
substratum, for the life-cycle of the parasite develops both in the fish and in the
aquarium- substratum. Raising the temperature also helps, as this accelerates the
52 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Worm parasitizing Krip. caudomarginatus, the same commonly found parasitizing Nematolebias
e Simpsonichthys constanciae. Photo: Danilo Paiva
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 53
Systematics
the exclusive characteristic of a group or species, the result of one or more mutations
altering the former or pre-existing form of a determined characteristic of the living
being, to distinguish two species.
This concept guarantees the differentiation between two distinct species.
The following are the main principles of systematics, with a view to
establishing a correct nomenclature for living beings and elaborating phylogenetic
relationships, that is, of evolutive kinship between their species, genera, families
and orders.
As in all science, systematics possesses its own rules. The elaboration of
scientific names also follows its own rules:
1-The name must be written in Latin. Latin through being an unused
language is not subject to regional influences, thus not undergoing
alterations, the names being understandable world-wide. Wherefore,
if we say Simpsonichthys magnificus in Brazil, in Europe or in Japan,
everybody understands to what fish we are referring.
2- Scientific names are composed of two elements, the first initiated with
a capital letter defines the genus and the second, beginning with a normal
letter, determines the species.
3- The scientific name is always outstanding in the text, this by using
italics or negrito, or by being underlined.
4- The Law of Priority. When one and the same species is described two
or more times, the name of the first description is always valid.
5- Names can be in reference to:
5.1 A place Eg: S.santanae in reference to the Santana river which is
near to where the species was originally found.
5.2 - A characteristic of the fish Eg. S.multiradiatus a reference to the
very numerous rays present on the dorsal fin.
5.3 - To pay tribute to a person Eg. S.carlettoi in honror of André Carletto,
one of the discoverers of this species.
6. There are also rules for writing the names of the order, sub-order,
family and sub-family.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 55
M C I
F
E
A
B
L
K
G
H J
Nowadays, more than 100 characteristics, besides those already presented herein,
are considered in the description of a species of Rivulidae, this including sizes and
types of scales, pattern of Neuromasts, and color pattern and distribution.
At present, 51 species of Simpsonichthys and 2 of Nematolebias, distributed
among 9 hydrographic basins, are considered valid (Costa, 2006):
- Central Basins of South America: Amazonas, Paraná and Paraguay
rivers.
- Northeastern Basin: São Francisco, Jaguaribe, Mossoró, Cachoeira, Parda
and Jequitinhonha rivers.
- Small basins on the east coast of South America.
The species Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias belong to the order
Cyprinodontiformes, family Rivulidae, and sub-family Cynolebiatinae. The family
Rivulidae is endemic to the Americas, whereas the sub-family Cynolebiatinae is
so to South America, with the exception of the genus Millerichthys Costa, 1995,
encountered in Mexico.
Chronology:
1959 The name Simpsonichthys was first proposed by Carvalho in 1959,
with a description of Simpsonichthys boitoinei.
1981 Parenti published a paper on the phylogenetic revision of the
order Ciprinodontiformes. In this, Parenti considered Simpsonichthys, together
with Cynopoecilus Regan 1912, Terranatos Taphorn and Thomerson 1978
and Campellolebias Vaz Ferreira and Sierra 1974, as synonyms of Cynolebias
Steindachner, and characterized the group by possessing neither scales on the tail
fin nor a pre-opercular canal (Costa, 1989).
1989 Costa raised Terranatos, Cynopoecilus, Leptolebias and Campellolebias
to the category of genus, keeping Simpsonichthys as a synonym of Cynolebias.
1996 Costa published the work “Phylogenetic and Biogeographic Analysis
of the Neotropcal Annual Fish genus Simpsonichthys (Cyprinodontiformes:
Rivulidae). J camp. Biol 1 (3/4)”, wherein he considered the genus Simpsonichthys
as valid, through the analysis of 56 osteological characters. Costa proposed a
phylogenetic relationship among the species known at the time.
1997 Costa and Nielsen described a new genus and species Spectrolebias
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 57
5-Sub-genus: Simpsonichthys:
S.boitonei, S.parallelus, S.cholopteryx, Hypsolebias
S.marginatus, S.zonatus and S.santanae.
Nematolebias
58 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
In this work Costa revalidated the genus Nematolebias, for he discovered that
Simpsonichthys is phylogenetically closer to Cynolebias and Austrolebias than
to Nematolebias.
The most recent hypothesis regarding the phylogenetic relationship between
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias (Costa, 2006):
Nematolebias
Cynolebias
Austrolebias
Xenurolebias
Ophthalmolebias
Simpsonichthys
Spectrolebias
Simpsonichthys
Hypsolebias
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 59
During the period from 1981 to 1996, and before 1959, several species
of the genus Simpsonichthys were classified as Cynolebias, according to the list
below (Costa, 1996).
ETYMOLOGY:
Simpsonichthys In honror of Mr. Charles J. Simpson, from San Francisco,
California - U.S.A.
Spectrolebias From the Latin Spectro/ghost, referring to the transparent
pattern of the fish.
Ophthalmolebias From the Greek ophtalmus/eyes plus lebias/a small
fish, the common name used for denomination in the order Cyprinodontiformes,
referring to the large eyes.
Xenurolebias From the Greek xenos/strange oura/tail lebias/small fish, the
name commonly used in the order Cyprinodontiformes, referring to the morphology
of the tail fin.
Hypsolebias From the Greek hypsi/high lebias/small fish, the name
commonly used in the order Cyprinodontiformes, in reference to body-height.
Nematolebias From the Greek nema/line, as reference to the cylindrical
and slim shape of the male.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 61
Geographic
Distribution
NORMAL LEVEL
POOL
POOL
range arose, thus forcing the São Francisco river to form a curve to the east,
thereby flowing out at a point on the present-day border of the states of Sergipe
and Alagoas.
On comparing the species of annual fishes found throughout the Jaguaribe
and São Francisco rivers basins, we will find the same groups of fishes represented
by their respective species. In the Jaguaribe basin, we find S.antenori and Cyn.
microphthalmus, which are respectively related to S.flavicaudatus, S.igneus,
S.ghisolfi and S.flagelatus, and Cyn.albipunctatus, Cyn.perforatus, Cyn.
leptocelphus, Cyn.alttus, Cyn.alternatus and Cyn.gilbertoi, thus corroborating
geological data to the effect that the São Francisco river follows this course.
It is difficult to imagine a Simpsonichthys moving in a river, so as to
Old course of
São Francisco river
S.antenori
Current cour-
se of São
Francisco river
S.flavicaudatus,
S.flagellatus,
S.igneus,
S.ghisofii,
S.macaubensis,
S.mediopapillatus,
S.jaubensis.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 63
make use of its course for distribution, as they do not possess the morphological
characteristics necessary to face water currents and deep water, besides presenting
easy prey due to their small size and lack of speed.
Nevertheless, there is strong evidence that this distribution mechanism
occurs, as we always encounter temporary pools at the side of rivers. This form
of distribution can possibly occur both downstream as well as upstream, a fact
which is easily verified in the Paracatu river basin, regarding the distribution of
S.trilineatus, S.auratus and S.virgulatus, as well as that of S.parallelus.
POOL
POOL
RIVER
64 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
POOL
Amazon basin
Jaguaribe
river basin
Coastline
basin
São Francisco
river basin
Ecology
When the pool enters the drying process, the temperature rises and reaches
near to 40ºC, this rise occurring even in the case of those provided with plant-
life. On the occasion of the discovery of the biotype of S. sp Urucuia, the pool
was only 10cm deep and the temperature at 38ºC. Even so, all the fishes were in
excellent condition.
In the more arid regions, several pools are used as a drinking place for cattle,
these being excavated so as to retain a larger volume of water, thus eventually
destroying the biotype of annual fishes.
Pool in Januária-MG. Excavated for forming a cattle - drinker and with S.flagellatus.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 69
The color of the water is highly influenced by the sub-stratum and can vary
during the season. At the beginning of the rains, the water becomes muddier, the
color varying from a brownish or orange tone to a whitish one, depending on the
amount of clay in the sub-stratum. In the Amazon and Pantanal regions, the water
is clearer, as there is only a small amount of clay. At the time of heavy rainfall,
the water becomes muddier.
Below, detail of the substratum of a dry pool in Guanambi-BA. Note the
number of snail-shells.
Biotype on the margins of the Paraná river - GO on the occasion of the discovery
of S.notatus and Cyn.griseus. At this site, S.flammeus is also abundant.
There are three other factors which constitute a risk for several species of annual
fishes: hydro-electric plants, real-estate expansion and agriculture.
1- Hydro-electric plants are a serious problem for annual fishes, as pools are
near river margins. Thus, with the formation of a hydro-electric lake, this invades
these margins, whereby many pools are permanently submerged, their annual
cycle being effaced. Also flood control by dams makes the distribution of fishes
throughout their hydro-graphic basin difficult. In the specific case of the Sobradinho
dam on the São Francisco river, in the state of Bahia, the hydro-electric lake flooded
an area, not previously studied, of approximately 100km2 on its margins. As the
region is one of the richest in Rivulidae species which were encountered before
and after construction of the dam, it is very probable that innumerous pools were
destroyed without the resident species having been known.
2- Real-estate speculation is the gravest problem on the coast of Rio de
Janeiro State, as several pools are being filled up for the building of summer
houses. At present, S.constanciae is the fish that most suffers with the diminution
of its habitat. Only two known sites are still preserved, one of them in extremely
danger.
3- Extensive agriculture poses another problem for annual fishes. Besides
the destruction of original plant-life, there is in many cases the building of drainage
canals to run off water, thus impeding the formation of pools and destroying their
cycles.
Two clear examples of this problem occurred with S.marginatus and
S.zonatus. With S.marginatus, the locality where they were found was transformed
into a corn plantation. Luckily, a pair was handed over to the breeder Álvaro L. F.
Cyrino, who managed to breed and distribute them to other breeders. Therefore,
all the fishes of the species S.marginatus existing in aquariums originated from
just one couple, collected in 1996.
In the case of S.zonatus, a canal was dug to the pool, thereby interrupting
its periodic formation in the known locality.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 73
than do females, through continued crossing with several consorts, thus accelerating
their metabolism, this leading to death before that of females.
development.
In the aquarium, it is easy to perceive those species which undergo greater
hardship during a stretch of “Indian Summer”. The time for drying of their eggs
is much shorter than is the case of species which are affected with less intensity.
An example is that which occurs when comparing S.picturatus , which suffers
direct influence from the phenomenon, whereby the drying time is shorter, and
S.magnificus, which is only affected sporadically.
On the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, where N.whitei, N.papilliferus
and S.constanciae are to be found, there are two, not always well-defined, seasons
a year. There are records of the collection of these species during all the months of
the year. Nevertheless, greater occurrence is in the months may/june and november/
december.
Below there is a table of the rain periods, according to river basin.
Xingu february
Paraguay Pantanal december to may
76 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Extreme North
Rainfall period between
june and october
Atlantic Coast
Rainfall period between
april and august
Central region
Rainfall period between
november and march
South region
Rainfall period between
july and november
WATER
PLANT-LIFE
FAUNA
There is a large variety of aquatic insects, the most common being the
coleopterons (Beetles), besides the larvae of dragonflies.
Chelonians are sporadically encountered in pools.
Chelonian of the genus Phynops found in a pool near to the town of Bom Jesus da Lapa-Bahia.
PREDATORS
The Simpsonichthys are not subject to many predators, these being certain
aquatic coleopterons and a few birds, since they are small-sized fishes and therefore
difficult to catch, besides representing little energetic gain for both birds and other
groups of fishes.
The pacific behavior of Simpsonichthys, in relation to other groups of fishes,
is commonly perceived in the aquarium. They do not possess the voracity of the
Characids and Cichlids in relation to food and are easy prey for larger-sized fishes.
The only predator sharing the same conditions are Cynolebias. A Cynolebias
has already been observed attacking and feeding on a Simpsonichthys of the group
S.magnificus.
Subgenus
88 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 89
Subgenus: Simpsonichthys
The Simpsonichthys group inhabits the central Brazilian plateau, which is
a region with an average altitude of 1.000m (Costa, 1995).
In the central Brazilian plateau and in areas where the Cerrado biome
predominates, there are to be found the sources of various important Brazilian
river basins, namely those of the Tocantins, Araguaia and Paraná rivers, besides
various important tributaries of the São Francisco river.
Only seven species of this group are known, although there are probably
others distributed throughout the region, but as their habitat is not common to the
genus, their localization becomes more difficult, even more so, due to the advance of
farming and animal husbandry in the area, which could account for the destruction
of several sites with species as yet unknown.
The known species are:
1- S.boitonei
2- S.zonatus
3- S.santanae
4- S.parallelus
5- S.cholopteryx
6- S.punctulatus
7- S.nigromaculatus
An outstanding characteristic of this group is the absence of pelvic fins in
four of the species: S.boitonei, S.nigromaculatus S.parallelus and S.cholopteryx.
Cladogramme of the phylogenetic relationships of species from the subgenus
Simpsonichthys (Costa, 2006):
S.cholopteryx
S.parallelus
S.boitonei
S.santanae
S.zonatus
90 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Photo: M. Chauche.
CLASSIFICATION:
A new genus and new species of annual fish from Brasília, with a note
on annual fishes from the Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Pisces,
Cyprinonodontidae, Fundulinae) Bulletin from the National Museum, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, 201:1-10, figure.
ETYMOLOGY:
In honor of the Director of the Brasília Zoo, José Boitone.
TYPE LOCALITY:
County of Brasília, in the Federal District.
SIZE:
Males 45mm, females 35mm.
BACKGROUND:
In 1958, when catching fishes for feeding the birds of the zoo in Brasília,
the city which was then being built to become the new Brazilian capital, a certain
fish called the attention of a zoo employee, due to its beautiful reddish coloring.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 91
He took it to the Head of the Zoo, at that time Mr. José Boitone, who in turn sent
it to the ichthyologist Antenor Leitão de Carvalho, who published a description
in the following year.
A certain characteristic which intrigued Mr. Antenor was the absence of
pelvic fins. For this reason, he allocated the species to a new genus Simpsonichthys,
this being the first fish to be identified therein.
It became popularly known as Pirá-brasília (pirá = fish), thus, ‘the fish from
Brasília’.
In 1995, the fish lost to the Mained Wolf in an election for the animal-symbol
of the city of Brasília. This was due to the error of attributing to the species the
characteristic of being hermaphroditic.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
A somewhat difficult fish to breed, it is recommended to the aquarist with
a certain experience, as there is variation in the rate of development of embryos
in eggs of the same clutch.
In the 80’s, it became common in European aquariums through the
exportation of a certain number of batches to Germany.
In 2005, in the scientific paper Oscar A. Shibata: Reprodução do pirá-
brasília, Simpsonichthys boitonei Carvalho (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae),
e caracterização de seu habitat na Reserva Ecológica do Instituto Brasileiro
de Geografia e Estatística, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil, in a very precise
analysis on both habitat and breeding, the author states: “Drying of the pool’s
substratum does not seem to constitute an essential factor in embryo development
of certain eggs, for even without this drying, the existence of distinct generations
in the habitat was observed. This had already been previously noted by Wourms
in 1972”.
On supposing that the determinant factor for the embryo to enter or not
into the Diapause, is the concentration of oxygen, we can presume that when the
swamp dries up, and due to its subsequent compacting, there is a reduction in the
supply of oxygen to the egg. With the return of rain, the soil loosens up and there
is an increase in aquatic flora, all of which aid in increasing the supply of oxygen
to the egg.
92 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
S.boitonei
94 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
CLASSIFICATION:
Simpsonichthys Cholopteryxn.sp. (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae:
Cynolebiatinae): a new dwarf annual fish from the upper Araguaia river basin,
central Brazil.
ETYMOLOGY:
From the Greek cholos (multilated, crippled) and pteryx (wing or fin),
insinuating the lack of pelvic fins, a characteristic shared by S.boitonei and
S.parallellus, whereby the name is dealt with as a combined-noun.
TYPE LOCALITY:
It was discovered in seasonal pools on the margins of “Ribeirão do Sapo”,
in Mato Grosso State, the Araguaia river basin.
SIZE:
Males 23,5mm, females 19,5mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered by Flavio T.C. Lima, an ichthyologist from USP (University
of São Paulo) in May, 2001, it was never existent among aquarists. During the
following year, a new scientific excursion located two new sites in the neighborhood
with S.cholopteryx. Classification work was published in 2003.
The species S.cholopteryx, together with S.parallelus and S.boitonei, belong
to the subgenus Simpsonichthys, all identified by not possessing pelvic fins.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 95
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
To date there is no register of this species in captivity. Nevertheless, due
to geographic and phylogenetic proximity, the same patterns as those applied to
S.parallelus are possibly relevant.
CLASSIFICATION:
Simpsonichthys nigromaculatus, a new miniature seasonal killifish from
the upper Paraná river basin, central Brazil. (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes:
Rivulidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 199-203, 2 figs., 1
tab., september 2007.
ETYMOLOGY:
In reference to the black spots on the dorsal fin of males.
TYPE LOCALITY:
A flood-plain on the margins of the Prata river, a tributary of the Aporé river,
on the upper Paraná river basin, in the state of Goiás.
SIZE:
Males 25mm.
BACKGROUND:
This is another of recently described species that does not possess pelvic
fins. Even though its description was only published when the book was already
in the final stages, there was still time for a quick trip to the site in the beginning
of 2008, where the species was encountered on the typical locality itself.
A very outstanding fact that occurred during the collection was coming
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 97
across certain adult males without the black spots on the dorsal fin. They were
in the minority, but even so, they represented around 8% of all the males in the
population.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
Through being phylogenetically very close to S.parallelus, they probably
follow the same breeding pattern.
DISCUSSION:
In 2006, I sent an aquarist friend, Gustavo Grandjean, a couple of S.parallelus
collected on the margins of the Formoso river. Among the fishes from the first
generation, a male was born with characteristics described for S.nigromaculatus
(Photo below).
CLASSIFICATION:
Description of four new annual species of the genus Simpsonichthys
(Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the basins of the São Francisco and Paraná
rivers, northeastern and central Brazil. Aquarium 25: 8-15.
ETYMOLOGY:
From the Latin parallelus (parallel) in reference to the pattern of stripes in
the male.
TYPE LOCALITY:
The Emas National Park, in the state of Goiás.
SIZE:
Male 22,6mm, female 20,3mm.
BACKGROUND:
In the year 2000, Wilson Costa published the description of a new species
of Simpsonichthys from the S.boitonei group. Many species of Simpsonichthys
had already been discovered over the last few years, but few were related to this
group.
The discovery of this species and later, of S.cholopteryx, opened up an
enormous possibility of the existence of innumerous species of Simpsonichthys
all over the central Brazilian plateau, especially in the state of Goiás, for the
100 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
I received indications on a trail to the river. The trail was around five kilometers
long and passed through pasture and wooded areas. Attaining the vicinity of the
Formoso river, I observed a flood-plain in which there was a pool with various tufts
of grass, in appearance very much like the S.zonatus biotype. On casting the net
in a more open area, several specimens of S.parallellus were caught, all already
sexually differentiated adults. Sympatric with these there was the same species of
Rivulus, the Rivulus aff. scalaris, though in smaller number.
In 2007, I returned to the region where I encountered two more populations
of S.parallelus, one on the banks of the Formoso river itself, only more up-river,
and the other on the margin of the Jacuba river. Incidentally, these two rivers meet
to form the Corrente river.
DESCRIPTION:
It is the smallest species of Simpsonichthys discovered so far; the largest
specimen collected was only 3,2cm long. One outstanding characteristic of the
species is the absence of pelvic fins, the same as occurs with S.boitonei. The males
possess a unique color pattern, with vertical blue stripes all over the body, their
single fins being orange with a black edge and their caudal fin elliptic. It possesses
blue eyes with a dark vertical stripe, also unique in the genus. The coloring of the
females is a light yellowish brown, with a black patch in the central part of the body
and darker vertical stripes. On the fins there are small and irregular dark spots.
maybe because there were more males which passed the time harassing one another
instead of courting females. After one month of spawning, I removed the substratum
and examined it looking for eggs.
The eggs are disproportional to the size of the fish, being big and easy to
see in the substratum, as also occurs with S.zonatus and S.boitonei. Incubation
follows that of the other species of the genus, in such a way that after 60 days in
a hot environment most of the eggs are ready to hatch. From a turf collected on
july 1st and kept at environment temperature (26ºC), on August 25th there were
around 20 eggs still clear, about 5 with embryos but not yet ready to hatch, and
several eggs ready to hatch. I removed the eggs not yet ready by hand from the
turf, passing them to a smaller bag to be hydrated later, and then moistened the
substratum with the eggs that were ready. In about one hour the first fry appeared,
around 15, proportionally large and hungry. As initial nourishment, they were given
microworms and artemia naupilii. They grew quickly, being completely sexed in
four weeks in the first batch I raised, with slightly more females than males (around
7 males and 10 females).
CLASSIFICATION:
Simpsonichthys punctulatus n. sp. a new seasonal killifish (Teleostei:
Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the upper São Francisco River basin, central
Brazil. Vetebrate Zoology 57 (1) 2007. Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, ISSN
1864-5755, 09.08.2007.
ETYMOLOGY:
From the Latin punctulatus with spots, a reference to the blue spots on the
males flanks.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Formosa county in the state of Goiás.
SIZE:
Males 32mm, females 25mm.
BACKGROUND:
This species was discovered in the 70’s by Rosário La Corte and Roberto
Takase. It was initially identified as S.boitonei with pelvic fins.
104 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
In the beginning, the collectors did not establish the fact that the specimens
from this population possessed pelvic fins. In a lecture where Sr. Rosário La Corte
presented a photo of the species as being S.boitonei, a member of the audience
pointed out this discrepancy.
Over the last thirty years, the species had no longer been encountered. It was
even believed that the S.boitonei with pelivic fins had become extinct.
In march, 2007, while looking for new species of Rivulidae, by chance Didier
Pillet and I discovered a pool with the species, near to the town of Formosa.
The site is easy to reach and we had already passed by it several times,
but that year I noted that the whole area was flooded, maybe so due to the recent
heavy rainfall.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
Apparently breeding conditions are the same as those for S.santanae and
S.boitonei.
After distributing several couples among aquarist friends, I prepared three
aquariums, the first with one male and three females, the second with one male
and two females and the third with a couple. The fishes adapted quickly, but did
not manifested breeding behavior.
At around this time, I took another trip to try to find S.cholopteryx. On
the occasion, I observed that water of the pools that sustaining the subgenus
Simpsonichthys contained a large amount of iron, the color of the water including
has an orange hue.
I placed a few rusty nails into the aquarium, and on the following day, I
observed the males executing breeding display.
Courtship display is a little different in the subgenus Simpsonichthys. Instead
of expanding the single fins, there is a folding of these, followed by a quivering
of the body as a whole.
An outstanding characteristic in this species is the prolonging of the rays in
the male dorsal fin, these becoming long in old males.
depth of 80cm.
Plant-life was composed of grass, the pool itself being located at the side
of the Bezerra stream, in the Paracatu river basin.
The water was of an orange color with an abundance of Quironomos sp.
therein.
The substratum of the pool was composed of an orange-colored clay, with
S.punctulatus as the sole inhabitant.
Due to the large amount of water in the pool, there was a heavy flow of
water from this to the “Córrego Bezerra”, an indication that annual fishes use the
rivers as a means of distribution.
Pool pH was 5,45, electric conductibility 18µs and water temperature
22,5ºC.
CLASSIFICATION:
Description of a new species of the genus Cynolebias Steindachner from
central Brazil (Pisces: Cyprinodontiformes). Communication from the “Museu da
Pontífica Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul” 5 (11):179-195,figures,
map.
ETYMOLOGY:
Referring to the nearness with the “Ribeirão Santana” (a stream named
Santana).
TYPE LOCALITY:
The right margin of the “Ribeirão Santana”, in the Federal District.
SIZE:
Males 32mm, females 25mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered in 1985 by João Paulo Viana, the species was only described
by Oscar Shibata and Julio Garavello in 1992.
For a long time attempts to capture it were unsuccessful. It was only in
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 107
2006, when on a trip with Fabrício de Oliveira Pereira, were we able to once again
encounter the species in the same typical locality.
Many questions have been raised as to whether S.santanae was synonymous
with S.boitonei, but recent phylogenetic studies have shown that S.santanae is
more closely related to S.zonatus than to S.boitonei.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
It has proved to be an easy species to breed in captivity, with an average
egg-drying time of around 70 days at an average temperature of 22ºC. Fry were
big at birth and accepted artemia naupilii at once. Apparently it will be easy to
keep as a hobby fish, as it is very beautiful and easy to breed.
S.santanae biotype
108 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
CLASSIFICATION:
Description of two new fishes of the genus Cynolebias (Cyprinodontiformes:
Rivulidae) from the São Francisco river basin, Brazil. Ichthyol. Explor. freshwaters
1: 15-22.
ETYMOLOGY:
With zones or stripes, in reference to the color-pattern of the males.
TYPE LOCALITY:
The county of Guarapuava, in the state of Minas Gerais.
SIZE:
Males 30mm and females 25mm.
BACKGROUND:
This species was discovered in 1989, in a pool in the Urucuia river basin, and
described in 1990. In 1991, I was at the typical locality where we found S.zonatus.
Already at that time there was pressure on the part of farmers to transform the
area into farm land.
Until 1996, we received reports on collections where the species was still
to be found.
I returned to the spot in 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2006, and on none of these
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 109
occasions could we find the species again. In 2006, a canal was dug to drain the
water to avoid forming pools, so as not to prejudice soya-bean plantation.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
This is a very beautifully colored fish and easy to breed in captivity, which
recommends it to beginners. However, care must be taken with water conditions, by
maintaining a neutral pH and zero hardness. On following these recommendations
and keeping the eggs in moist turf for 60 to 80 days, at a temperature between
20ºC and 25ºC, newborn fry will be of a good size and take to feeding on artemia
naupilii from the first.
Grupo da S.antenori
Grupo da S.flammeus
Hypsolebias
Grupo da S.notatus
Grupo da S.magnificus
112 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Group S.antenori
S.antenori
S.ghisolfii
S.igneus
S.flavicaudatus
S.flagellatus
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 113
CLASSIFICATION:
Cynolebias antenori. J.American Killifish Assoc. 6:23-25.
ETYMOLOGY:
In honror of the discoverer Antenor de Carvalho.
TYPE LOCALITY:
County Russas, in the state of Ceará.
SIZE:
Males 55mm, females 45mm.
BACKGROUND:
This species was first discovered in 1945 by Antenor de Carvalho in a place
called Russas, in the state of Ceará and in the Jaguaribe river basin.
114 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
In 1952, Myers cited this species for the first time as Cynolebias antenori,
in a magazine for aquarium fans, thus paying homage to its discoverer, although
this citation was not accompanied by a description, thereby rendering it a nomem
nudum. In 1972, the species was found once again and subsequently distributed
to a few American aquarists. In the following year, John Tulipano published an
article on captive-breeding of the species, whereby he minutely described its
coloring, referring to the species as Cynolebias antenori. Since Tulipano used
this denomination for the fish, besides presenting characters and a diagnosis on
its color pattern, this became a valid scientific name, with Tulipano as the author
of its description.
In 1981, J. Huber described Cynolebias heloplites, based on specimens born
in aquariums and fishes collected by Huber herself. Later on it was shown that one
is dealing with one and the same species, and so C.heloplites became a synonym
of S.antenori (Costa, 2002).
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
This follows the same pattern as that of the other annual fishes of the group.
This is a very prolific fish, producing an extremely delicate egg, thus making it
very important to periodically check the eggs as well as the humidity level of
the turf, in order to maintain the integrity of the former. Males begin courtship-
display of females by altering the body-color, thereby becoming a more intense
blue. Subsequently, both plunge into the substratum, where spawning occurs. On
emerging, males begin to search for other females so as to repeat the process. There
has been a pronounced improvement in success at maintaining eggs, by adding a
small amount of calcium to the water, thus probably aiding in the constitution of
the egg chorion. In its natural habitat, the substratum of the pool is composed of
clay containing this chemical element.
CLASSIFICATION:
The Simpsonichthys flavicaudatus species group (Cyprinodontiformes:
Rivulidae: Cynolebiatinae): phylogenetic relationship, taxonomic revision and
biogeography. Ichthyol. Explor. freshwaters vol 14, nº1, pp.31-60, 17 figs. march
2003.
ETYMOLOGY:
From the Latin flagellatus, whipped, in reference to the long filaments on
the male’s fins.
TYPE LOCALITY:
The county of Bom Jesus da Lapa, in the state of Bahia.
SIZE:
Males 72mm, females 65mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered in the beginning of the 90’s, until 2003 it was considered as
S.flavicaudatus.
In 2003 there was a separation of the species. Up till then, many captive
S.flagellatus in aquariums were going under the name of S.flavicaudatus.
116 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
Even though this fish is abundant in nature, in captivity it has proved to be
difficult to breed in aquariums.
The problem consists of keeping eggs during the drying stage and until
hatching. The birth rate is very low, and the loss of eggs during drying of the
substratum high, even though spawning gives rise to a large number of eggs.
It could be that this species needs a different degree of substratum humidity,
something which we do not as know yet.
Photo: M. Chauche
CLASSIFICATION:
Description of two new fishes of the genus Cynolebias (Cyprinodontiformes:
Rivulidae) from the São Francisco river basin, Brazil. Ichthyol. Explor. freshwaters
1: 15-22
ETYMOLOGY:
From the Latin flavus = yellow and caudatus = with filaments on the tail fin.
TYPE LOCALITY:
The county of Lagoa Grande, state of Pernambuco, in the São Francisco
river basin.
SIZE:
Males 55mm, females 48mm.
118 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
BACKGROUND:
Discovered in 1989, it was described in the following year. Several attempts
have been made to introduce it into the hobby, but all in vain.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
This fish is difficult to breed in captivity, and is only recommended to
skilled fanciers. Even though a large amount of eggs are spawned at the same time,
drying time is irregular, with eggs forming embryos and entering the diapause at
different periods. Thus it is not difficult to encounter eggs from the same batch and
substratum drying-date in different stages of embryonic development.
HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION:
Besides the locality where it was discovered, there is a second known
population in the county of Irece, around 150km further to the south, which in
itself manifests very wide distribution. In the Irece site, it is encountered alone,
whereas in Lagoa Grande it lives sympatric with C.albipunctatus in pools of
whitish-colored water and with a clayey bottom.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 119
Photo: J. Ghisolfi
Classification:
Description d´une nouvelle espèce de Poisson annuel du genre Simpsonichthys
(Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) du basin du rio São Francisco, Brésil. Rev. Franç.
Aquariol. 23:17/-20.
Etymology:
In honor of the fish-fancier, Julio Ghisolfi.
Type locality:
Guanambi county, in the state of Bahia, São Francisco river basin
Size:
The average size of the males reaches up to 50mm and of the females 38mm.
Background:
In january, 1996, we mustered a group of four people, André de Lucca, Álvaro
Cyrino, José Carlos and myself, and set off towards the mid São Francisco
120 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
river basin. The aim was to collect the recently described S.stellatus. We left São
Paulo at nightfall and traveled all night until, on the next day and near to mid-day,
we arrived at the town of São Francisco, already in the state of Minas Gerais, and
the typical locality of our quest. After one whole day of collecting we encountered
S.hellneri in a pool already known since 1991, besides C.perforatus, the most
southerly known population of Cynolebias. Incidentally, there is every likelihood
of this pool disappearing, because of its very nearness to the town.
On the following day, we set out for Itacarambi, where we found more
C.perforatus, S.hellneri, S.flagellatus and S.magnificus.
On the beginning of the return trip, we decided to travel all night, in order
to collect S.fulminantis and C.leptocephalus in Guanambi, Bahia.
In the first pool, near to the town of Guanambi, we came across a large
number of S.fulminantis, C.leptocephalus and a new species of Corydoras.
Suddenly, a female fish of the S.antenori group, was netted, and immediately
afterwards, some males. According to the color-pattern and due to the absence of
any report on the presence of fishes of this group thereabouts, we perceived that
we were dealing with a new species of Rivulidae.
We began the long trip back without interruption. Guanambi is 1.500km
from São Paulo. During the whole trip, a total of 3.400km, we had eight punctures,
all of which caused considerable delay.
Captive Breeding:
S.ghisolfii is not a very easy fish to breed. On first being introduced into
aquariums, attempts at breeding were unsuccessful. Fishes spawn well, but egg
maintenance requires much care in relation to substratum humidity.
It is not recommended for beginners.
Photo:
M. Chauche.
CLASSIFICATION:
Description of four new annual species of the genus Simpsonichthys
(Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the São Francisco and Paraná rivers basins,
northeast and central Brazil. Aquarium 25: 8-15.
ETYMOLOGY:
In reference to the anal fin coloring in the males.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Igarité county, in the state of Bahia.
SIZE:
Males 45mm, females 41mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered in 1999, it was introduced as a hobby fish two years later, from
a collection undertaken by André de Lucca.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
This follows the same patterns as for the other species of the group.
Draw: D. Nielsen
CLASSIFICATION:
Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori
species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the São Francisco
river basin, Brazil WILSON J. E. M. COSTA Zootaxa 1306: 2539 (2006)
ETYMOLOGY:
An allusion to the occurrence of the species in the region of the town of
Janaúba.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Janaúba county, in the state of Minas Gerais.
SIZE:
Males 40mm, females 30mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered in 2002, it was only described in 2006. Up to now it has not
been introduced as a hobby fish.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 123
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
No information on its breeding is forthcoming, due to its not being a hobby-
fish.
Photo: R. Suzart
CLASSIFICATION:
Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori
species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the São Francisco
river basin, Brazil WILSON J. E. M. COSTA. Zootaxa 1306: 2539 (2006)
ETYMOLOGY:
Name referring to the region of Macaúbas where fish is able to be found.
TYPE LOCALITY:
County of Macaúbas, state of Bahia.
SIZE:
Males 38,6mm and females 28,4mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered in 2003 by Rogério Suzart, it was introduced into the hobby as
a new population of S.ghisolfii.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 125
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
The first significant and perceivable difference to show that with this fish one
is dealing with a species distinct from S.ghisolfii, was on observing its breeding,
for it was found to be much easier to raise in captivity. Thus, initial distribution
among aquarists was very rapid.
Photo: D. Nielsen
126 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Draw:
D. Nielsen
CLASSIFICATION:
Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori
species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the São Francisco
river basin, Brazil Wilson J. E. M. Costa. Zootaxa 1306: 2539 (2006).
ETYMOLOGY:
From the Latin medio (mid) and papillatus (with papillae), referring to the
position of the neuromast in the central region of the head.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Pindaí county, in the state of Bahia.
SIZE:
Males 40mm, females 38mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered in 2002, it was only described in 2006 by Wilson Costa. Up to
now it has not been introduced to fanciers.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
No information on breeding is available, as the fish is not breed by
aquarists.
S.flammeus Group
S.delucai
S.alternatus
S.multiradiatus
S.flammeus
S.brunoi
128 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Photo: M. Chauche
CLASSIFICATION:
Trois nouveaux poissons annuels du genre Cynolebias (Cyprinodontiformes,
Rivulidae) du basin du rio São Francisco, Brésil. Revue Française d´Aquariologie
21 (1-2): 7-8, figure.
ETYMOLOGY:
This is in reference to the color-pattern of the males.
TYPE LOCALITY:
The county of Brasilândia de Minas, state of Minas Gerais.
SIZE:
Males 70mm, females 60mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered and classified in 1994, this fish specie was immediately
introduced among aquarists and quickly became dispersed world-wide. At the
time, it was assumed to be small-sized, but when on a trip in 1996, we came upon
specimens up to 70mm long, very different from those at the time of discovery
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 129
and which had previously served as a basis for classification, and were, on an
average, only 25mm long.
CAPTIVE-BREEDING:
This fish is easy to breed in captivity. The eggs are incubated between 60
to 90 days when the substratum is very humid. From the first, newborn fry feed
on salt-water Artemia naupilii or micro-worms.
Draw: D. Nielsen
CLASSIFICATION:
The Simpsonichthys flavicaudatus species group (Cyprinodontiformes:
Rivulidae: Cynolebiatinae): phylogenetic relationship, taxonomic revision and
biogeography. Ichthyol. Explor. freshwaters vol 14, nº1, pp.31-60, 17 figs. march,
2003.
ETYMOLOGY:
In honror of Bruno Bove da Costa.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Vila Boa county in the state of Goiás, flooded areas in the Ribeirão Canabrava
basin.
SIZE:
Males 30mm, females 26mm.
BACKGROUND:
For three consecutive years, 2006, 2007 and 2008, trips to the locality were
taken, in an attempt to find the species, but it was only discovered in february, 2008,
in the type locality, sympatric with S.aff.notatus. This delay was brought about
by the heavy rainfall in both 2006 and 2007, which in turn caused the level of the
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 131
Cana Bravos river to rise, this propitiating the invasion by non-annual predatory
fish, such as Hoplias malabaricus and other species of Characins, into the pool.
The species was at once distributed among aquarists in Rio de Janeiro and
São Paulo.
Apparently, phylogenetically it is very closely related to S.flammeus, with
slight osteological differences.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
As described above, this fish has only recently been distributed among
aquarists, and so far no information is available. Nevertheless, breeding habits
probably follow the same course as those of S.flammeus. The water in the pool
presented very low electric conductibility, near to zero, and an acid pH of 5.5.
CLASSIFICATION:
The Simpsonichthys flavicaudatus species group (Cyprinodontiformes:
Rivulidae: Cynolebiatinae): phylogenetic relationship, taxonomic revision and
biogeography. Ichthyol. Explor.freshwaters vol 14, nº1, pp.31-60, 17 figs. march,
2003.
ETYMOLOGY:
In honror of the Biologist and discoverer of the species, André de Lucca.
TYPE LOCALITY:
The county of Urucuia, in the state of Minas Gerais.
SIZE:
Males 20mm, females 16mm.
BACKGROUND:
After the discovery of S.trilineatus and S.alternatus in the Paracatu river
basin, it was thought highly probable that we would also find species related to
these in the Urucuia river basin.
Stefen Hellner had already encountered S.similis in the mid Urucuia river, but
there was a gap, the absence of a species of Simpsonichthys from the S.alternatus
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 133
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
This fish adapts easily to captivity and is easy to breed. Eggs hatch after
around 70 days. Offspring are small at birth, and it is convenient to initially feed
them on Paramecium and infusoria during the first few days.
CLASSIFICATION:
Three new species of the seasonal killifish genus Simpsonichthys, subgenus
Hypsolebias (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the Paracatu river
drainage and the São Francisco river basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1244: 4155 (2006).
ETYMOLOGY:
From the Latin fasciatus - with vertical stripes, in reference to a male
feature.
TYPE LOCALITY:
A seasonal pool in the Rio Preto basin, Unaí county, in state of Minas
Gerais.
SIZE:
Male 19mm, female 16mm.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 135
BACKGROUND:
Only recently discovered and classified, this species is closely related to
S.alternatus. In a recent trip to the typical locality, we encountered a small pool
near to the Rio Negro, with very dense vegetation and fishes of this species in
abundance. Together, there were specimens of S.gibberatus, although in smaller
number.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
It demonstrated the same breeding characteristics as S.alternatus, as well
as being of a pacific and prolific behavior.
136 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Photo: M. Chauche
CLASSIFICATION:
Re-description of the genus Cynolebias (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae),
with the description of a species from the Tocantins river basin. Communication
from the Science Museum of the “Pontífica Universidade Católica”, Rio Grande
do Sul 2 (9): 185-189.
ETYMOLOGY:
From the Latin flammeus = shining, in reference to the color-pattern in the
males.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Arraias county, in the state of Tocantins.
SIZE:
Males 33mm, females 28mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered and classified in 1989, it represents the first occurrence of
Hypsolebias outside the São Francisco river basin.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 137
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
This fish is relatively easy to breed in captivity only succumbing to Ichthyosis
if the pH of the water becomes too acid. Eggs are incubated between 70 and 90
days. At birth, offspring can already receive naupilii, and at around 2 months they
already begin to present sexual dimorphism.
Photo: M. Chauche
CLASSIFICATION:
Description d´une nouvelle espèce de poisson annuel du genre
Simpsonichthys (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) du basin rio Tocantins, Brésil.
Rev. Franç. Aquariol. 23: 93-96
ETYMOLOGY:
From the Latin marginatus, in reference to the black line on the dorsal and
anal fins of the males.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Barro Alto county, on the banks of the Rio dos Patos, a tributary of the
Maranhão river, in the Tocantins river basin.
SIZE:
Males 28mm, females 22mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered in 1996 and classified in the same year, this species is living
proof of the contribution of aquarists to the maintenance of threatened species.
After the collection which originated its discovery, the fish-fancier Álvaro Cyrino
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 139
received a couple. From this couple he managed to obtain some eggs and distribute
them to other Brazilian aquarists, who, in turn, aided in spreading the species
throughout the whole world.
Thus, all the specimens in aquariums originated from this one single
couple.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
This fish is only recommended for skilled fish-fanciers, due to the small
amount of eggs deposited by the couple, besides fry being born small and needing
infusoria during the first days of life.
Incubation of the eggs follows the same pattern as the other species of the
group, around 50 to 75 days, at an environmental temperature of about 22ºC.
CLASSIFICATION:
Um Nouveau Poisson annual du genre Cynolebias (Cyprinodontiformes:
Rivulidae) du basin du rio Tocantins, Brésil. Revue Française d´Aquariologie 21
(1-2):1-4, figures,map.
ETYMOLOGY:
Referring to the large number of rays on the dorsal fin, thus making it
long.
TYPE LOCALITY:
The county of Brejinho do Nazaré, in the state of Tocantins.
SIZE:
Males 60mm, females 52mm.
BACKGROUND:
When on a trip in 1996, we came across the typical locality of S.multiradiatus
in a pool inside a small-holding near to the Tocantins river. The pool, which was
in a corn plantation, was very much altered and with a depth of up to 2 meters. It
was only possible to collect on the edges. Only one male and three females were
caught, all four appearing to be very old fishes.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 141
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
As very few specimens have been collected, we have been unable to
maintain the species in captivity, and without new collections, it did not endure
among aquarists.
S.magnificus Group
The males of this group of fishes present a gorgeous coloring. There are
six recognized species in the Group: S.magnificus, S.fulminantis, S.hellneri,
S.adornatus, S.picturatus and S.carlettoi.
They were only encountered from 1990 on, their geographic distribution
being intimately related with the São Francisco river basin.
In almost all the localities, they are to be found sympatric with a species of
Cynolebias, as well as another of Hypsolebias from the group S.antenori.
Its known distribution accompanies the course of the São Francisco river,
its southernmost limit being in a town of the same name, São Francisco, in the
state of Minas Gerais, and its northernmost in the vicinity of a town called Xique
Xique, in the state of Bahia.
Phylogenetic relationship of the group (Costa, 2006):
S.hellneri
S.adornatus
S.fulminantis
S.carlettoi
S.magnificus
S.picturatus
144 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Photo: M. Chauche
CLASSIFICATION:
Description of four new annual species of the genus (Cyprinodontiformes:
Rivulidae) from the São Francisco and Paraná river basins, northeast and central
Brazil. Aquarium 25: 8-15.
ETYMOLOGY:
From the Latin adornatus - that which adorns, in reference to the long base
of the male dorsal fin.
TYPE LOCALITY:
County of Sítio do Mato, in state of Bahia.
SIZE:
Males 46mm, females 36mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered in 1999, in the middle São Francisco river basin. Due to its
beauty and shape, it at once became popular among aquarists.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 145
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
This fish is rather difficult to breed in captivity, but due to its beauty and
unique shape, it is a fish-fancier’s favorite.
The eggs incubate between 75 and 90 days, although this could reach 100,
depending on environmental temperature.
Good-sized fry are born, which immediately begin to feed on artemia
naupilii.
Classification:
Simpsonichthys carlettoi (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) a new annual fish
from the São Francisco river basin, north-eastern Brazil. Wilson J. E. M. Costa
and Dalton T. B. Nielsen. Aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology, vol
8 nº3-2004
Etymology:
In honror of the aquarist André Carletto.
Type locality:
Guanambi county in the state of Bahia.
Size:
A small-sized fish, males reaching a maximum size of 50mm.
Background:
When on a field-trip in january, 2002, André Carletto and I decided to pass
through the region of the mid São Francisco river basin, in the state of Bahia.
Collecting conditions were very much prejudiced that year, due to the lack of
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 147
rain.
In addition, the very bad state of the roads made the task an adventure with
little to report.
On beginning of our return trip to São Paulo, we headed east to the town of
Guanambi, leaving the São Francisco river behind us. Near to the town, we came
across a small pool about 50m wide, the depth not going beyond 50cm. The pool
was being used as a watering-place for cattle, and there was a barbed wire fence
in the middle.
At the first attempts, we caught a fish with a different coloration from all
those known to that date. In the beginning we thought we were dealing with
S.fulminantis, then S.magnificus. Finally we came to the conclusion that this was
a new species, although there were few specimens at hand.
Together in the pool, we encountered specimens of another species of
Simpsonichthys from the S.antenori group.
In january, 2006, we were once again at the locality which was then dryer.
Even so, S.carlettoi, a species from the group of S.antenori, were very much in
abundance, together with a species of Cynolebias, probably Cyn. Leptocephalus.
Once in the aquarium, differences became more precisely noted, mainly as
regards coloring, and the fact that males anal and dorsal fins were pointed, contrary
to those of S.magnificus, which are rounded.
Captive Breeding:
S.carlettoi proved to be a much more prolific species than others of its
group. However, in the first hundred fry born, disparity in sex was very great, as
only three of the offspring were females.
Unfortunately, although several hundreds of fry were obtained in the second
generation, nobody managed to acquire even a sole female!
Over the following years, further specimens were collected from the same
site and distributed to additional aquarists who were successful in keeping the
species in captivity.
Breeding:
After courtship, the male leads the female into the substratum, where they
hide so as to liberate and fertilize numerous small eggs.
For spawning I used a 10x10x12cm plastic box, with a 4 to 5cm layer of
substratum on the bottom. There is a lid to the box, drilled with a 2 to 3cm hole.
Incubation:
For a batch of around 40 eggs (F1), a first hydration after 35 days of
incubation, at a temperature of around 26°C, resulted in 17 fry. A second hydration
after 66 days of incubation produced 10 more new fry, and a third after 165 days,
10 more.
The raising of a second generation confirmed these results.
On scanning F3 offspring, I noted that, contrary to what had been observed
in other species whose mature embryos can withstand 3 or 4 months in the turf
without any problem, it appears to me that mature eggs of S.carlettoi cannot resist
a long dry-wait. In order to obtain good-quality fry, it is important to moisten the
eggs every fortnight after the first month of incubation.
Feeding:
Immediately after birth, I usually give infusoria. On the second day, fry eat
naupilii. As is the case for all Simpsonichthys, it is better to give live food, although
it is possible to accustom them to dry meal or frozen food.
Maturity:
With correctly nourished fry, males begin to develop colors after one
month.
After two months they begin to breed.
Attempts to crossbreed:
Their similarity to S.fulminantis and the geographic proximity of the two
fishes made me curious. Why not try to breed hybrids? Simultaneously, I also tried
crossing with S.picturatus and S.magnificus.
The same procedure was used in the three attempts: the couple is separated
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 149
for 7 days in a five liter aquarium, with a bottom- covering of coconut fiber.
Conclusion:
Crossbreeding S.picturatus with S.carlettoi and crossing S.magnificus with
S.carlettoi did not produce feasible embryos.
Only the S.fulminantis x S.carlettoi cross was fertile. The absence of females
did not permit continuing the experience into other generations. We point out that
the S.fulminantis male used in this experiment came from a generation that had
only produced males.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 151
Photo: M. Chauche
CLASSIFICATION:
Two new species of Cynolebias (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the
São Francisco river basin, Brazil, with notes on the phylogeny and biogeography
of annual fishes. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 4 (3): 194-196, figures
1-2, maps.
ETYMOLOGY:
In reference to the color-pattern of male fins.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Guanambi county, in the state of Bahia.
SIZE:
Males 42mm, females 36mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered in 1992, together with C.leptocephalus, it is one of the most
beautiful of the Simpsonichthys species. Nowadays it is distributed among all
groups of killifish fanciers.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 153
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
This fish is relatively easy to breed in captivity. It is only necessary to
take care with birth disparity between males and females. Certain devices are
advisable, such as leaving the water slightly alkaline and separating the fry into
small aquariums, two to each. Eggs hatch between 70 and 90 days, and fry already
accept naupilii from the first.
Photo: R. Suzart
Photos: M. Chauche
CLASSIFICATION:
Ein neuer Fa cherfisch aus dem Bundesstaat Minas gerais, Brasilien,
Cynolebias hellneri sp. n. das Aquarium 27 (290):8-15, figures, map.
ETYMOLOGY:
In honror of the collector of the species Steffen Hellner.
TYPE LOCALITY:
A roadside pool between the towns of Itacarambí and Manga, in the state
of Minas Gerais, São Francisco river basin.
SIZE:
Males 50mm, females 32mm.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 155
BACKGROUND:
The species was discovered in april, ’92 by the aquarist Steffen Hellner
and classified in the following year. In the same year I came across it, near to the
town of São Francisco.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
It is recommended to those possessing a little more skill in breeding annual
South-American killifishes.
Classification:
Three new species of Cynolebias (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from
the São Francisco river basin, Brazil, Ichthyological Exploration of freshwater 2
(1): 59-60.
Etymology:
From the Latin magnificus, alluding to the exuberant colors of the males.
Type Locality:
The county of Manga, north Minas Gerais State, around 1km from the São
Francisco river.
Size:
There is a population near to the small town of Gado Bravo, where males
measuring up to 65mm and females 58mm long, were encountered.
Background:
I was one of the first to have the privilege of seeing one of the most
beautiful species of Simpsonichthys. The news of its discovery spread rapidly
among Brazilian aquarists, and at once everybody wanted to see and possess this
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 157
resplendent fish.
I took a collecting trip to the São Francisco region, together with André
Carletto, Ruud Wildekamp and Dale Weber, only three years later, in 1993. On this
trip we came across the species a little further south, in the county of Itacarambí,
Minas Gerais State. Together, in the same spot, we also found S.flagelatus, S.hellneri
and Cyn.perforatus.
On returning to São Paulo, we distributed the species among Brazilian and
foreign aquarists, it soon becoming common everywhere.
Captive Breeding:
This fish is slightly more difficult to breed in captivity due to the different
stages in embryo development. After a period of around 60 days, during which
the substratum is drying, the aquarist should place this in water and await the
appearance of the fry. After 4 days, the substratum should be allowed to dry once
again for a further fortnight. Following this, it should once again be placed in water
to await the birth of a second generation. This procedure could possibly repeat for
up to 4 times with the same batch of eggs.
Males try to establish small territories and defend them by threatening
displays to others attempting to invade. Real confrontation are rare. Females pass
freely through territories, and between one display and another, the males induce
those females in their territory to spawn, as a clear demonstration towards other
males of territorial dominion.
After spawning, the males once again return to checking the frontiers of
their territories. Another likelihood is the larger the territorial area the greater the
probability of mating.
Photos: R. Suzart.
160 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Coloring of fin Dorsal and Blue,green and/or yellow Extremity edge dark
Anal reflexes on extremites
Dorsal and Anal fin First half horizontal and Horizontalfrom the
iridescent stripes second half transversal up to anterior to posterior
the posterior extremity extremity
Females:
The females are a little smaller than the males, being from 2 to 4cm, and as
with all representatives of the genus Simpsonichthy, they do not present outstanding
colors. They are simply a standard yellowish-brown with a weak bluish reflex,
visible only when the animal is exposed to strong light.
Furthermore, they show one or more irregular patches in the form of black
ocelli on the abdominal parts.
The fins are completely transparent, whereas the eyes present the same
reddish vertical stripe that occurs in the males, although the coloring is faded.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 161
Photos: M. Chauche.
CLASSIFICATION:
Description of four new annual species of the genus Simpsonichthys
(Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the basins of the São Francisco and Paraná
rivers, northeastern and central Brazil. Aquarium 25: 8-15.
ETYMOLOGY:
From the Latin picturatus - adorned with dots, a reference to the male color
pattern.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Volta das Pedras county in the state of Bahia.
162 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
SIZE:
Males 45mm, females 36mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered in 1999 and described in 2000, this very beautiful species is
closely related to S.magnificus. It was introduced among aquarists in 2002, and
spread at once.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
It proved to be a much easier species to breed than S.magnificus, with less
time for incubating eggs (around 60 days).
S.notatus Group
A group formed by 11 known species:
S.notatus, S.rufus, S.nielseni, S.stellatus, S.similis, S.radiosus, S.ocellatus,
S.gibberatus, S.auratus, S.trilineatus and S.virgulatus.
Their distribution is concentrated in the middle São Francisco river basin, the
Paracatu river basin, the upper Paraná river basin and the Pato river, a tributary of
the Tocantins river. Species are found in the states of Minas Gerais and Goiás.
The case of many biotypes, species are encountered sympatric with species
of Simpsonichthys from the group S.antenori:
- S.notatus is found together with S.flammeus and S.brunoi.
- S.trilineatus is discovered together with S.alternatus.
- Near to the town of São Francisco, in Minas Gerais, S.stellatus is met with
in the company of Cyn.perforatus, this population defining the northernmost limit
of distribution of S.stellatus besides the southernmost limit of distribution of the
genus Cynolebias.
S.rufus
S.similis
S.notatus
S.radiosus
S.stellatus
S.nielseni
S.trilineatus
S.auratus
164 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Photo: M. Chauche.
CLASSIFICATION:
Simpsonichthys auratus, a new annual fish from the Paracatu river drainage,
São Francisco basin, Brazil (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae). Ichthyol. Explor.
Freshwaters 11:7-12.
ETYMOLOGY:
Referring to the male coloring, from the Latin auratus/golden.
TYPE LOCALITY:
A seasonal pool on the margin of the Taboca river, in the county of Lagoa
Grande, state of Minas Gerais.
SIZE:
Males 32mm, females 23mm.
BACKGROUND:
In march, 1996, I entered in contact with André Carletto, for us to go
collecting in the Paracatu river basin, in Minas Gerais State. Our main aim
was to collect S.trilineatus and S.alternatus, and to maybe find other species of
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 165
Simpsonichthys or Cynolebias.
We fixed the trip for the beginning of april. I was worried about the weather,
1996 was a year of little rain.
The distance between my home in São Paulo and the region of the Paracatu
river is not very far, around 1000km all told, we made use of a friday holiday and left
very early. On the same day, at around 3p.m., we were already near to the basin.
First we made many attempts to collect near to the Rio da Prata (a tributary
of the Paracatu river), but the region was really very dry, and there were not many
appropriate environments for Simpsonichthys.
We decided to disperse a little and went towards a village called Lagoa
Grande. It was already getting dark when we crossed a small bridge over the Taboca
river and at once came across a small pool. We stopped the car and, picking up the
small conical nets, we began the collection. I was a little doubtful about finding
any Rivulidae there, as it was very near to the river, but already on the first attempt
we caught a beautiful specimen of a Simpsonichthys of a type we had never seen
before, with an indescribable yellow-gold coloring.
Until the year 2000, S.auratus had been considered as a population of
S.trilineatus, and it was only in this year and with better preserved material, that
we were able to distinguish the differences between the species and elaborate the
appropriate descriptive work.
In 2003 I returned to the spot, only to find it partially destroyed as a result
of building a detour for the road, this passing through the pool, splitting it in half.
The amount of fill-in used had suffocated the aquatic plants, leaving behind a
very bad-quality water. After five hours of trying to find fishes, we collected only
five specimens. I was very worried, as this was the only known population of
S.auratus.
In 2005, on a return trip in the company of Francisco Falcon and Bruno
Gaffino, we re-encountered the Biotype completely recovered, with re-composition
of the aquatic plant-life and a large number of fishes.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
These fishes quickly adapt to aquarium conditions and prove to be very
sickness-resistant.
As I had in my possession a great number of fishes, I obtained a large
amount of eggs. I placed around five couples in a 50 liter aquarium with turf on
the bottom.
I dried the turf for around 60 days. After incubation, I placed the eggs in
166 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
water, whereupon many offspring, about 3mm long, were born. Everything led to
believe that this appeared to be an easy species to breed. Nevertheless, the number
of males born in relation to the number of females was disproportional.
Of the 86 fry born, only two were females, this occurring with all breeders
to whom I had distributed the fish. In the beginning, offspring appeared to be all
females, as they presented dark patches on the body, but as they continued growing,
they acquired male characteristics.
For all those who appreciate South American killifishes, they absolutely
cannot fail to have this fish, as it really is one of the most beautiful of all the known
species, with a different color pattern from the remaining Simpsonichthys.
CLASSIFICATION:
Three new species of the seasonal killifish genus Simpsonichthys, subgenus
Hypsolebias (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the Paracatu river
drainage, São Francisco river basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1244: 4155 (2006).
ETYMOLOGY:
From the Latin gibberatus backward curved, an insinuation of the lateral
profile of the antero-dorsal dislocation in the female body.
TYPE LOCALITY:
The county of Unaí, state of Minas Gerais, Rio Preto flood-plain, Paracatu
river basin.
SIZE:
Males 30mm, females 27mm.
168 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
BACKGROUND:
This species was recently discovered and described, together with S.fasciatus
and S.virgulatus. We ran across it in march, 2007, near to the typical locality and
in a small pool crowded with aquatic plants, which made collection quite difficult.
One of the problems that we came across with, was in identifying the females,
which are very much like females of S.fasciatus. When adapted to the aquarium,
they disclosed a beautiful greenish coloring.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
The first impressions regarding the breeding of this species revealed that
males are very territorial, even in relation to females, these preferring to stay hidden
while the males dominate the aquarium.
Nevertheless, they appear to be very prolific. In only 25 days, a couple
managed to spawn more than 300 eggs (Statement of Didier Pillet).
Two aquariums were placed side-by-side, each containing a couple. The
males often displayed when one perceived the other, thus demonstrating the desire
to defend its territory.
CLASSIFICATION:
Simpsonichthys nielseni sp. n. (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes:Rivulidae):
a new annual killifish from the São Francisco river basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1039:
5764 (2005).
ETYMOLOGY:
In honor of its discoverer Dalton Tavares Bressane Nielsen.
TYPE LOCALITY:
A temporary pool in the county of Pirapora in the state of Minas Gerais.
SIZE:
Males 40mm, females 32mm.
BACKGROUND:
In february, 1998, I left the city of São Paulo and headed for the São Francisco
river in the state of Minas Gerais, together with Roberto Zucchini and Carlos
Roberto. The plan was to meet up with two friends from Belo Horizonte, Toninho
170 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
and Juliano in the town of Pirapora, on the margins of the São Francisco river.
We arrived at Pirapora one day before that combined with the friends from
Belo Horizonte. As we had time to spare, we went for a walk in the town. On
doing so, we came across an enormous lake approximately 4km wide inside the
town itself.
The lake was used for discharging rubble and trash. I decided to try to
sieve the water, and at once there appeared several specimens which we took to
be S.stellatus. The place was very much polluted, so we soon gave up trying to
continue collecting for fear of catching some sickness.
On the following day, we met up with Juliano and Toninho, and together
continued the trip, heading north and following the São Francisco river.
We did not give much value to the fishes, for they were very young and
with little coloring.
In the preceding year, in 1996, I had collected several specimens of
Simpsonichthys in a spot near to Ibiaí, which, in 2001, were described as being
S.rufus. Since then, the population of Pirapora is now considered to be of this
same species.
I returned to the place only in 2005, when we encountered the lake in a good
state of conservation. Rubble and trash were no longer being thrown into it, and
the quality of the water was very good, with a pH of around 6.8, total DH equal
to zero and a water temperature of 26ºC.
On this occasion, I collected adult fishes, with well-defined coloring and
color patterns. I could then check the differences among this typical population
of S.rufus.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
Captive breeding of this species follows the same patterns as those of other
Simpsonichthys , with a relatively short incubation period of around 45 to 60 days,
and an average environmental temperature of about 24ºC.
At birth fry already feed on Artêmia Salina´s Naupilii.
In approximately the third month, fishes already began to present sexual
dimorphism.
Photo: M. Chauche.
CLASSIFICATION:
Description de deux nouvelles espèces du genre Cynolebias du basin du rio
Tocantins (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae). Revue Française d´Aquariologie 17
(1): 10-11, figures 1-2.
ETYMOLOGY:
Referring to the dark spot in the center of the body of the male.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Indicated as a seasonal pool on the margins of the Paraná river, in the
Tocantins river basin, located in the county of Alvorada do Norte, Goiás State.
SIZE:
Males 32mm, females 23mm.
BACKGROUND:
In 1989, during a short and very fruitful trip to the Paraná river basin in
northeastern Goiás, I came across 3 species as yet unheard of among aquarists,
two of them, up to that moment, even unknown by science, namely S.notatus e
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 173
Cyn.griseus.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
This fish is relatively difficult to breed in captivity. Eggs complete
development in between 60 to 75 days, at an average temperature of 24ºC.
CLASSIFICATION:
Four new annual rivulidae of the genus Simpsonichthys (Cyprinodontiformes)
from the basins of the São Francisco and Pardo rivers, Brazil. Aquarium 26:24-
31.
ETYMOLOGY:
Referring to the eye-like spot on the female’s body.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Itaobim county, in the Jequitinhonha river plain-valley, both in the state
of Minas Gerais
SIZE:
Males 37mm, females 24mm.
BACKGROUND:
In the year 2000, during a trip to the state of Bahia, the vet Arsênio Baptista
and I, while passing through the Jequitinhonha river basin, caught sight of a flooded
region with a large amount of aquatic plant-life. We decided to investigate the area
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 175
although with little hope, seeing that attempts to collect in this specific basin had
already been taken, but without success. At the first endeavors, a new species of
Simpsonichthys appeared in the net. This was the first occurrence of a species of
Rivulidae in this basin.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
Due to its modest coloring, few aquarists showed interest in keeping
this species in captivity. Consequently, little has been reported on its breeding.
Apparently this is a relatively difficult species to raise, and so is recommended to
those with a certain skill.
CLASSIFICATION:
Simpsonichthys radiosus sp. n. (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae):
a new annual killifish from the upper Tocantins river basin, central Brazil. Zootaxa
737: 17 (2004)
ETYMOLOGY:
A reference to the color pattern of the males tail fin.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Formosa county in the state of Goiás, in flooded areas on the margins of the
Crixás river, a tributary of the Paranã river, in the Tocantins river basin.
SIZE:
Males 25mm, females 23mm.
BACKGROUND:
As this species has only recently been discovered and described, no
information besides the working description was unearthed.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 177
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
No information on breeding has been acquired so far.
CLASSIFICATION:
Four new annual rivulids of the genus Simpsonichthys (Cyprinodontiformes)
from the São Francisco river and Pardo river basins, Brazil. Aquarium 26:24-31.
ETYMOLOGY:
In reference to the color of the male which in Latin is rufus - red.
TYPE LOCALITY:
The county of Ibiaí, in the state of Minas Gerais.
SIZE:
Males 33mm, females 26mm.
BACKGROUND:
On a trip which I took together with my wife Norma A. P. S. Nielsen, in
1997, we took the road which links the BR-365 Highway to the town of Ibiaí, close
to the Rio do Barro, where we encountered specimens of S.rufus in two sites one
near to another.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 179
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
Slightly difficult for beginners, as fry are rather small-sized at birth, whereby
feeding with infusoria and paramecium is recommended during the first week.
CLASSIFICATION:
Simpsonichthys similis (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae), une nouvelle
espèce de poisson annuel du basin du rio São Francisco, Brésil. Ver. Franç Aquariol.
25: 89-91.
ETYMOLOGY:
In reference to the color pattern of the male, similar to that of S.notatus.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Flood-plain of the Urucuia river, in the county of Urucuia, state of Minas
Gerais.
SIZE:
Males 35mm, females 28mm.
BACKGROUND:
First collected by the German aquarist Stefen Hellner in 1995, it was only
considered a new species in 1999. Phylogenetically, it is very closely related with
S.stellatus.
After initial collection, the locality was no longer to be found, even after
several trips to the region.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 181
CLASSIFICATION:
Trois nouveaux poissons annuels du genre Cynolebias (Cyprinodontiformes,
Rivulidae) du basin du rio São Francisco, Brésil. Revue Française d´Aquariologie
21 (1-2): 7-8, figure.
ETYMOLOGY:
From the Latin stellatus starry, a reference to the iridescent dots on the
male.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Near to town of São Francisco, in the state of Minas Gerais.
SIZE:
Males 39mm, females 28mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered in 1994, it was quickly introduced to aquarists and successfully
breed.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
This fish is not recommended for beginners, as it is relatively difficult to
breed, but only for those with wide experience. Generally there are problems
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 183
when sexing, due to the possible disproportion between males and females from
the same clutch.
S. aff.stellatus
Photo: Didier Pillet.
184 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Photo: R. Suzart.
CLASSIFICATION:
Trois nouveaux poissons annuels du genre Cynolebias (Cyprinodontiformes,
Rivulidae) du basin du rio São Francisco, Brésil. Revue Française d´Aquariologie
21 (1-2): 7-8, figure.
ETYMOLOGY:
From the Latin trilineatus three lines, in reference to the pattern in the
males.
TYPE LOCALITY:
County of Brasilândia de Minas, state of Minas Gerais.
SIZE:
Males 65mm, females 55mm.
BACKGROUND:
Simpsonichthys trilineatus was classified in 1994, based on fishes collected
in june of the same year. Specimens of S.alternatus were also found together with
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 185
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
Follow the same characteristics as for S.auratus.
CLASSIFICATION:
Three new species of the seasonal killifish genus Simpsonichthys, subgenus
Hypsolebias (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the Paracatu river
drainage, São Francisco river basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1244: 4155 (2006).
ETYMOLOGY:
A reference to the coloring in the males, from the Latin virgulatus - with
different-colored bands.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Unaí county, the state of Minas Gerais, in the “Ribeirão entre Rios” flood-
plain, in the Paracatu river basin.
SIZE:
Males 50mm, females 33mm.
BACKGROUND:
Only just discovered and described, this species is closely related to
S.trilineatus and S.auratus. Only after a recent collection in 2008, was this fish
introduced into the aquarian sphere.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 187
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
Until this date, no information on breeding is available, but the pattern
should be similar to that of S.auratus and S.trilineatus. Water conditions of the
pool follow the same patterns as those of most South American annual fishes,
with a very low electric conductibility and an acid pH of 5,5. A curious fact which
inspired attention was the water temperature, for, even though the day was cloudy
and with occasional rain, this was high, 29°C.
S.constaciae
S.suzarti
S.bokermanni
S.perpendicularis
S.rosaceus
190 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Photo: M. Chauche.
CLASSIFICATION:
A new Cynolebias from southeastern Bahia (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae,
Rivulinae). Arq. Univ. Fed. Rural Rio de Janeiro 8:11-15.
ETYMOLOGY:
In honror of its discoverer, the naturalist Werner Bokermann.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Ilhéus county, in the state of Bahia.
SIZE:
Males reach approximately 60mm and females 55mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered in 1971 by the naturalist Werner Bokermann, during regional
research on amphibians, in the CEPLAC (Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura
Cacaueira) Forest Reserve. Descriptive work was only published in 1987.
In 1989, on returning from Sergipe to São Paulo, I stopped over for a day
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 191
in the town of Ilhéus, where I rented a car and went looking for S.bokermanni.
Near to the CEPLAC, I encountered several pools containing a large number of
the species. There were also fishes in pools at the side of a small earth-road. I took
them with me to São Paulo and distributed them among aquarist friends.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
This has proven to be an easy fish to keep in captivity, with a relatively short
turf-drying period of between 45 to 70 days. At birth fry are big, and from the start
feed on salt-water Artemia naupilii. Sexing is also quick, and in approximately
two months it is possible to distinguish males from females.
It is highly recommended for beginners.
S.bokermanni female
Photo: Fabrício Rezende.
192 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Photo: M. Chauche.
CLASSIFICATION:
Studies on South-American Freshwater fishes I. Stanford Ichthyological
Bulletin 2 (4): 105-106.
ETYMOLOGY:
In honor of the wife of Colonel T. White, the collector of the species.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Cabo Frio county, the state of Rio de Janeiro.
SIZE:
Males 58mm, females 48mm.
BACKGROUND:
This fish was discovered in 1941 by Colonel Thomas White, and described
by Myers in the following year, to be newly found only in November of 1973 by
the herpetologist Carlos Cruz, who described it once again based on specimens
collected in Rio das Ostras county, publishing the results in 1976.
Nowadays, this species is widely distributed among aquarists. This is really
important, because in nature there is wide-spread devastation of biotypes in its
native area, due to large-scale real-estate speculation. Consequently, it is seriously
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 193
threatened by extinction.
Until 1993, S.constanciae was included in Appendix II of the Washington
International Convention on Threatened Fauna and Flora Species (CITES). After
the Osaka, Japan Conference (1993), S.constanciae was removed from the list,
although its situation in nature is still very vulnerable.
It is commonly encountered among Rivulidae breeders all over the world.
This fact could be of help in recuperating natural environments through the supply
of fish for re-introduction.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
It is one of the easiest of the Simpsonichthys to breed in captivity. For this
reason it is very highly recommended for beginners.
The couple buries completely into the substratum for spawning eggs, which
are ready to hatch after 60 days of drying.
The ease in raising these fishes derives from their breeding characteristics.
They are fishes that deposit a large amount of eggs, and these, prior to hatching,
can bide their time until the breeder decides to place them in water.
They are pacific fishes and fights seldom occur among males. They adapt
easily to the most varied water conditions.
Eventually, embryos can form and eggs hatch without the need of drying.
This was something that came to my notice in 2002.
At birth, fry already start feeding on naupilii, and in approximately 2 months
they already begin breeding activities.
Photo: R. Suzart.
CLASSIFICATION:
Four new annual rivulids of the genus Simpsonichthys (Cyprinodontiformes)
from the basins of the São Francisco and Pardo Brasil rivers. Aquarium 26:24-
31.
ETYMOLOGY:
Referring to the color pattern of the male’s body consisting of light brown
vertical stripes, found only in this species amongst all those of the subfamily
Cynolebiatinae.
TYPE LOCALITY:
The Jequitinhonha river basin, Jordânia, in the state of Bahia.
SIZE:
Males up to 45mm and females 36mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered by André de Lucca, Danilo Martins and Vladmir Favalli, in an
incredible trip which resulted in encountering two new species in a region where
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 195
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
This fish is easy to keep in captivity, with a relatively short turf-drying
period of between 50 to 70 days. Fry are born big and from the first days on feed
on salt-artemia naupilii. Sexing is also quick, for in approximately 2 months, it
is already possible to distinguish males from females. It is highly recommended
for beginners.
Photo: M. Chauche.
CLASSIFICATION:
Four new annual rivulids of the genus Simpsonichthys (Cyprinodontiformes)
from the São Francisco River and Pardo river basins, Brazil. Aquarium 26:24-
31.
ETYMOLOGY:
A reference to the predominating color in the males.
TYPE LOCALITY:
A temporary pool in the Pardo river basin, in the state of Bahia, Potiguara
county.
SIZE:
Males 30mm and females 24mm.
BACKGROUND:
This species was discovered by André de Lucca, Danilo Martins and
Vladmir Favalli in 2000, on the same trip when S.perpendicularis was also
found. It was distributed among aquarists in São Paulo, and rapidly became wide-
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 197
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
Its breeding in captivity is not difficult, although not so easy as S.perpendicularis
or S.bokermanni. Fry are smaller at birth, and it is recommended that, on the first
two days, to feed them on infusoria or paramecium.
Photo: R. Suzart.
CLASSIFICATION:
Simpsonichthys suzarti sp. n. (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes:Rivulidae): a
new annual fish from the Rio Pardo flood-plains of northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa
468: 17 (2004)
ETYMOLOGY:
In honror of Rogério Suzart.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Rio Pardo flood-plain in the county of Canavieiras, in the state of Bahia.
SIZE:
Male 60mm, female 50mm.
Europe and the U.S.A., it was only described for the first time in March, 2004 by
Professor Wilson Costa, since there was no prior information as to localization of
the animal’s biotype, this information being of extreme importance for undertaking
descriptive work.
After several work trips to South Bahia between 2001 and 2002, whereupon
I always made use of the little free time to look for Rivulus, it was only at the end
of 2002, after much talk and research together with people living in the region, that
I had the good luck to find, in the Rio Pardo basin and in the town of Canavieiras,
to the south of Ilhéus, a fish with a color-pattern and shape similar to that of Simp.
bokermanni, although presenting a more colored vertical barring and very much
more accentuated reflexes on the fins.
S.reticulatus
S.costai
S.chacoensis
S.filamentosus
S.semiocellatus
202 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Photo: M. Chauche.
CLASSIFICATION:
Six new species of the genus Cynolebias Steindachner, 1876, from Uruguay
and Paraguay (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae). Comunicaciones Zoológicas Del
Museo de Historia Natural de Montevvideo 11(162): 10-11, plates, figures.
ETYMOLOGY:
A fish originating from the Chaco, the name of a region in northeastern
Paraguay.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Nueva Asuncion, Paraguay.
SIZE:
Males 30mm, females 26mm.
BACKGROUND:
In 1982, this species was discovered by an expedition from the Biological
Station, Doñana, Spain, and classified by Luis H. Amato in 1986.
At the time of the classification, the genus Simpsonichthys was considered
invalid. Consequently, the species was classified as Cynolebias even though Amato
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 203
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
As incubation of the eggs takes a long time, this possibly extending up to
6 months, it is recommended that, after placing the turf in water for the first time,
dry it again for a fortnight and then place it once more into water.
Photo: M. Chauche.
CLASSIFICATION:
Cynolebias lacortei, Cynolebias costai and Cynolebias aruana Three new
species of cloud fish from Brazil (Teleostei, Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae). J.
Amer. Killifish Assoc. 23:139-152
ETYMOLOGY:
In honror of the discoverer of the species, Luís Costa.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Temporary pools near to the town of Aruanã, state of Goiás, in the Araguaia
river basin.
SIZE:
A small fish that reaches a maximum size of 25mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered in 1982, by Luís Costa, a fisherman of ornamental varieties
from Aruanã, together with other annual fishes, such as Maratecoara lacortei and
Plesiolebias aruana.
This species was only classified nine years later by Kenneth Lazzara, in an
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 205
edition of the Journal of the AKA (American Killifish Association). Its discovery,
together with that of the other sympatric species, created great enthusiasm among
aquarists during the 80’s, due to its being a very beautiful fish, much desired by
killifish fanciers.
Sometimes during the 80’s, they were to be found in fish-fancier shops in São
Paulo, but they always arrived in a very weakened condition and quickly died, this
leading many dealers to consider this group of fishes unsuitable for aquariums.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
It is not recommended for beginners, due to the small size of both eggs and
offspring, which demand very small, preferably infusible, feed during the first
days of life.
The mating occurs naturally, following the same patterns as other
Simpsonichthys, with the male and female diving into the substratum. With
humidity near to 90% and surrounding temperature around 25ºC, eggs are capable
of hatching after 75 to 120 days.
A fish that swims slowly and delicately, different from other fishes of
the same genus, this species is one of the most fragile and sensitive to shocks,
such as abrupt variations in temperature and pH, although, as is the case of most
Simpsonichthys, it is resistant and not very demanding in relation to other water
conditions, capable of withstanding high levels of nitrates and ammonia. The ideal
pH is between 5,5 and 7,0. Males are little aggressive with fellows of the same sex,
especially when compared with other species of the genus, and normally fights
occur without injury, only with exhibition on the part of both. Females generally
do not present aggressive behavior.
When either frightened or stressed, these fishes quickly lose their dark
body-color, the metalic-blues of the fins fading, returning to normal as soon as
the situation becomes stable.
206 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
From a detail in the above photo, an egg which has emerged from the
substratum can be seen. This is due to the intense movement made by the couple
on burrowing in order to spawn, an occurrence repeated several times during the
day.
CLASSIFICATION:
Simpsonichthys filamentosus, une nouvelle espèce des Llanuras Benianas,
bassin du Rio Mármore, Bolívia. Revue fr. Aquariol, 24, 3-4, 1997.
ETYMOLOGY:
From the Latin filamentosus, in reference to the long ray-like filaments on
the dorsal and anal fins of the males.
TYPE LOCALITY:
The department of Santa Cruz, Bolívia.
SIZE:
Males 34mm, females 28mm.
BACKGROUND:
If there is a fish that can be identified by its own name, this fish is
S.filamentosus. No other species have such long filaments on the anal and dorsal
fins as this one does.
Discovered in 1997 and classified in the same year this species, thus opening
208 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
Nothing is known on breeding, for, as mentioned above, it has never been
kept in an aquarium.
Photo: M. Chauche.
CLASSIFICATION:
Simpsonichthys reticulatus n. sp. (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): a new
annual fish from The Rio Xingu floodplains, Brazilian Amazon.
ETYMOLOGY:
A reference to the male’s color pattern.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Flooded areas on the banks of the Xingu River, Altamira county, in the
state of Pará.
SIZE:
Male 21mm, female 18mm.
BACKGROUND:
There is a community of fishermen in the Altamira region, in the state of
Pará, dedicated to commercializing and exporting ornamental fish.
The discovery of this species is due to this community, who, from the first, set
210 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
about sending it to Europe together with other species of Pituna and Plesiolebias.
Thus, the first to become acquainted with the species were European aquarists.
In Europe it was named Simpsonichthys sp. Xingu.
In 2003, after spending 4 months looking for information, I managed to
make contact with a fisherman from this community, a certain Jackson Diniz, who
knew of a place where these annual fishes were to be found.
At the right time, when the water began to lower, he sent me some specimens
of this species, which served for undertaking classification work.
Photos: R. Suzart.
212 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
to the area where it occurs, we can have a vague notion of the time that the eggs
should remain ‘dry’ and the moisture necessary for the substratum with eggs during
the diapause period. Thus, ‘probably’ the time of diapause of the animal should
vary between 2 to 4 months at a temperature between 24 a 29ºC. The moisture of
the substratum ‘should’ be high, as is the case for fishes of the genera Pterolebias
and Plesiolebias, which occur in those areas nearest to that of S.reticulatus, which
is why they were taken as reference.
This makes it evident why it is so important, on acquiring any animal, to
search for all possible information, such as, behavioral and feeding habits, where
it occurs and particular characteristics and necessities, all of which will indicate
the best way to keep and/or breed them.
Photos: M. Chauche.
Classification:
A new genus and species of annual fish (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae).
Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, vol 7, nº 3, pp. 257-265, 17 figs, 1 tab, mach
1997.
Etymology:
From the Latin semi - half, and ocelatus - with ocellum, referring to the
black patch on the anal fin of males.
214 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Type Locality:
Near to Formoso do Araguaia, in the state of Tocantins, the Araguai river
basin.
Size:
Males 35mm, females 28mm.
Coloring:
The color pattern is unique among species of Rivulidae. The male is
transparent, which gave origin to the Latin name “spectrum”, thus allowing one
to perceive the swim-bladder and spine.
Background:
In the holidays of Easter week, in the beginning of april, ‘96, I invited André
Carletto and André de Lucca to go collecting in Tocantins. We left São Paulo by
plane on Saturday, March 31st, and flew to Brasília. We arrived there at nightfall
and rented a small car, heading for the north of the state.
On the same day had been there a rebellion in a prison in the state of Goiás,
and a number of convicts had managed to escape. Right at the beginning of the
road, we ran into a police barrier, where some of the fugitives had been arrested
only a few minutes before our passing.
We continued on our trip and slept in Anápolis. On the following morning
we went ahead until the next town, Alvorada, the first after the border between the
states of Goiás and Tocantins. Here we changed direction and headed east, on a
precarious earth-road going towards the Tocantins river. Immediately in the first
pool we came across, close to the Morro Alegre river, we encountered 3 species
of Rivulidae: Maratecoara formosa, Plesiolebias aruana and Simpsonichthys
costai. The Simpsonichthys costai called our attention by the distribution pattern
of iridescent blue spots, as all were concentrated in the region of the head and not
along the body, as is commonly the case in the populations near to the Araguaia
river. By the side of the pool there was a Buriti with a couple of very noisy nesting
parrots.
A little further ahead, we came across a very shallow pool with clear water
and a large number of Pituna compacta. As it was getting dark, we decided to
return to Alvorada where we stayed the night.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 215
On the following morning, we continued the trip by the same earth road,
heading east towards the Tocantins river. On arriving, we passed through the town
of Peixes. Thereabouts, we did not find any promising pool. We went ahead in a
northerly direction, passing through the town of Gurupi, and continued to that of
Brejinho do Nazará. One year before and in this same spot, Maratecoara formosa
and S.multiradiatus had been discovered. After some hours looking, we located a
pool in the middle of a corn plantation, where we found specimens of M.formosa,
Pituna compacta and Plesiolebias xavantei. In the deepest part of the pool alone,
which reached 1,50 meters deep, we encountered three S.multiradiatus, one male
and two females.
Near to the plantation there was an enormous pool entering into the forest,
thereby making it impossible to calculate its size. It was approximately 50cm deep,
but very dangerous, for during the dry period, its clayey substratum was extracted
to make tiles in a nearby brickyard. So there were many holes throughout the pool,
some reaching three meters deep. Nevertheless, there were many annual fish,
enormous specimens of Trigonectes strigabundus and the same S.costai found the
day before with the same characteristic distribution of iridescent blue spots, besides
Plesiolebias xavantei and Maratecoara formosa. It was an incredible place, with
much vegetation, many aquatic plants and some small Characids.
We continued the trip and stayed overnight in Gurupi. The following day,
we went to the town of Formoso do Araguaia. We passed through the town and
proceeded to the “Ilha do Bananal”. A few kilometers ahead, just after a large
rice plantation in which there was an enormous number and variety of birds, we
encountered a pool along the land road. As soon as I began casting the net, I caught
a S.semiocellatus. I became half-paralyzed and overjoyed, as it was a very different
fish from the other Rivulidae that we already knew.
The pool was not very big, and for many kilometers along this same road
there were others pools with annual fishes. On this pool itself, we found 7 species
of Rivulidae, this being the one with the largest number of species of Rivulidae that
I have ever encountered or even heard of. The species found herein were: S.costai,
M.lacortei, Ples.lacerdai, Ples.aruana, Pituna compacta, and T.rubromarginatus,
besides the new species S.semiocellatus.
In some pools it was possible to observe the behavior of T.rubromarginatus. It
rapidly rose to the surface, stopping suddenly to open its pelvic fins and afterwards
plunge downwards. It repeated this swimming pattern several times, providing a
sensational spectacle. It is very interesting to observe the behavior of a Rivulidae
216 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Captive breeding:
S.semiocellatus has proved to be a difficult fish to breed in captivity. Its eggs
are very small and fragile, disappearing into the turf during the time of drying.
Besides this, it is not very prolific, as few eggs are laid per couple.
Very few aquarists have been able to raise this species in captivity, maybe
through not being capable of achieving the exact conditions of water chemical and
physical parameters, in order to be successful in its breeding.
The aquarist Edson Lopez, regarding his experience in captive-breeding,
states:
“In order to breed S.semiocellatus, I used an aquarium containing turf
approximately 1 cm thick, with a breeding couple or groups of 3 couples and much
plant-life. After a month the turf was removed and dried in the shade. In the winter,
when environmental temperature is between 19ºC to 24ºC, incubation lasted from
7 to 8 months, whereas in the summer fry hatched in around 4 to 5 months. When
the turf is moistened, it can take up to three days for fry to hatch. Apparently older
couples lay eggs of a better quality. I have already had fishes more than 1 year old
that bred better and lived longer in captivity”.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 217
Didier Pillet, the renowned French fancier, tells about his success in breeding
S.semiocellatus:
Approximately 30 fishes were placed in a fifty liter aquarium containing
abundant plant-life (moss and microsorium). Aggressiveness was limited to
male territorial borders, and only when an intruder invaded the territory of its
neighbor.
Lighting was intense, but softened by dense plant-life, fishes remaining
half-way up the water column.
Male courtship-display is used to attract the females, whereat the coloring
of the former undergoes an alteration, with the disappearance of transparency.
The invitation to submerge is made, but females only lay eggs on the substratum,
without burying.
In february, 2001, I received two couples of young adults. They were
immediately placed into a 25 liter aquarium, with a French 12°TH, pH 7.8 and
temperature at 23°C.
Aquarium decoration was composed of Java moss and some ferns.
After removing some eggs measuring around 0.8 mm in diameter, that had
been incubating for up to 12 weeks at 24°C, I noted with satisfaction the birth of
50 fry.
They were initially fed on infusoria and a micro-worm for around three
days. After this they accepted well salt-water artemia naupilii.
Eighteen days later, I transferred half of the fry to a 25 liter tank.
From this first generation, I acquired 20 males and 10 females altogether,
that bred abundantly. On spawning for the second time, several eggs disappeared
into the substratum.
The formation of embryos takes from 2 to 3 months, at an average
temperature of 24°C.
Going over experience with other breeders, it was put forward that the eggs
are very sensitive, their fragile chorion bursting when under high pressure or when
in water with high conductibility. This problem is avoided when the eggs are kept
in water with conductibility below 50µS.
A crucial factor for success is to offer fry Paramecium during the first days
of life, and not change the water, keeping the fish in old water.
environmental pattern of the Araguaia river basin, with slightly acid water and
the absence of dissolved mineral salts, total hardness and carbonated remaining
at zero.
The color of the water is slightly dark, due to the decomposing vegetation-
matter on the bottom that constitutes the pool substratum. Aquatic plants, such as
Echinodorus sp. and Ultricularia sp., are abundant.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 219
CLASSIFICATION:
A new species of Cynolebias from the state of Espírito Santos, Brazil. (Pisces,
Cyprinodontidae). Pap. Avulsos Zool. 35:73-77.
ETYMOLOGY:
In honor of the herpetologist Eugenio Izecksohn.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Linhares county, state of Espírito Santo.
SIZE:
Males 55mm, females 45mm.
BACKGROUND:
This species was first collected in 1975 by the author of the description,
Carlos Cruz, in the Forest Reserve of the enterprise Capixaba de Pesquisas
Agropecuárias. Later in 1980, other specimens were also collected in the Forest
Reserve of the Companhia do Vale do Rio Doce, also in Linhares county.
Based on specimens from the two sites, Cruz described the species in 1983.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 221
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
There is no mention of this species in captivity, although it probably follows
the same breeding behavior as S.myersi.
Photo: M. Chauche.
CLASSIFICATION:
A new annual fish from the state of Espírito Santo (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae).
Rev. Brasil. Biol. 31: 401-404.
ETYMOLOGY:
In honor of the American ichthyologist George Myers.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Itaunas county, in the state of Espírito Santo.
SIZE:
Males 55mm, females 50mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered in 1969 by Antenor de Carvalho, the species was only classified
in 1971. In 1984 it was introduced among aquarium fanciers, through a collection
undertaken by Júlio Ghisolfi and Carlos Tatsuda, who collected specimens in
Conceicão da Barra, around 20km to the south of Itaunas. Later, populations were
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 223
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
This species is easy to breed and is resistant to aquarium sicknesses, thus
being recommended for the beginner. Egg drying time can be abbreviated by
exposing them to temperatures approaching 30ºC and high humidity. Males are
not very aggressive on defending their breeding territories.
Even though they do not belong to the genus Simpsonichthys, the species
of Nematolebias, have for many years been considered as Simpsonichthys. So, for
this reason, I have introduced this genus in the book.
Nowadays, through deeper phylogenetic analyses, it has been discovered
that the Nematolebias are less related with Simpsonichthys than with Cynolebias
and Austrolebias.
Two species of N.whitei and N.papilliferus are recognized, both occurring
on the north coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro.
Very popular as hobby items, these very beautiful species already present
albino varieties, they being one of the few species of Rivulidae to offer this
mutation.
226 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Photo: M. Chauche.
CLASSIFICATION:
A seasonal neotropical fish of the genus nematolebias (Cyprinodontiformes:
Rivulidae: Cynolebiatinae): a taxonomic revision with the description of a new
species.
ETYMOLOGY:
From the Latin pappilla and ferus, in reference to the hypertrophied contact
organs on the pectoral fins of the males.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Inoã county, state of Rio de Janeiro.
SIZE:
Males 65mm, females 40mm.
BACKGROUND:
For many years the populations of N.papilliferus were considered as
N.whitei. It was only in may, 2002, that the two species were separated.
Many of the aquarium fishes considered as N.whitei are in fact N.papilliferus.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 227
For this reason, when acquiring a species, it is always advisable to know the
population so that when a systematic alteration occurs, the species can be correctly
identified.
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
Breeding habits are the same as N.whitei.
Photo: M. Chauche.
CLASSIFICATION:
Studies on South American freshwater fishes I. Stanford Ichthyological
Bulletin 2 (4):106-107.
ETYMOLOGY:
In honor of the discoverer Thomas White.
TYPE LOCALITY:
Seasonal pools around 10 to 12km to the north of Cabo Frio.
SIZE:
Males 75mm, females 60mm.
BACKGROUND:
Discovered by the American air pilot Colonel Thomas White, near to the
town of Cabo Frio on the north coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, during the
early 40’s.
At the end of the 50’s, some specimens collected in Cabo Frio were sent to
Germany by dealers in ornamental fishes from Rio de Janeiro. The aquarist Werner
Ladiges described the fishes sent as being a new species, Pterolebias elegans,
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 229
CAPTIVE BREEDING:
This fish reproduces very readily in captivity, and is considered by some
fanciers as the easiest to breed of the seasonal species. Its breeding is so facile as
to constitute one of the few species of Rivulidae to have an albino variety.
We must only take heed with the behavior of the males when placed together,
as there is always dispute as to which one will be the alpha male, which in turn
could lead to fights with grave outcome. Nevertheless, after establishment of the
dominant male, the rest become subjugated to this one. Some subdued males reach
the point of languishing, to finally die. Thus, it is not advisable to leave more than
one male in the same aquarium.
On a certain occasion, shifts were tried out among the females. They were
allowed to spawn for one week, to then be left alone for one more. On once again
being placed together with males, the females began to provoke these by small
nudges on their anal fins, as though wishing to stimulate the male to spawn.
The eggs hatch around 50-60 days after the substratum dries. Fry are big at
birth and from the beginning readily accept artemia naupilii as food.
all the months of the year, which confers great plasticity to the species in relation
to spawning, maybe this being one of the reasons for the facility of breeding this
species in captivity.
Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias 231
Conclusion
The aquatic environment constitutes one of those which have been most
degraded over the latter 50 years. All or the most part of these environments are
threatened to a greater or lesser degree by the constant search for new resources,
necessary for sustaining a human population in constant growth. In spite of this sad
account, even nowadays, we are able to discover new species of aquatic animals.
Nevertheless, the number of species that have been extinguished has grown to a
worrying point.
Among the 51 known species of Simpsonichthys and the two of
Nematolebias, we encounter two species, S.zonatus and S.marginatus, which are
already considered as extinct in Nature, and are only to be found in aquariums
throughout the world.
Certain species, such as, S.santanae, S.boitonei, S.brunoi, S.multiradiatus,
S.alternatus, S.fasciatus, S.carlettoi, S.adornatus, S.gibberatus, S.rufus, S.nielseni,
S.aratus, S.virgulatus and S.constanciae, are in deadly danger, whereas,
S.magnificus, S.picturatus, S.bokermanni and S.perpendicularis are considered
vulnerable.
In more developed countries such as the U.S.A., Japan and in Europe, there
are associations exclusively dedicated to breeding these fishes, and even though
their aim is not to preserve the diverse species, these groups end up by doing
important work in the conservation of the Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias.
A passion for the h obby has been responsible for a great number of
discoveries of new species, especially over the latter 20 years, several aquarists
going to all extremes to maintain these beautiful fishes.
Even though several members of the scientific community regard aquarists
with concern, it is only in aquariums that many species encounter the means for
salvation from extinction.
The importance of our keeping several species in captivity goes far beyond
a mere hobby. It could be one of the only alternatives for several species to be able
to survive in the near future.
Breeding these fishes constitutes one of the most agreeable hobbies, due to
their resistance, beauty and possibility of social reciprocity.
The Simpsonichthys and the Nematolebias are really jewels, gifts from
232 Simpsonichthys and Nematolebias
Thank you,
References
COSTA, W.J.E.M. e BRASIL, G.C. Three new species of the seasonal killifish
genus Simpsonichthys, subgenus Hypsolebias (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes:
Rivulidae) from the rio Paracatu drainage, rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa
1244: 4155, 2006.
WOURMS, J.P. Annual fish oogenesis 1. Differentiation of the mature oocyte and
formation of the primary envelope. Develop. Biol. 50:338-354, 1976.