St.

Gabriel Academy
Messenger of Quality Catholic Education
ESC/FAPE Certified School
Established since 1968

ACTIVITY ____
CELL MODIFICATIONS

NAME: GEEN BERA R. BALLECER GRADE AND SECTION: STEM 12 - ST. JOSEPH

DATE PERFORMED: 04/10/22 TEACHER: SIR JIAN RAY VALIENTE

LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
a. Describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry put specialized functions.

I. PRE-ACTIVITY:
A. Arrange the words according to the levels of biological organization.

UNARRANGED:
ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM TISSUE CELL
ARRANGED:
CELL TISSUE ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM

II. LESSON CONCEPTS:

There are hundreds of types of cells, but the four main types are epithelial cells, connective
tissue cells, muscle cells and nerve cells.
Epithelial Tissue—This type of tissue is commonly seen outside
the body as coverings or as linings of organs and cavities. Epithelial
tissues are characterized by closely-joined cells with tight
junctions (i.e., a type of cell modification). Being tightly packed,
tight junctions serve as barriers for pathogens, mechanical injuries,
and fluid loss. Cells that make up epithelial tissues can have
distinct arrangements:
• cuboidal—for secretion
• simple columnar—brick-shaped cells;
for secretion and active absorption
• simple squamous—plate-like cells; for
exchange of material through diffusion
• stratified squamous—multilayered and regenerates quickly; for protection
• pseudo-stratified columnar—single layer of cells; may just look stacked because
of varying height; for lining of respiratory tract; usually lined with cilia (i.e., a type of
cell modification that sweeps the mucus).

Araneta Avenue corner Caimito Road, Caloocan City, Metro Manila, 1400 Philippines
Tel. no.: (02) 8361-2348 / Telefax no.: (02) 8366-5452 | E-mail: admin@sgacal.edu.ph
Website: https://sgacal.edu.ph
 St. Gabriel Academy
Messenger of Quality Catholic Education
ESC/FAPE Certified School
Established since 1968

Connective Tissue—These tissues are composed of the following:

● BLOOD —made up of plasma (i.e., liquid
extracellular matrix); contains water, salts,
and dissolved proteins; erythrocytes that
carry oxygen (RBC), leukocytes for defense
(WBC), and platelets for blood clotting.
● CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER (CTP)—made up
of loose connective tissue that is found in the
skin and fibrous connective tissue that is made
up of collagenous fibers found in tendons and
ligaments. Adipose tissues are also examples
of loose connective tissues that store fats
which functions to insulate the body and store energy.
● CARTILAGE —characterized by collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate.
Chondrocytes are the cells that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate. Cartilage
functions as cushion between bones.
● BONE —mineralized connective tissue made by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts
which deposit collagen. The matrix of collagen is combined with calcium, magnesium,
and phosphate ions to make the bone hard. Blood vessels and nerves are found at a
central canal surrounded by concentric circles of osteons

Muscle Tissue—These tissues are composed of long cells called

muscle fibers that allow the body to move voluntary or involuntary.
Movement of muscles is a response to signals coming from nerve
cells. In vertebrates, these muscles can be categorized into the
following:
● skeletal—striated; voluntary movements
● cardiac—striated with intercalated disk for
synchronized heart contraction; involuntary
● smooth—not striated; involuntary
Nervous Tissue—These tissues are composed of nerve cells called neurons and glial cells that function as
support cells. These neurons sense stimuli and transmit electrical signals throughout the animal body.
Neurons connect to other neurons to send signals. The dendrite is the part of the neuron that receives
impulses from other neurons while the axon is the part where the impulse is transmitted to other neurons.

Araneta Avenue corner Caimito Road, Caloocan City, Metro Manila, 1400 Philippines
Tel. no.: (02) 8361-2348 / Telefax no.: (02) 8366-5452 | E-mail: admin@sgacal.edu.ph
Website: https://sgacal.edu.ph
 St. Gabriel Academy
Messenger of Quality Catholic Education
ESC/FAPE Certified School
Established since 1968

III. POST – ACTIVITY:

A. Match each general tissue category to appropriate feature. Write the letter of your choice on
the space provided.
A. Connective Tissue
B. Epithelium
C. Muscular Tissue
D. Nervous Tissue

D 1. A type of tissue that would make up the majority of the brain and spinal cord?

B 2. Found in the epidermis and form the lining of internal organs such as the intestines

A 3. Form the ligaments, tendons, fat and bone

C 4. A type of tissue that makes up majority of the heart

B. Identify which type of connective tissue (from A-C), epithelial tissue (from D-F) and muscle
tissue (G-I) is being described.

BLOOD A. _______________transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste through the
body by travelling through the vessels called arteries and veins.
CARTILAGE B. _______________is a type of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to bones
and connects bone to bone.
BONE C. _______________is a type of connective tissue with one of the hardest extracellular
matrixes that forms a protective structure used for muscle attachment.
PSEUDO-STRAT D. _______________found in respiratory tract (trachea), usually lined with cilia.
IFIED
COLUMNAR
SIMPLE E. _______________found in air sacs/alveoli of the lungs, capillaries
SQUAMOUS
SIMPLE F. _______________found in digestive tract for secretion and active absorption
COLUMNAR
CARDIAC G. _______________muscles of the heart; involuntary movements.
SMOOTH H. _______________involuntary contractions of digestive tract like esophagus, stomach
and intestines.
SKELETAL I. ________________striated; voluntary movements like biceps and abdominal muscles.

Araneta Avenue corner Caimito Road, Caloocan City, Metro Manila, 1400 Philippines
Tel. no.: (02) 8361-2348 / Telefax no.: (02) 8366-5452 | E-mail: admin@sgacal.edu.ph
Website: https://sgacal.edu.ph