PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY Electromagnetic induction SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: Ms Nirmala Aditya Sharma PGT Physics XII Science ‘Scanned with CamScannerCERTIFICATE This is to certify that ADITYA SHARMA, student of CLASS 12", K. V. NO:4, JALANDHAR CANTT has_ completed _ the project titled “ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION” under my — guidance and completed it to my satisfaction. To the best of my knowledge, the present work is the result of his original investigation and study. Ms Nirmala PGT Chemistry ‘Scanned with CamScannerACKNOWLEDGEMENT It gives me a great pleasure to express my gratitude towards our physics teacher Ms NIRMALA for his guidance, support and encouragement throughout the duration of the project. Without his motivation & help, the successful completion of this project would not have been possible. I would also like to express my gratitude to the lab assistant Mr. GURMEET SINGH for his support . ‘Scanned with CamScannerTABLE OF CONTENTS = Introduction = Objective = Apparatus required = Theory = Conclusion = References ‘Scanned with CamScannerIt is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors and many types of electrical motors and generators. Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using the concept of lines of force. These equations for electromagnetic induction are extremely important since they provide a means to precisely describe how, many natural physical phenomena in our universe and behave. The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only allows us to gain a better understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible a host of technological innovations that define modern society. Understanding Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction can be beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function because of the principles behind Faraday’s law. From natural phenomena, such as the light we receive from the ‘Scanned with CamScannersun, to technologies that improve our quality of life, such as electric power generation, Faraday’s law has a great impact on many aspects of our lives. i om (a)Representation of magnetic fields inside a solenoid (b) Cross-sectional view Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction. Whereby an electric field is induced, or generated by a changing magnetic field. In Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic induction, he wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or ‘torus’ to induce current. Faraday’s law is a single equation describing two different ‘Scanned with CamScannerphenomena: the motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire, and the transformer EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing magnetic field. Electromagnetic Induction Scanned with CamScannerAPPARATUS REQUIRED = Insulated Copper wire = Aniron rod = A strong magnet = A light emitting Diode (LED) ‘Scanned with CamScannerOBJECTIVE To determine the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction using a copper wire wound over an iron rod and a strong magnet. THEORY The magnetic flux ( or 8B) through a surface is the component of the magnetic field passing through the surface. The SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb), and the COGS unit is maxwell. ‘Scanned with CamScannerXY (EY EREN f= i fil REPRESENTATION OF MAGNETIC FLUX (0) IN A SOLENOID Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux meter, which contains measuring coils and electronics that evaluate the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flux. If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a surface of vector area S is @, = B.S = BScosO Where is the magnitude of magnetic field having the unit of Wh/m?(T). is the area of the surface and is the angle between magnetic field lines and the normal. For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the ‘Scanned with CamScannermagnetic flux through a small amount of area where we may consider the magnetic field to be constant. d0a= B.dS From the magnetic vector potential and the fundamental theorem of the curl, the magnetic field may be defined as Oo= 6 Add where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface, which is denoted as 65. LAW The most widespread version of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that “The induced electromotive force in any closed surface is equal to the negative of the rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.” This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds true only when ‘Scanned with CamScannerthe closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in other circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the Maxwell-Faraday equation is valid in all circumstances. The magnetic flux ( ) changes due to the change in magnetic field. Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the wire loop acquires an EMF, defined as the energy available per unit charge that travels once around the wire loop. ‘Scanned with CamScannerEquivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by cutting the wire to create an open circuit. And attaching a voltmeter to the leads. According to Lorentz force law, F=q(E+vxB) And the EMF of the wire loop is 1 e= igrdl = §$(E+B).dl where (i) _ is the electric field (ii) is the magnetic field (iii) _ is the infinite length along the wire And the line integral is evaluated along the wire. ‘Scanned with CamScannerThe Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time varying magnetic field is always accompanied by spatially varying, non-conservative electric field and vice versa. The Maxwell-Faraday equation is 6B VX E=-2 where V is the curl operatoe and again E(r, t) is the electric field and B(r,t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be functions of position r and time t. The four Maxwell's equations (including the Maxwell-Faraday equation), along with the Lorentz force law are a sufficient foundation to derive everything in classical electromagnetism. Therefore, it is possible to “prove” Faraday's law starting with these equations. Faraday’s law could be taken as the starting point and used to prove the Maxwell-Faraday equation and/or other laws. ‘Scanned with CamScannerCONCLUSION Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, first observed and published by Michael Faraday in the mid- nineteenth century, describes a very important electromagnetic concept. Although its mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s Jaw is not hard to grasp. It relates an induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many far reaching ramifications that touch our lives in many ways: from shining of the sun to electricity and power in our homes. We can all appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s law has on us. ‘Scanned with CamScannerREFERENCES = LABORATORY MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY www.wikipedia.com = www.howstuffworks.com = www.scienceforall.com = www. 100scienceprojects.com = Google images ‘Scanned with CamScanner