MODULE 6

CHAPTER 6:

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

Applying integration in solving plane areas

Plane Areas in Rectangular Coordinates

There are two methods for finding the area bounded by curves in
rectangular coordinates. These are

1. By using a horizontal element (called strip) of area

2. By using a vertical strip
The strip is in the form of a rectangle with area equal to length x
width, with width equal the differential element. To find the total
area enclosed by specified curves, it is necessary to sum up a series
of rectangles defined by the strip.

Using Horizontal Strip

From the figure, the area of the strip is xdy, where x=(xR-xL)dy. The total
area can be found by running this strip starting from y1 going to y2. Our
formula for integration is
𝑦2 𝑦2
𝐴=∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
𝑦1 𝑦1

Note that XR is the right end of the strip and is always on the curve f(y)
and XL is the left of the strip and is always on the curve g(y). We
therefore substitute XR=f(y) and XL=g(y)prior to integration.

Using Vertical Strip

We apply the same principle of using horizontal strip to the verical

strip. Consider the firgure below.

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 1
The total area is...
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 𝑥1

Where:

yu= upper end of the strip=f(x)

yL= lower end of the strip= g(x)

The steps in finding the area can be outlined as follows:

1. Sketch the curve

2. Decide what strip to use and define its limits
3. Apply the appropriate formula based on the strip then integrate.

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 2
Exercises:

1. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2 and the x-axis. Solve in 3
ways.
Solution:
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 = −𝑦 + 9
𝑥 2 = −(𝑦 − 9) → 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑣(0,9)
𝐼. 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠
𝑎. 𝑋 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠 b. y-intercepts
@ y=0
𝑥2 = 9 @x=0
𝑥 = ±3 0=-y+9
(3,0) and (-3,0) y=9
(0,9)
𝐼𝐼. 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦
a. Change x by –x b. change y by –y
(−𝑥)2 = −𝑦 + 9 𝑥 2 = −(−𝑦) + 9
Equation does not change, 𝑥2 = 𝑦 + 9
Therefore, symmetric with Equation changed therefore not
Respect to y-axis. symmetrical with respect to x-
axis

𝐼𝐼𝐼. 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠

X 3 -3 0 1 -1 2 -2

y 0 0 9 8 8 5 5

𝐼𝑉. 𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 3
1st Solution:Using Vertical stripl strip 2nd solution:Using horizontal strip

Drawing: Drawing:

𝑦2
𝐴 = 2 ∫ (𝑥𝑅 − 𝑋𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 𝑦1
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑌𝑢 − 𝑌𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 𝑌1 = 0 , 𝑥𝑅 = √9 − 𝑦 (𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎)
𝑌𝑢 = 9 − 𝑥 2 (𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎) , 𝑥1 = 0 𝑌2 = 9, 𝑋𝐿 = 0 (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)
𝑌𝐿 = 0, (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠), 𝑥2 = 3 9
=2 ∫0 (√9 − 𝑦 − 0)𝑑𝑦
3
=2 ∫0 (9 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 9
=−2 ∫0 √9 − 𝑦 (−𝑑𝑦)
𝑥3 3
=2[9𝑥 − ] 3
3 0 (9−𝑦)2 9
=−2[ 3 ]0
(3)3 (0)3 2
=2{[9(3) − ] − [9(0) − ]}
3 3
3 3
4 4
=− [(9 − 9)2 ] − (− )[(9 − 0)2 ]
A=36 sq units 3 3

A=36 sq units

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 4
 3rd Solution:

Drawing:

𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑌𝑢 − 𝑌𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥1

𝑋1 = −3 , 𝑌𝑢 = 9 − 𝑥 2

𝑥2 = 3, 𝑌𝐿 = 0
3
=∫−3[(9 − 𝑥 2 ) − 0]𝑑𝑥

𝑥3 3
=[9𝑥 − ]
3 −3

(3)3 (−3)3
=[9(3) − ] − [9(−3) − ]
3 3

A=36 sq units

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 5
 3. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 and the line x=3.
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥 + 1
(𝑦 + 1)2 = 𝑥 + 1 → 𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑣(−1, −1)
𝐼. 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠
𝑎. 𝑋 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠 b. Y-intercept

@ y=0 @𝑥 = 0
(𝑦 + 1)2 = 𝑥 + 1 (𝑦 + 1)2 = 𝑥 + 1
(0 + 1)2 = 𝑥 + 1 (𝑦 + 1)2 = 0 + 1
𝑥=0 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 + 1
(𝑦)(𝑦 + 2) = 0
𝑦 = 0 𝑦 = −2

𝐼𝐼. 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 b. change y by –y

a. Change x by –x 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 (−𝑦)2 + 2(−𝑦) = 𝑥
𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥
Equation changed therefore Equation changed therefore not
not symmetrical symmetrical with respect to x-axis
with respect to y-axis

𝐼𝐼𝐼. 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠

When x=3

(𝑦 + 1)2 = 𝑥 + 1

(𝑦 + 1)2 = 3 + 1

𝑦 + 1 = ±2

Y=1 and y=-3

IV. Sketch

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 6
V. Using horizontal Strip:
𝑦2
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
𝑦1

𝑦2 = 1, 𝑦1 = −3

𝑥𝑅 = 3, 𝑥𝐿 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦
1
𝐴 = ∫ [3 − (𝑦 2 + 2𝑦)]𝑑𝑦
−3

1 1
𝐴 = [3𝑦 − 𝑦 3 − 𝑦 2 ]
3 −3
1 1
𝐴 = [3(1) − (1)3 − 12 ] − [3(−3) − (−3)3 − (−3)2 ]
3 3
5
A= -(-9)
3

32
A= 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 2
3

Problem3.

Solve the area bounded by the curve y=4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑥 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 4.

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = −𝑦
(𝑥 − 2)2 = −(𝑦 − 4) → 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑣(2,4)
𝐼. 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠
𝑎. 𝑋 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠 b. Y-intercept

@ y=0 @𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 4(0) − (0)2
0 = 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) y=0
X=0, x=4
𝐼𝐼. 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 b. change y by –y
b. Change x by –x 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 −𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 4(−𝑥) − (−𝑥)2
𝑦 = −4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 Equation changed therefore not
symmetrical with respect to x-axis
Equation changed therefore
not symmetrical
with respect to x-axis

𝐼𝐼𝐼. 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠

When x=-2

𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2

Y=4(-2)-(𝑥 2 )

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 7
𝑦 = −12

IV. Sketch

V. Using vertical strip

𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥1

𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥1

X2=2 𝑦𝑢 = 4

𝑥1= − 2 𝑦𝐿 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2

2
𝐴 = ∫ [4 − (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )]𝑑𝑥
−2

2
𝐴 = ∫ (4 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
−2

𝑥3 2
𝐴 = [4𝑥 + ]
3 −2

(2)3 (−2)3
𝐴 = [4(2) + ] − [4(−2) + ]
3 3

64
𝐴= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 8
Problem4. Solve the area bounded by the curve 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑦 = 2𝑥

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 2𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0

2( 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) = −𝑦 + 2(1)
2(𝑥 + 1)2 = −(𝑦 − 2)
1
(𝑥 + 1)2 = − (𝑦 − 2) → 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎, 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑎𝑡 (−1,2)
2

𝐼. 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠
𝑎. 𝑋 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠 b. Y-intercept

@ y=0 @𝑥 = 0
2
2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 0 y=0
2x(𝑥 + 2) = 0
X=0, x=-2
𝐼𝐼. 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 b. change y by –y
a. Change x by –x
2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
2
2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
2(−𝑥)2 + 4(−𝑥) + 𝑦 = 0 Equation changed therefore not
2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 symmetrical with respect to x-
axis
Equation changed therefore
not symmetrical
with respect to y-axis

𝐼𝐼𝐼. 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑂𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 and y=2x

2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 0

2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = 0

2𝑥(𝑥 + 3) = 0

X=0 & x=-3

When x=0, y=2(0)=0

When x=-3, y=2(-3)=-6

Points Of Intersections (0,0) & (-3,-6)

IV. Sketch

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 9
V. Using vertical strip
𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥1

𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥1

X2=0 𝑦𝑢 = −2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥

𝑥1= − 3 𝑦𝐿 = 2𝑥

0
𝐴 = ∫ [(−2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) − 2𝑥]𝑑𝑥
−3

0
𝐴 = ∫ (−2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥)𝑑𝑥
−3

−2𝑥 3 6𝑥 2 0
𝐴=[ − ]
3 2 −3

−2(0)3 6(0)2 −2(−3)3 6(−3)2

𝐴=[ − ]−[ − ]
3 2 3 2

A=9 sq units

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 10
Problem5. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑎2 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑥 =
2𝑎

𝐼. 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠
𝑎. 𝑋 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠 b. Y-intercept

@ y=0 @𝑥 = 0
X=0 y=0

𝐼𝐼. 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 b. change y by –y

b. Change x by –x
𝑎2 (−𝑦) = (𝑥)3
2 3
𝑎 𝑦 = (−𝑥)
𝑎2 𝑦 = −𝑥 3 Equation changed therefore not
symmetrical with respect to x-
Equation changed therefore
axis
not symmetrical
with respect to y-axis

𝐼𝐼𝐼. 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑂𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑎2 𝑦 = (2𝑎)3

𝑎2 𝑦 = 8𝑎3

𝑦 = 8𝑎

When x=0, y=2(0)

When x=2a, y=8a

Points Of Intersections (0,0) & (2a,8a)

IV. Sketch

V. Using vertical strip

𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥1

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 11
 𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥1

𝑥3
X2=2a 𝑦𝑢 = − 𝑎2

𝑥1= 0 𝑦𝐿 = 0

2𝑎
𝑥3
𝐴=∫ [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑎

𝑥 4 2𝑎
𝐴 = [ 2]
4𝑎 0

(2𝑎)4
𝐴=[ − 0]
4𝑎2

A=4𝑎2 sq. units

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 12
Plane Areas BY Integration (Polar Coordinates)

The fundamental equation for finding the area enclosed by a curve whose
equation is in polar coordinate is.
1
𝑑𝑎 = 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃
2

1 𝜃2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃
2 𝜃1

Where θ1 and 𝜃2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑖.

The formula above is based on a sector of a circle with radius r and central angle d𝜃.

s
r θ

𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃

1
𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠
2
1
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑟 2 𝜃
2

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 13
Illustrative Example:

1. Determine the area bounded by 𝑟 = 2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

I θ 15 30 45 60 75 90
r 1.93a 1.73a 1.41a a 0.52a 0
II θ 105 120 135 150 165 180
r -0.52a -a -1.41a -1.73a -1.93a -2a
III θ 195 210 225 240 255 270
r -1.93a -1.73a -1.41a -a -0.52a 0
IV θ 285 300 315 330 345 360
r 0.52a a 1.41a 1.73a 1.93a 2a

Note: disregard the table with (-) signs

Drawing:

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 14
 1 𝛽
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃
2 𝛼
𝜋 𝜋
𝛼 = 0, 𝛽 = 90𝑥 =
180 2
𝜋
1
=(2)( ) ∫02(2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
2

𝜋
2
= 4𝑎2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
0

(2−1) 𝜋
=4𝑎2 [ 𝑥
2 2

A=𝜋𝑎2 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

2. Determine the area bounded by 𝑟 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃

I θ 15 30 45 60 75 90
r 0.71a 0 -0.75a -a -0.71a 0
II θ 105 120 135 150 165 180
r 0.71a a 0.71a 0 -0.71a -a
III θ 195 210 225 240 255 270
r -0.71a 0 0.71a a 0.71a 0
IV θ 285 300 315 330 345 360
r -0.71a -a -0.71a 0 0.71a a

Note: disregard the table with (-) signs

Drawing:

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 15
 First Solution:

1 𝛽
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃
2 𝛼

𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
𝛼 = 90 = , 𝛽 = 150𝑥 =
2 180 6
5𝜋
1
=(3) ∫𝜋6 (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
2
2

𝜋𝑎2
= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
4

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 16
 2nd Solution: 3rd Solution:

1 𝛽 1 𝛽 2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 𝐴= ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2 𝛼 2 𝛼
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋𝑎2
𝛼 = 0, 𝛽 = 30𝑥 = 𝛼 = 330 = 𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝛽 = 360 = 2𝜋
180 6 4
𝜋
1 1 2𝜋
=(6) ∫06(𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃 =(6) ∫11𝜋(𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
2 2 6

1 𝜋𝑎2
= 3𝑎2 ( 𝜋) = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
12 4

𝜋𝑎2
= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
4

3.Determine the area bounded by 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

I θ 15 30 45 60 75 90
r ±1.11a ±1.17a ±1.19a ±1.17a ±1.11a ±a
II θ 105 120 135 150 165 180
r ±0.84a ±0.61a 0 - - -
III θ 195 210 225 240 255 270
r - - - - - -
IV θ 285 300 315 330 345 360
r - - 0 ±0.61 ±0.84±a ±a

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 17
 Solution:

1 𝛽
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃
2 𝛼
7𝜋 9𝜋
𝛼 = 315˚ = ,𝛽 = 405˚ = (considering half of
4 4
the figure)

Since the values of r is ±, the figure will be

mirrored and area will be multiplied by 2.
9𝜋
1
=(2)(2) ∫7𝜋4
2
𝑎2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑑𝜃
4

9𝜋
4
= 2𝑎2 ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑑𝜃
7𝜋
4

9𝜋
= 2𝑎2 [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃] 7𝜋
4

9𝜋 9𝜋 7𝜋 7𝜋
= 2𝑎2 [(−𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 ) − (−𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 )]
4 4

=2√2𝑎2 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 18
 4. Determine the area bounded by r=a(1-sinθ)

I θ 15 30 45 60 75 90
r
II θ 105 120 135 150 165 180
r
III θ 195 210 225 240 255 270
r
IV θ 285 300 315 330 345 360
r

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 19