To analyze the structure of electronic equipment, we can organize the elements in 3

levels:

• Electronic components
o Discrete components: These are individual, singular components. They can
be divided into passive components (resistors, capacitors, coils,…) and
active components (semiconductors like diodes, transistors, …)
o Integrated circuits (IC): This element is a complete functional circuit that is
assembled into a very small semiconductor block. Is formed from
combinations of transistors (basically), diodes, resistors, capacitors, …. From
some components to thousands of millions of components.
o Auxiliary elements: wires, connectors, switches, buttons,…

• Circuits:
o They are assembled on Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) from the combination
of discrete components. They do more complex functions than individual
components.

• Electronic apparatus:
o The combination of a variety of circuits and other elements (like the case or
housing) will form a complete apparatus, that can be perform alone or
connected to another complementary apparatus (for example an audio
system).

THE TRANSISTOR.

Transistor. Is a component with 3 leads. One lead (Base) controls the current flow
between the other 2 leads (Collector and Emitter).

Construction and Symbol:

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Electronic Switching

This is the automatic connection or disconnection of the receivers from the power supply.

- Electronic switching using transistors:

We use the transistor in the cut mode to disconnect an element from the power supply
We use a transistor in the saturation mode to connect an element to the power supply.

TIMING
The timing concept is very important in electronics. There are a lot of applications that
need timing.
Let’s see these concepts: Monostable, astable and bistable. We are going to consider only
two possible states as the output of a timing system: On state and off state.
- Monostable:
This circuit only has one stable state

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INTEGRATED CIRCUITS BASIC APPLICATIONS:
components that are assembled in one
small semiconductor block.

Integrated circuit timer 555:

This 8 pin integrated circuit

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The Operational Amplifier (OA).
The Operational Amplifier (OA) are integrated circuit that can done very versatile functions,
like amplify, switch, compare, add, subtract, filter, …

They have a voltage gain higher

than 100.000.
The output voltage is: Vo = ( Vin(+) – (Vin(-) ) · G(g es gain siempre 100000)

The Operational Amplifier as a non-inverting amplifier:

The gain of this configuration
(complete circuit) is as follows:
Vout = Vin · G G = 1 + R2 / R1 (G Gain)