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Classification of DT systems
 Linear and Non linear system

 Time variant and Time Invariant Sys

 Static and Dynamic systems

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Causal and Non-causal system
SEM-1, 2022-23 

 Stable and Unstable system

ECE/EEE F434 Lecture 6
Dr. Sarang C. Dhongdi, Dept of EEE, BITS Goa

Input signal to the system System response

 A signal/sequence can be represented as the linear  Response y[n] of a system to any arbitrary i/p is
combination of weighted and shifted impulses - given as
𝑦 𝑛 =𝒯 𝑥 𝑛 =𝒯 𝑥 𝑘 𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑘]
x(n)  ...  x(3) (n  3)  x( 2) (n  2)  x(1) (n  1)
 x(0) ( n)  x(1) (n  1)  x(2) (n  2)  ...
𝑦𝑛 =𝒯 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝒯𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑘]

x(n)   x(k ) (n  k ) 
k   y (n)   x ( k ) h( n  k )
k  

Properties of LTI System System interconnections -Series

 Commutative property x(n)

Series connection
y (n)
x ( n )  h( n)  h( n )  x ( n ) h1 (n) h2 (n)

 Distributive property ℎ 𝑛 = ℎ 𝑛 ∗ ℎ [𝑛]

x(n)  h1 (n)  h2 (n)  x(n)  h1 (n)  x(n)  h2 ( n)
 Associative property
x(n)  h1 (n)  h2 ( n)   x(n)  h1 ( n)   h2 (n)
 Impulse response of overall system is linear convolution of
the impulse responses of the individual systems.
 Order is not important because of commutative property of
convolution.
 Cascade of stable systems is stable system.

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System interconnections -Parallel Properties of system

Parallel connection

x(n) h1 (n) y (n)  Causal system

h ( n)  0 for n  0

h2 (n) y (n)   h(k ) x(n  k )
ℎ 𝑛 = ℎ 𝑛 + ℎ [𝑛] k 0

 Impulse response of overall system is sum of the  Stable system




impulse responses of the individual systems.
Parallel connection of stable systems is stable
 h(k )  
k  
system.

Causal system Causal system

 Since for a causal system, h(n) =0, for n < 0;

𝑦𝑛 = ℎ 𝑘 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑘]

𝑦𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑘 ℎ[𝑛 − 𝑘]

Stable system Stable system

 Let’s consider the convolution formula again,  Absolute value of sum of terms is always less than
or equal to the sum of the absolute values of terms
𝑦𝑛 = ℎ 𝑘 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑘]
𝑦𝑛 ≤ ℎ𝑘 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑘]
 Take absolute value on both sides,
 If the input is bounded, then 𝑥[𝑛] ≤ 𝐵
𝑦𝑛 = ℎ 𝑘 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑘] Then,
𝑦 𝑛 ≤𝐵 ℎ𝑘

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Stable system Impulse Response –Finite or Infinite

 Output is thus bounded, if impulse response satisfies  FIR System – Finite duration impulse response
the condition,  h(n) = 0 for n < 0 and for n ≥ M

𝑆= ℎ𝑘 < ∞
𝑦𝑛 = ℎ 𝑘 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑘]

 LTI system is stable, if it’s impulse response is

absolutely summable.  Requires most recent M input samples [x(n), x(n-1), x(n-
2)….x(n-M+1)] and involves summation of M products.
 It “neglects” or “forgets” previous input samples such as
[x(n-M), x(n-M-1), …]  Has finite memory of M samples.

Impulse Response –Finite or Infinite LTI DT systems – Difference Equation

 IIR System – Infinite duration impulse response  Important subclass of LTI DT systems is
characterized by LCCDE equation as follows: -
N M

 ak y(n  k )   bk x(n  k )
System causality
𝑦𝑛 = ℎ 𝑘 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑘] is assumed.

k 0 k 0

 Summation involves present and all the past input  Here, order of the DT system is max(N,M)
samples, we say that the system has infinite memory!  This representation is very important in practical
applications – including implementation of filters,
modeling of physical phenomenon and system.

LTI DT systems – Difference Equation

N M
a0 y (n)  a
k 1
k y (n  k )  b
k 0
k x(n  k )

1 M N

y (n )    bk x ( n  k )   a k y ( n  k ) 
a0  k 0 k 1  a0≠0

 Here, system implementation involves two finite sum

of products –(even though in general such system
may have impulse response of infinite length.)