Report of

Occupational safety and health

Al-Turath university
Department of Prosthodontics
2021-2022

Electricity

By
Rusul Majid abdulhameed
 Electricity
Introduction

Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and
motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to
magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described
by Maxwell's equations. Various common phenomena are related to electricity,
including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many
others.
The presence of an electric charge, which can be either positive or negative,
produces an electric field. The movement of electric charges is an electric current
and produces a magnetic field.
When a charge is placed in a location with a non-zero electric field, a force will act
on it. The magnitude of this force is given by Coulomb's law. If the charge moves,
the electric field would be doing work on the electric charge.

Electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies, being used for:

 Electric power where electric current is used to energies equipment;
 Electronics which deal with electrical circuits that involve active electrical
components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated
circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies.

Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though progress in

theoretical understanding remained slow until the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. The theory of electromagnetism was developed in the 19th century, and
by the end of that century electricity was being put to industrial and residential use
by electrical engineers. The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time
transformed industry and society, becoming a driving force for the Second
Industrial Revolution. Electricity's extraordinary versatility means it can be put to
an almost limitless set of applications which include transport, heating, lighting,
communications, and computation. Electrical power is now the backbone of
modern industrial society.
Types of Electricity
There are two types of Electricity, Static Electricity and Current Electricity. Static
Electricity is made by rubbing together two or more objects and making friction
while Current electricity is the flow of electric charge across an electrical field.

1- Static Electricity
Static electricity is when electrical charges build up on the surface of a material. It
is usually caused by rubbing materials together. The result of a build-up of static
electricity is that objects may be attracted to each other or may even cause a spark
to jump from one to the other. For Example, rub a balloon on a wool and hold it up
to the wall.
Before rubbing, like all materials, the balloons and the wool sweater have a neutral
charge. This is because they each have an equal number of positively charged
subatomic particles (protons) and negatively charged subatomic particles
(electrons). When you rub the balloon with the wool sweater, electrons are
transferred from the wool to the rubber because of differences in the attraction of
the two materials for electrons. The balloon becomes negatively charged because
it gains electrons from the wool, and the wool becomes positively charged because
it loses electrons.

2- Current Electricity
Current is the rate of flow of electrons. It is produced by moving electrons and it is
measured in amperes. Unlike static electricity, current electricity must flow through
a conductor, usually copper wire. Current with electricity is just like current when
you think of a river. The river flows from one spot to another, and the speed it
moves is the speed of the current. With electricity, current is a measure of the
amount of energy transferred over a period of time. That energy is called a flow of
electrons. One of the results of current is the heating of the conductor. When an
electric stove heats up, it's because of the flow of current.
There are different sources of current electricity including the chemical reactions
taking place in a battery. The most common source is the generator. A simple
generator produces electricity when a coil of copper turns inside a magnetic field.
In a power plant, electromagnets spinning inside many coils of copper wire
generate vast quantities of current electricity.
There are two main kinds of electric current. Direct (DC) and Alternating (AC). It's
easy to remember. Direct current is like the energy you get from a battery.
Alternating current is like the plugs in the wall. The big difference between the two
is that DC is a flow of energy while AC can turn on and off. AC reverses the direction
of the electrons.

Sources of Electricity
energy resources fall into two main categories, often called renewable and non-
renewable energy resources. Each of these resources can be used as a source to
generate power, which is a very useful way of transferring energy from one place
to another such as to the home or to industry.
Non-renewable sources of energy powers can be divided into two types: fossil fuels
(coal natural gas plants) and nuclear fuel (nuclear energy or nuclear fission which
occurs in nuclear power plants).
The numerous existing energy types can be classified in different ways. Primary
types can be used directly, as they appear in the natural environment: coal, oil,
natural gas and wood, nuclear fuels (uranium), the sun (photovoltaic cell
collection), the wind, tides, mountain lakes, the rivers (from which hydroelectric
power can be obtained) and the Earth heat that supplies geothermal energy.
Secondary types come from the transformation of primary energy: for example,
petrol, that derives from the treatment of crude oil and electrical power, obtained
from the conversion of mechanical energy (hydroelectric plants, Aeolian plants),
chemical plants (thermoelectric), or nuclear (nuclear plants). Electric energy is
produced by electric plants, i.e., suitable installations that can transform primary
energy (non-transformed) into electric energy.