LITERA03Z FINALS REVIEWER  In 2001, the second generation, Web 2.
0,
LESSON 7: THE WEB
 The World Wide Web
 consists of a worldwide collection of
electronic documents hyperlinked and
accessible via the Internet (Web pages)
 A Web site is a collection of related Web
pages and associated items
 Web Address called URL.
 Tim Berner’s Lee
 Inventor of World Wide Web
 he implemented the first successful
communication between a HTTP client
and server via the internet in November
1989.
 Web pages are primarily text documents
formatted and (HTML).
 Web Design
 encompasses many different skills and
disciplines in the production and
maintenance of websites.
 A Web site is a collection of related Web
pages and associated items
 HTML and XML (+ CSS + JavaSript)
 Web Browser
 is a software application for accessing
information on the World Wide Web.
 a software program that allows a user to
locate, access, and display web pages.
 TRIVIA: What was the world’s first
browser?
EVOLUTION OF WEB
• WEB 1.0
 The first generation of the web
 focused on linking existing information. In
this generation search programs, like
Google Search (read-only!)
 were created to provide links to websites
containing specific words or phrases.
 set of static websites that were not yet
providing interactive content.
 WEB 2.0
evolved to support more dynamic content
creation, social interaction and
collaboration
 Facebook is one of the best-known Web
2.0 applications.
 is the name used to the describe the
second generation of the world wide web,
where it moved static HTML pages to a
more interactive and dynamic web
experience.
 WEB 3.0
 “Intelligent Web”
 It focuses on applications that
automatically prepare personalized
content for users.
 searches for interrelationships among the
data (e.g., the effect of weather and traffic
on an individual’s planned daily commute
to work
 automatically presents relevant
information to the user (e.g., sends an
early morning message to the individual’s
smartphone regarding expected bad
weather and/or traffic delays)
 UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR
 A Web page has a unique address called
a URL or Web address
 SEARCH ENGINES
 is a software system that is designed to
search for information on the World Wide
Web.
 SERPs
 Two types of search tools are search
engines and subject directories
TOP 10 SEARCH ENGINES
 GOOGLE
 BING
 YAHOO
 ASK.COM  WHAT IS CONVERGENCE?

 AOL.COM  the merging of distinct devices, industries,

or technologies into a unified whole.
 BAIDU
 DIGITAL CONVERGENCE 
 WOLFRAMALPHA
 refers to the convergence of four
 DUCKDUCKGO industries into one conglomerate, ITTCE
 INTERNET ARCHIVE (Information Technologies,
Telecommunication, Consumer
 XANDEX.RU Electronics, and Entertainment).
A search engine is helpful in locating  TECHNOLOGICAL CONVERGENCE
items such as:
 A process by which telecommunications,
information technology and the media
sectors that originally operated largely
Images Videos Audio News independent of one another are growing
together.

 combination of two or more different

People or
Maps Blogs technologies in a single device.
Businesses
 CONVERGED NETWORK
• WEB SITES CONTENT
 Telecommunications convergence is
 Information presented on the Web the term used to describe emerging
must be evaluated for ACCURACY telecommunications technologies, and
network architecture used to migrate
 No one oversees the content of Web
multiple communications services into a
pages
single network.
 MULTIMEDIA
 MEDIA CONVERGENCE
 refers to any application that combines
 …books, newspaper, radio, camera, TV,
text with:
these are all forms of older media.

 What about “Digital Media”, the modern

Graphics Animation Audio media? What are they?

 Media Convergence is the joining of

distinct technologies into one.
Virtual
Video LESSON 8: INFORMATION SYSTEM
Reality
• ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION
 UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING FLOW
 is a concept where computing is made to
appear anytime and everywhere.  Computerized information systems do
 can occur using any device, in any not just keep track of transactions and
location, and in any format.  day to-day business operations.
 Use of computers and other digital devices  They also support the vertical and
in everyday life. horizontal flow of information within the
 AKA Ubicomp or Pervasive computing organization.
 Effective operations require an
efficient and coordinated flow of
information throughout the
organization
FIVE BASIC ORGANIZATIONAL
FUNCTIONS
1. ACCOUNTING
2. MARKETING
3. HUMAN RESOURCES
4. PRODUCTION
5. RESEARCH

 ACCOUNTING records all financial

activity from billing customers to paying
employees.
 MARKETING plans, prices, promotes,
sells, and distributes the organization’s
goods and services.
• COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
 Almost all organizations have computer-
based information systems.

 HUMAN RESOURCES FOCUSES on  Large organizations typically have formal

people—hiring, training, promoting, and names for the systems designed to collect
any number of other human-centered and use the data.
activities within the organization

 PRODUCTION creates finished goods

and services using raw materials and
personnel.

 RESEARCH identifies, investigates,

and develops new products and
services.
LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT

 Supervisors: Supervisors manage and

monitor the employees or workers day-
to-day events. operational matters.

 Middle management: deal with

control, planning (called tactical
COMMON NAMES OF COMPUTER-BASED
planning), implement the long-term
INFORMATION SYSTEM
goals of the organization.
 TPS – Transaction Processing System
 Top management: concerned with
 MIS – Management Information System
long-range planning (called strategic
 DSS – Decision Support System
planning). need plan the
 ESS – Executive Support System
 future growth and direction of the
organization. COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
 TPS records day-to-day transactions, such
as customer orders, bills, inventory levels,
and production output.
TPS FOR ACCOUTING SYTEM
 SALES ORDER PROCESSING
 ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
 INVENTORY AND PURCHASING
 ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
 PAYROLL
 GENERAL LEDGER
 MIS summarizes the detailed data of the
transaction processing system in standard
reports for middle-level managers.
 produces standardized reports in
summarized structured form
 It is used to support middle managers for
decision-making.
 Whereas a transaction processing
 system creates databases, an MIS uses
databases.
 Types of Reports: Periodic, Exception,
Summary Report (weekly, monthly,
quarterly
 DSS helps middle-level managers and
others in the organization analyze a wide
range of problems, such as the effect of
events and trends outside the
organization.
 Managers often must deal with
unanticipated questions.
 DSS enables managers to get answers to
such unexpected and generally
nonrecurring kinds of problems.
 TPS records data, MIS summarizes data
while DSS analyzes data.
 it produces reports that do not have a
fixed format.
 ESS it helps top-level managers oversee
the company’s operations and develop
strategic plans.
 Consist of sophisticated software that, like
an MIS or a DSS, can present,
summarize, and analyze data from an
organization’s databases.
 Easy to use by top managers
 gives a condensed account of activities
OTHER INFORMATION SYSTEMS
 Office Automation System - designed
primarily to support data workers. focuses
on managing documents, communicating,
and scheduling. using word processing,
web authoring, desktop publishing, and
other image technologies.
 Knowledge Work System - Knowledge
workers use OAS systems.
 they use specialized information systems
called knowledge work systems (KWSs)
to create information in their areas of
expertise.
 Like CAD/CAM systems
 EXPERT SYSTEMS
 also known as KNOWLEDGE-BASED
SYSTEMS, are a type of artificial
intelligence that uses a database to
provide assistance to users.
 Use a database, known as a
KNOWLEDGE BASE, contains facts and
rules to relate these facts distilled from a
human expert.
 Bird Species Identification, Midwives
Assistant, Oil Spill Advisor
LESSON 9: SOCIAL NETWORKING
THEORY
 SOCIAL NETWORKING THEORY
 is the study of how people, organizations
or groups interact with others inside their
network.
 Its perspective provides a set of methods
for analyzing the structure of whole social
entities as well as a variety of theories
explaining the patterns observed in these
structures.
 Understanding the theory is easier when
you examine the individual pieces starting
with the largest element, which is
networks, and working down to the
smallest element, which is the ACTORS.
IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA
• Social media can be very influential
on society in both positive and
negative ways.
• It gives people a way to stay in touch
with people who live far away.
• It lets people share fun, interesting and
informative content. It gives
businesses a way to engage with
customers.
• One of the problems, however, is that
anybody can share anything, including
material that may not be accurate.
• In some cases, real harm is done
when people spread inflammatory,
unverified or outright false information.
• This can harm private individuals, as
when someone is bullied online. It can
also have a harmful impact on society.
The Rise of Fake News Sites
• Social media has made it very easy to
spread information quickly. Because
Facebook and Twitter timelines move
so quickly, viewers don’t often verify
what they’ve seen.
• A great deal of content is also spread
through images and memes, which
may or may not be based on valid
information.
• Of course, many memes are created
to be funny, cute or outrageous.
Others, however, are intended to
influence our thinking.
• Even links to real articles can be
misleading. It’s safe to say that most
people who see a headline and link
never read the whole article.
 The Harmful Impact of Fake News
Social media stories, whether true or
not, often go viral. The more
outrageous and newsworthy
something is, the more likely that
many people will share it.
 During a highly polarized election,
people are motivated to share
anything that supports their candidate
or, more likely, attacks the opposing
candidate.
 This can result in false stories widely
circulating. Even if false stories are
discredited and recanted, the damage
is already done.
 By the time a retraction is published,
millions of people may have already
seen the story.
SOCIAL NETWORK PRINCIPLES
Our base social network will is formed by the
interaction of three nodes (A, B, and C); with
the potential to form a social tie, but has not
yet done so — therefore, this network isn’t
quite “social” yet.
 Balance
 Let’s take the network above and begin
to add simulated interaction amongst
the nodes to demonstrate our principal
network pressures. Consider a scenario
where A has established a social tie to
both B and C; however, B and C have
not yet formed such a tie.
 The absence of this connection
manifests as latent friction on the nodal
relationships between A-B and A-C,
degrading the connection.
 Unfortunately, simply introducing a B-C
relationship will not stabilize the
network; it will slow the network’s rate
of decay but fails to secure increased
interaction amongst the nodes.
 This latent pressure destabilizes the
balance of the network.
 Exchange
 Assume the same node relationship
(A-B and A-C are tied, yet B-C not
tied), if B was to form a social tie with
C this might solicit more social
interactions via B; however, the new
 relationship is not without
consequence.
 The resulting release of exchange
pressure has diminished the
dependency of B on A for access to
social information held by C.
 Betweenness
 We continue applying pressure to our
network by revisiting the newly formed
social ties between B and C. Prior to
closing the relationship triangle, A
served as a broker to B in the form of
the described information access from
C.
 This role instilled interaction growth
between A and B but was weakened
upon formation. However, let’s now
add a new node to the mix, D, and
have it form a social tie with B.
 If D remains unconnected from A, the
network decay due to the loss of A’s
former brokerage role between B and
C can be slowed.
 Our ability to manage the
betweenness of the network in this
way demonstrates how non-relational
network growth accelerates social
network longevity in the face of decay.
 In the physical world the presence of
mass produces the law of gravity, an
invisible universal force shaping the
growth and dissipation of reality.
 If a single node-node relationship
exists in a network, decay is inflicted
upon the network — social decay is
the gravity of a social network — and if
it’s allowed to outpace growth, the
result will be a mass exodus of nodes
(users/citizens) from the network.
 We must seek the balance our
networks while increasing overall
node-node activity to mitigate the
effects of exchange pressure.
 Example:
Consider an apartment building of n
residents and four known residents:
Mary, Delano, Jackson, and Beth.
Mary meets two neighbors, Delano
and Beth, who have not yet met each
other; thus establishing network
imbalance and increasing exchange
pressure through Mary. Before long
Beth meets Jackson, the resulting
expansion of her social network in the
building weakens her ability to stay
connected to her ties equally (Mary
and Delano via brokerage). Before
long Mary and Beth’s connection
breaks due to a loss of interaction, the
network is fragmented from the effect
— before long no social network
exists.
PREVENTIVE & BRAGGADOCIAN
BEHAVIOR
 BRAGGADOCIAN BEHAVIORS
 Social media has a number of benefits
for human communication and thus
millions of people have discovered
those benefits.
 Considering the burgeoning number of
social media users around the world,
we can say that there is a serious thirst
and demand for social media,
regardless of geography and
demographics as well as economic and
social conditions.
 Positive attitudes and behaviors of
constant social media users can be
discussed under certain headings.
 Although there are many techno-
psychological aspects of social media
related behaviors, the most common
motives or drives can be summarized
as follows (Barak & Suler, 2008);
Fennemore cited in Schaefer, 2014;
Turkle, 2012)
 Social networks give people the
opportunity to post whatever their
hearts desire.
 This can have its positive and negative
affect on via social media. Posting
picture of material items or extravagant
trips are displayed on your timeline to
show everyone what you are doing.
 Some people only go place and buy
things is to make themselves look more
fortunate than someone else. Posting
everything you purchase, or every
place is a way of braggadocian
behavior.
 Active Facebook and Instagram users
are in competition to post more
expensive and lavish clothing, jewelry,
and cars.
 PREVENTATIVE BEHAVIORS
 Qualman (2009) phrases the
essence of preventative behaviors
as “What happens in Vegas stays on
YouTube”.
 This means that privacy is at risk.
Stated differently, social media has
certain pitfalls so that some people
ignore or constrain their use of
social media, mainly due to mass
transparency and insufficient
knowledge about these
technologies.
 Those who circumvent social media
in their lives and do not use these
technologies unless it is an
obligation can be analyzed under
several categories.
 Unlike braggadocian behaviors,
preventative behaviors are similar to
each other in nature and closely
overlap. Therefore, sometimes it is
difficult to distinguish them from one
another.
 AVOIDANCE
 Some people avoid social media
and continue their lives without
these tools and applications.
 They think that they can continue
their way of life with traditional
technologies and survive without the
immersion of popular social media
applications.
 They want a relatively discreet life
which is free of the disturbance or
occupation of social media
messages.
 Social media as a whole creates
stress for them so that they try to
avoid social media as much as
possible.
 They know that social media is
attractive, and one cannot stop
using them once started to
experience so that they try to seek a
personal lifestyle without
involvement of social media.
 The basic motive behind this
behavior is that people who avoid
social media would like to have a
simple life and they feel disturbed
with the intrusion of social media
WHY SOCIAL MEDIA BEHAVIOR
MATTERS: HOW DO WE BEHAVE IN
SOCIAL MEDIA
 Our social behavior can never be
seen by company we applied for or
the school we intend to enroll.
 51% of job applicants were not hired
due to their social media behavior.
 According to Daymond John, a
popular fashion entrepreneur, they
Google every applicant they
consider hiring.
 Many students’ postings on social
media most on Facebook, cost them
their college scholarships.
 As the saying goes,” today your first
impression is likely to be the search
engine has to say about you.”
 HOW CAN YOU IMPROVE YOUR SOCIAL
MEDIA BEHAVIOR (AS SUGGESTED BY
FOSI)
 KPAPMO -Keep private and
personal matters off lines
 BMOWYP- Be mindful of what you
post (on your site and other’s site)
 KYTIC – Keep your tone in check
 DYF – de-clutter your friends.
 IWIAR – Interact with empathy and
respect
 SO – sign off
 DOS – Don’t overshare
SOCIAL MEDIA
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE & SOCIAL MEDIA
 Social media
 is a computer-based technology that
facilitates the sharing of ideas,
thoughts, and information through the
building of virtual networks and
communities. By design, social media
is Internet-based and gives users
quick electronic communication of
content.
 the content includes personal
information, documents, videos, and
photos. Users engage with social
media via a computer, tablet, or
smartphone via web-based software or
applications.
 Facebook
 defined as an online social networking
website where people can create
profiles, share information such as
photos and quotes about themselves,
and respond or link to the information
posted by others.
 The most popular social networking
site, which allows anyone to share
photos, comments, and videos online.
 Twitter
 is a free social networking
microblogging service that allows
registered members to broadcast short
posts called tweets.
 Twitter members can broadcast
tweets and follow other users’ tweets
by using multiple platforms and
devices. Tweets and replies to tweets
can be sent by cell phone text
message, desktop client or by posting
at the Twitter.com website.
 Instagram
 is an online photo sharing service. It
allows you to apply different types of
photo filters to your pictures with a
single click, then share them with
others.
 While is a rather basic service,
Instagram’s simplicity has helped it
gain widespread popularity.
 Blogging
 refers to writing, photography, and
other media that’s self-published
online.
 Blogging started as an opportunity for
individuals to write diary-style entries,
but it has since been incorporated into
websites for many businesses.
 Vlogging
 Vlog stands for a video blog or video
log and refers to a type of blog where
most or all the content is in a video
format.
 Vlog posts consist of creating a video
of yourself where you talk on a
particular subject such as reporting or
reviewing a product or an event.
TWITTING & TERMINOLOGY
 How to create a vlog?
You can post your vlog anywhere, but the first
step is to know how to make a video & to do
this you will need:
— an interesting story or topic
— a recording device, like a webcam or
dedicated video camera – you can even use
your smartphone!
— a microphone
— a good location that is well lit without too
much background sound
18 Twitter Terms to Know:
 Engagement
 To be engaging is to create conversations
(talking, listening, and sharing) and
meaningful relationships on Twitter or
other social networks.
 It creates human relationships online that
may continue to be nurtured online and/or
go offline. Engagement is the essence of
what makes a business’s social media
presence successful.
 Trends / Trending Topic
 Current events or popular topics that are
being talked about the most at any given
time can be seen in “Trending”.
 Tweet
 “Tweet” can be both a verb and a noun. It
is your update typed in the “What’s
happening?” status bar to the people who
are following you, in 140 characters or
less. A person who Tweets can be called
a Tweeter.
 Follow / Following
 These are all the people that you are
following, and whose updates you will see
on your homepage. To follow someone on
Twitter, just hit the “follow” button.
 Followers
 these are all the people on Twitter that are
following you and are seeing your updates
on their homepage. If you are following
someone, it doesn’t necessarily mean they
will follow you back. Attracting the right
followers is just as important as what you
are tweeting.
 Replies
 The @ sign is used in the beginning of a
tweet to reply to someone. Only the
person you are replying to or people that
follow both of you will see the reply.
 Mentions
 When you mention @ and a person’s
Twitter name anywhere else except in the
very beginning of a tweet, everyone who
follows you will see it. Both replies and
mentions become links to that person’s
twitter profile.
 Retweet / RT
 Since Twitter is about sharing information,
a retweet makes it easy for you to share
someone else’s tweet to your followers.
Retweets give the original tweeter credit
for the tweet with “RT @username” and
can be retweeted in its original format or
with comments from the person retweeting
if space allows.
 # / Hashtag
 People use hashtags on Twitter to make
them easily searchable on a specific topic.
They are often simple keywords but can
also be unique phrases or acronyms that
allow people to follow a trending
conversation.
 URL Shortener
 When you want to include website
addresses in your tweet, you will probably
want to use a URL (website address)
shortener, so it does not take up your 140
characters. Although Twitter does try to
shorten the link for you, it may be better to
try a URL shortener like Tiny URL or Bit.ly
to give you more space for re-tweets.
 Follow Friday / FF
 #FF or #Followfriday is a hashtag used
with @mentions to suggest to their
 followers which other interesting people
they should follow.
 If you are searching for a specific topic,
 Direct Message / DM
 This is a private message that only the
person you are sending it to can see. It
still can only be 140 characters. You
cannot send a DM to a person who does
not follow you, but you can reply to them.
 Home / Timeline / Feed
 This is where you will see the constant
real-time status updates from the people
you are following.
 Avatar
 Your profile picture or image that you use
to identify yourself and tie to your twitter
account is your avatar. If you don’t upload
a picture, it will default as an egg graphic.
 Favorite
 You can click the “star” icon next to any
tweet to indicate that it is one of your
favorites, for easy reference later. Others
can view your list of favorite tweets also.
 Username / Handle
 “Handle” refers to your specific URL on
Twitter, so for instance my Twitter
username is @jkaufenberg and my twitter
handle is http://twitter.com/jkaufenberg.
 You can make your username be anything
you want, as long as it is not already
taken, and it is 15 characters or less. A
username on Twitter has an @ before it
and becomes a link to that persons Twitter
profile.
 Listed / Lists
 You can create lists and add people on
Twitter to group them into categories. You
can also see who has placed you on their
lists, when you click on “listed” on your
profile.
 Searches
username, or hashtag, you can enter the
word or phrase in the search bar and see
the most recent tweets with the phrase.
From there, you can better define your
search or save your search for future
reference.
LESSON 10: SMART TECHNOLOGY
 Internet of Things (IoT)
 describes a growing industry of digital
technology being harnessed to the
Internet in ways that will improve the
lives of every person on this planet.
 describes the network of physical
objects— “things”—that are embedded
with sensors, software, and other
technologies for the purpose of
connecting and exchanging data with
other devices and systems over the
Internet.
 is a system of interrelated computing
devices, mechanical and digital
machines, objects, animals or people
that are provided with unique
identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to
transfer data over a network without
requiring human-to-human or human-
to-computer interaction.
 The Presence of IoT in Today's
World
 The IoT is all around us.
 The IoT helps individuals to
improve quality of life.
 The IoT also helps industries to
become more efficient.
 IoT Solutions
 The rapid IoT growth has
introduced new challenges.
 Cisco IoT System reduces the
complexities of digitization.
  Six Pillars of the Cisco IoT
System are:
 Network Connectivity
 Fog Computing
 Cybersecurity and
Physical Security
 Data Analytics
 Management and
Automation
 Application Enablement
Platform
 Introduction to the Internet of
Things course (I2IoT)
 explains what the IoT is, what it does,
how it is part of digital transformation,
and how you can become part of this.
 You will learn about the exponential
increase of intelligent devices
connected to the internet and you will
learn to program one of these
intelligent devices.
BUILDING BLOCKS OF AN IOT SYSTEM
• Overview of a Controlled System
 Feedback loops are used to provide
real-time information to its controller
based on current behavior.
 In a closed loop, feedback is
continuously being received by the
controller from its sensors.
 The controller continuously analyzes
and processes information, and use
actuators to modify conditions.
• Sensors
 A sensor is a device that can be used
to measure a physical property by
detecting some type of information
from the physical world.
 A sensor may be connected to a
controller either directly or remotely.
• ACTUATORS
 An actuator is a basic motor that can
be used to control a system.
 Can be hydraulic, electric or
pneumatic.
 can be responsible for transforming an
electrical signal into physical output.
• CONTROLLERS
 Responsible for collecting data from
sensors and providing network
connectivity.
 Controllers may have the ability to
make immediate decisions.
 May also send data to remote and
more powerful computer for
analysis.
• IoT Process Flow
 A simple IoT system include sensors
connecting, through a wireless or
wired connection, to actuators or
controllers.
 Some devices can have more than
one function.
1.1.3 PROCESSES IN CONTROLLED
SYSTEMS
• Processes
 A process is a series of steps or
actions taken to
achieve a desired result by the
consumer of the
process.
• Feedback
 Feedback is when the output of a
process affects the input.
 Feedback is often referred to as a
feedback loop.
 Feedback loops can be positive or
negative.
• Control Systems
 Includes a controller that uses inputs
and outputs to manage and regulate
the behavior of the system in an
attempt to achieve a desired state.
 The controlled portion of the system is
often called the plant.
 Choosing the adjustments to apply to
a plant to achieve a desired output is
called control theory.
 Control theory is applied to many
systems, including driving a car.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
• Models of Communication
 Layered networking models are used
to illustrate how a network operates.
Benefits include:
• Assists in protocol design.
• Fosters competition.
• Promotes technology or
capability independence.
• Provides a common language to
describe networking
functions and capabilities.
• Standardization
 The challenge for the IoT is to ensure
these emerging IoT devices can
connect securely and reliably to the
Internet and to each other.
 Consistent, secure, and commonly
recognized technologies and
standards is needed.
 Organizations such as the Industrial
Internet Consortium, OpenFog
Consortium, and the Open
Connectivity Foundation, are helping
to develop standard architectures and
frameworks.
• TCP and OSI Models
 Both OSI and TCP/IP models are
used to describe network
connections and often used
interchangeably.
 The TCP/IP model is commonly
referred to as the Internet model.
 The OSI model provides an
extensive list of functions and
services that can occur at each
layer.
• IoT World Forum Reference Model
 Developed as a common framework
to guide and to help accelerate IoT
deployments.
 Its intent is to provide common
terminology and help clarify how
information flows and is processed
for a unified IoT industry.
• Simplified IoT Architecture
 Several architectures exist to help
facilitate the design and creation of
IoT systems.
 The OSI model, TCP/IP model, and
the IoT World Forum Reference
model have been presented as
examples.
 A simpler approach is based on
connection levels. The levels are:
• Device-to-Device
• Device-to-Cloud
• Device-to-Gateway-to-Cloud
• Device-to-Gateway-to-Cloud-to-
Application
LAYERS OF CONNECTIONS
• Connections Within Networks
 Connections can have different
contexts.
 Power connections, circuit
connections or network connections.
 • Physical Connections
 Relate to the media and cable type.
• The Impact of IoT on Privacy
 Common media types include
copper, fiber optics and wireless.
• Data Link and Network Connections
 Network communication requires
protocols to establish the rules of
communications. Data Link
protocols:
• Allow the upper layers to access
• Challenges for Securing IoT
the media
• Prepare network data for the
 Some IoT network security impacting
physical network
• Control how data is placed and
received on the media
• Exchange frames between nodes
over a physical network media,
such as copper or fiber-optic
• Receive and directing packets to
an upper layer protocol
• Perform error detection
 The most popular data link layer
connection used in wired networks is
Ethernet.
 Other data link protocols include
wireless standards such as IEEE
802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.15
(Bluetooth), and cellular 3G or 4G
networks.
 LoRaWAN and NB-IoT are
examples of emerging IoT
supporting technologies.
IMPACT OF CONNECTIONS ON PRIVACY
AND SECURITY
• Metadata
 Metadata refers to the data about
data.
 Metadata can be embedded within a
digital object, or it can be stored
separately.
 Metadata is not usually seen by a
user.
 Suggestions and design
considerations concerning privacy
include:
• Transparency
• Data Collection and Use
• Data Access
Devices
factors include:
 Increasing Number of Devices
 Non-Traditional Location of Devices
 Changing Type and Quantity of
Gathered Data
 Lack of Upgradeability
SUMMARY
 The Internet of Things (IoT) is all
around us. An IoT system is usually
made up of sensors to monitor
events, actuators to influence the
environment, hardware to create the
platform and its connections, and
software to provide a framework to
execute processes.
 A process is a series of steps or
actions taken to achieve a desired
result.
 Layered networking models are
used to illustrate and model how
devices communicate. Physical,
data link, and network layers are
concepts that are used to illustrate
how network communication
operates.
 Security and privacy issues must be
considered in all phases of creation
of an IoT system. Each level of
 connectivity brings with it different o Character – single alphabetic,
requirements and concerns. numeric or another symbol
LESSON 11: DATABASE: CONCEPTS AND  Fields
APPLICATIONS
Last Name  C
 Why Study Databases? haracters “B R
E I M E R” form
 Databases have incredible value to Breimer
a field
businesses.
 A field is an attribute of an entity
o Very important technology for
supporting operations.

 Vastly superior to file processing

systems

 Businesses cannot survive without

 Records
quality data about them
o internal operations and  A bunch of fields form a record

o external environment.  A record is an entity

FOUNDATION DATA CONCEPTS

 ABSTRACT CONCEPTS

 Entity
 Tables
o person, place, object, or event
 A bunch of records forms a table
o stored as a record or a table row
 A table is a group of related entities
 Attribute
o characteristic of an entity

o stored as field or table column

 DATABASE CONCEPTS
o Database – a collection of related  Databases
tables
 A bunch of tables form a database
o Tables – a collection of related
 A database can represent a single
records
business or an entire market
– collection of related entities
o Record – collection of fields (table
row)
–represents an entity
o Field – collection of characters (table
column)
– represents an attribute  But databases are not just a bunch of
tables
  A database also includes relationships
between the different tables

 Many to Many

 Examples?
RELATIONSHIPS & QUERIES IN  Analysis Technique
DATABASES
o Consider Thing A and Thing B
Types of Relationships
o Can Thing A be related to more
 One to One
than one Thing B?
 Examples? o Can Thing B be related to more
 Analysis Technique than one Thing A?

o Consider Thing A and Thing B o If the answers are yes and yes,
then the relationship is many
o Can Thing A be related to more than one to many.
Thing B?
o Can Thing B be related to more than one
Thing A?
o If the two answers are NO, then it is a
one-to-one relationship.

HOW TO MODEL RELATIONSHIPS

 One to Many

 Examples?

 Analysis Technique
o Consider Thing A and Thing B

o Can Thing A be related to more than one

Thing B?
o Can Thing B be related to more than one
Thing A?
o If only one answer is yes, then you have
a one-to-many relationship

 File Processing:
 Data is organized, stored, and
processed in independent files of data
records
PROBLEMS OF
FILE PROCESSING
 Data Redundancy –
o duplicate data requires
update to many files
 Lack of Integration –
o data stored in
separate files
hard to combine data
 Data Dependence –
o changing the file format requires
changing the program…
DATABASE MANAGEMENT APPROACH
 Consolidates data records into one
CENTRAL database that can be accessed
by many different application programs.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE
(DBMS)
 Software that controls the creation,
maintenance, and use of databases
DBMS SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
 Database Definition
o Language and graphical tools to
define entities, relationships, integrity
constraints, and authorization rights
 Application Development
o Graphical tools to develop menus,
data entry forms, and reports
 Transaction Processing
o Controls to prevent interference from
simultaneous users and
o Controls to recover lost data after a
failure
 Database Tuning
o Tools to monitor and improve
database performance
 Database Interrogation
 Capability of a DBMS to report
information from the database in
response to end users’ requests
 Query Language – allows easy,
immediate access to ad hoc data
requests
 Report Generator - allows quick, easy
specification of a report format for
information users have requested
NATURAL LANGUAGE VS. SQL QUERIES
SCHEMAS
 A description of the database
 Subschema – describes a subset of
the database and which users have
access to this subset
  Today, even non-technical staff can
use tools to build little programs that
use a database.
o Database Management Systems have
all kinds of tools to develop custom
application programs and interfaces.

 Example: The College’s MIS (Banner)

is actually an application built on top of
an Oracle Database.

 Data Definition Language

 Language Used to describe Schemas

and Subschemas

 Describes relationships between

different data

 Provides a Logical view of the data

 Data Dictionary Entry

 A more detailed description of the data

in a database

 Specifies data types and ranges

 Assists programmers in understanding

the data

 Physical vs. Logical

 DBMS concentrate on Physical access

to the underlying tables
o Concurrency control

o Query’s

o Creating/deleting tables

 MIS systems are (Logically)

interface with a DBMS
o monthly reports

o charts

o automated inquiries

APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT