Japan Balka Bowl Final

1. Sengoku period (戦国時代, Sengoku Jidai, "Warring States period")

2. Following contact with the Portuguese on Tanegashima in 1542, (1543. zvanicno u
Japan)
3. Francis Xavier reached Japan on 27 July 1549, Kagoshima
4. The Azuchi–Momoyama period (安土桃山時代, Azuchi–Momoyama jidai) is the final
phase of the Sengoku period (戦国時代, Sengoku jidai) in Japanese history from 1568 to
1600.
5. The Battle of Okehazama (桶狭間の戦い, Okehazama-no-tatakai) took place in June
1560 in Owari Province (Oda Nobunaga vs Imagawa Yoshimoto )
6. Sandal-bearer, "Kinoshita Tōkichirō" who would eventually become Toyotomi
Hideyoshi.
7. Matsudaira Motoyasu (who would become Tokugawa Ieyasu)
8. On November 9, 1568, Nobunaga entered Kyoto and appointed Ashikaga Yoshiaki as
15th Ashikaga Shogun
9. On August 27, 1573, Nobunaga ušao u Kyoto i ukinuo Ashikaga šogunata (Ashikaga
Yoshiaki)
10. The Honnō-ji Incident (本能寺の変, Honnō-ji no Hen) was the assassination of Oda
Nobunaga at the Honnō-ji temple in Kyoto on 21 June 1582. Nobunaga was betrayed
by his general Akechi Mitsuhide.
11. Battle of Yamazaki, July 2, 1582, (Toyotomi Hideyoshi vs Akechi Mitsuhide)
12. In 1588, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, having become kampaku or "imperial regent", ordered a
new sword hunt; "Taikō's Sword Hunt"
13. In February 1591, Hideyoshi ordered Sen no Rikyū to commit suicide.
14. The Taikō land survey was carried out throughout the country from 1583 to 1598, being
completed just before Hideyoshi’s death. As a result of this survey, the complicated
relationships of rights to landownership that had developed since the Kamakura period were
now clarified.
15. The Separation Edict (身分統制令, Mibun Tōsei Rei, literally the “Social Status Control
Edict”) was a law composed of three articles which was promulgated by Toyotomi
Hideyoshi on 8 October 1591,
16. First invasion of Korea (Bunroku no eki) (1592 - 1596. godine, Toyotomi Hideyoshi vs
Joseon + Ming), u Koreji se rat zvao Imjin War
17. Second invasion of Korea (1597- 1598. godine) (Prekinuta smrću Toyotomi Hideyoshi-ja i
slabim napretkom)
18. Admiral Yi Sunsin (poznati Korejski admiral)
19. Grand Kitano Tea Ceremony in 1587. (Kyoto)
20. The Golden Tea Room (黄金の茶室, Ōgon no chashitsu) was a portable gilded chashitsu
(tea room) constructed during the late 16th century Azuchi–Momoyama period for the
Japanese regent Lord Toyotomi Hideyoshi's tea ceremonies. The original Golden Tea Room
is lost, but a number of reconstructions have been made.
21. Wokou (Chinese: 倭寇; pinyin: Wōkòu; Japanese: Wakō; Korean: 왜구 Waegu), which
literally translates to "Japanese pirates" or "dwarf pirates", were pirates who raided the
coastlines of China and Korea from the 13th century to the 16th century.
22. ,,Liefde” (“Ljubav”), 1600. godine stiže u Japan. Na brodu se nalazilo oko 110 ljudi kada je
krenuo, ali su samo 24 čoveka preživela to putovanje. Najbitniji su bili Justen van
Lindenštajn i kapetan Vilijam Adams.
23. The Battle of Sekigahara (Shinjitai: 関ヶ原の戦い; Kyūjitai: 關ヶ原の戰い, Hepburn
romanization: Sekigahara no Tatakai) was a decisive battle on October 21, 1600 (Mitsunari
Ishida vs Tokugawa Ieyasu)
24. William Adams (24 September 1564 – 16 May 1620), known in Japanese as Miura Anjin
(Japanese: 三浦按針, "the pilot of Miura"), was an English navigator who, in 1600, was the
first Englishman to reach Japan leading a five-ship expedition for a private Dutch fleet. Of the
few survivors of the only ship that reached Japan, Adams and his second mate Jan Joosten
were not allowed to leave the country while Jacob Quaeckernaeck and Melchior van
Santvoort were permitted to go back to the Dutch Republic to invite them to trade.
HATAMOTO (banerman)
25. Japanci koji su ga prevodili postali su izuzetno bitni. Bili su poznati pod nazivom „Oranda
tsuji“ (Holandija+raskrsnica), i njihove pozicije bile su nasledne.
26. Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold (17 February 1796 – 18 October 1866) was a
German physician, botanist and traveler. He achieved prominence by his studies of
Japanese flora and fauna and the introduction of Western medicine in Japan. He was the
father of the first female Japanese doctor educated in Western medicine, Kusumoto Ine.
27. In 1824, Siebold started a medical school in Nagasaki, the Narutaki-juku,[3] that grew into a
meeting place for around fifty students. They helped him in his botanical and naturalistic
studies. The Dutch language became the lingua franca (common spoken language) for these
academic and scholarly contacts for a generation, until the Meiji Restoration.
28. Hi-nin (非人 (ひにん)) was an outcast group in ancient Japan, more specifically the Edo
Period of Japanese history. The direct translation of the phrase "Hinin" is "non-human".
Hinin and Eta (穢多 (えた)) consisted of the lowest social classes in ancient Japan, but were
not considered part of the social hierarchy. Plus Burakumin.
29. Opperhoofd is a Dutch word (plural opperhoofden) which literally means 'supreme head'.
30. Samurai (士 shi), farming peasants (農 nō), artisans (工 kō) and merchants (商 shō). Below
them the population was divided into four classes in a system known as mibunsei
31. In the term, dai (大) means "large", and myō stands for myōden (名田), meaning "private
land". (daimyōs)
32. Genpuku (元服), a Japanese coming-of-age ceremony modeled after an early Tang Dynasty
Chinese custom, dates back to Japan's classical Nara Period (710–794 AD).[1] This
ceremony marked the transition from child to adult status and the assumption of adult
responsibilities.
33. Kobayakawa Hideaki promenio strane u koristi Ieyasu Tokugawe
34. Nakon pobede Emperor Go-Yōzei 1603. Godine dodeljuje Ieyasu Tokugawa titulu šoguna
35. Tozama daimyō were considered inferior to fudai daimyō. (u zavisnosti da li su se pridružili
Tokugawi pre ili posle Sekigahare)
36. U Tozama spadaju (Mōri clan (Chōshū), Shimazu clan (Satsuma) i Chōsokabe clan
(Tosa)). Svi su smatrali da su oštećeni jer nisu direktno učestvovali u bici. (na kraju će
doprineti i padu Tokugawa šogunata)
37. Catholicism is officially banned 1614. and all missionaries are ordered to leave the country
38. Then in 1614 i 1616 Tokugawa besieged the Osaka Castle against Toyotomi Hideyori
39. Ieyasu Tokugawa umire 1616. godine. Sahranjen u Kunōzan Tōshō-gū dok ostaci
počivaju u Nikkō Tōshō-gū
40. The Edo period (江戸時代, Edo jidai) or Tokugawa period (徳川時代, Tokugawa jidai) is
between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan (ovi računaju do 1868.)
41. Edo Castle (江戸城, Edo-jō), also known as Chiyoda Castle
42. The political system evolved into what historians call bakuhan, a combination of the terms
bakufu and han (domains) to describe the government and society of the period.
43. Shogunate" or "bakufu" (幕府:ばくふ) is a term used for a shogun's office or government.
44. Sankin-kōtai (Japanese: 参覲交代/参覲交替, now commonly written as 参勤交代/参勤交替,
'alternate attendance') was a policy of the Tokugawa shogunate during most of the Edo
period of Japanese history
45. Sakoku was a system in which strict regulations were placed on commerce and foreign
relations by the shogunate and certain feudal domains (han). There was extensive trade with
China through the port of Nagasaki, in the far west of Japan, with a residential area for the
Chinese. The policy stated that the only European influence permitted was the Dutch factory
at Dejima in Nagasaki. Western scientific, technical and medical innovations flowed into
Japan through Rangaku ("Dutch learning").
46. The Shimabara Rebellion (島原の乱, Shimabara no ran), was an uprising that occurred in
the Shimabara Domain of the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan from 17 December 1637 to
15 April 1638.
47. Red-seal ships (朱印船, Shuinsen) were Japanese armed merchant sailing ships bound for
Southeast Asian ports with red-sealed letters patent issued by the early Tokugawa
shogunate
48. Merchants and artisans, would be known as chōnin.
49. The han school (藩校, hankō) was an educational institution in the Edo period of Japan,
originally established to educate children of daimyōs (feudal lords) and their retainers in the
domains outside of the capital. These institutions were also known as hangaku (藩学),
hangakkō (藩学校) or hankō (藩黌).
50. The chōnin (urban merchants and artisans) patronized neighborhood schools called
terakoya (寺子屋, "temple schools")
51. A distinct culture known as chōnindō ("the way of the townspeople")
52. Kaitai Shinsho (解体新書, Kyūjitai: 解體新書, roughly meaning "New Text on Anatomy") is
a medical text translated into Japanese during the Edo period. It was written by Sugita
Genpaku
53. Hagakure, written by Yamamoto Tsunetomo, a Saga samurai, is often cited as the classic
exposition of the samurai value system.
54. Ukiyo (浮世, "floating/fleeting/transient world") is the Japanese term used to describe the
urban lifestyle and culture, especially the pleasure-seeking aspects, of Edo period Japan
(1600–1867). Ukiyo culture developed in Yoshiwara, the licensed red-light district of Edo
(modern-day Tokyo), the site of many brothels frequented by Japan's growing middle class.
55. Professional female entertainers (geisha), music, popular stories, Kabuki (theater) and
bunraku (Ningyō jōruri ,puppet theater), poetry, a rich literature, and art, exemplified by
beautiful woodblock prints (known as ukiyo-e), were all part of this flowering of culture.
Literature also flourished with the talented examples of the playwright Chikamatsu
 Monzaemon (najozbiljnije drame su bile napisane za bunraku,1653–1724) and the poet,
essayist, and travel writer Matsuo Bashō (Ornamental banana, 1644–94).
56. Ukiyo-e is a genre of painting and printmaking that developed in the late 17th century, at
first depicting the entertainments of the pleasure districts of Edo, such as courtesans
and kabuki actors. Suzuki Harunobu produced the first full-colour nishiki-e prints in 1765,
a form that has become synonymous to most with ukiyo-e.
57. The genre reached a peak in technique towards the end of the century with the works of
such artists as Kiyonaga and Utamaro. As the Edo period came to an end a great diversity
of genres proliferated: warriors, nature, folklore, and the landscapes of Hokusai and
Hiroshige.
58. Five national highways (the Gokaido ̄): Tōkaidō, Nakasendō, Kōshū Kaidō, Ōshū Kaidō,
Nikkō Kaidō
59. The greatest of the bridges was the Japan Bridge, or Nihonbashi, completed in 1604.
60. Particularly popular among ordinary people were stalls serving fast food such as soba,
sushi, tempura, and unagi, tofu restaurants, teahouses and izakaya (Japanese-style
pubs)
61. Tokugawa Yoshimune, (born Nov. 27, 1684, Kii Province, Japan—died July 12, 1751, Edo),
eighth Tokugawa shogun, who is considered one of Japan’s greatest rulers. His far-reaching
reforms totally reshaped the central administrative structure and temporarily halted the
decline of the shogunate.
62. Ukiyo-e based on kabuki actors became popular. Ichikawa Danjūrō V in the popular kabuki
play Shibaraku, by Utagawa Kunimasa, 1796
63. Bakumatsu (幕末, "End of the bakufu") refers to the final years of the Edo period when the
Tokugawa shogunate ended. Between 1853 and 1867, Japan ended its isolationist foreign
policy known as sakoku and changed from a feudal Tokugawa shogunate to the modern
empire of the Meiji government. The major ideological-political divide during this period was
between the pro-imperial nationalists called ishin shishi and the shogunate forces, which
included the elite shinsengumi swordsmen.
64. The second was to be expressed in the phrase sonnō jōi, or "revere the Emperor, expel
the barbarians"
65. A theoretical synthesis of "Western knowledge" and "Eastern morality" would later be
accomplished by Sakuma Shōzan and Yokoi Shōnan, in view of "controlling the barbarians
with their own methods"
66. When Commodore Matthew C. Perry's four-ship squadron appeared in Edo Bay (Tokyo
Bay) in July 1853
67. In March 1854, the Treaty of Peace and Amity (or Treaty of Kanagawa) maintained the
prohibition on trade but opened the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American whaling
ships seeking provisions, guaranteed good treatment to shipwrecked American sailors, and
allowed a United States consul to take up residence in Shimoda
68. The years 1854–1855 saw a dramatic series of earthquakes, known as the Ansei great
earthquakes, with 120 major and minor temblors recorded over a less than two-year period
including the 8.4 magnitude 1854 Tōkai earthquake on 23 December 1854, the 8.4
magnitude 1854 Nankai earthquake occurring the following day, and the 6.9 magnitude
1855 Edo earthquake. (Namazu)
69. The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Japan and the United States (日米修好通商
条約, Nichibei Shūkō Tsūshō Jōyaku), also called the Harris Treaty 1858 (Townsend
Harris)
70. Satsuma military leaders Saigō Takamori and Okubo Toshimichi were brought together
with Katsura Kogorō (Kido Takayoshi) of Chōshū.
71. On 2 May 1864, the Mito rebellion erupted against the power of the shogunate in the name
of the sonnō jōi. The Shogunate managed to send an army to quell the revolt, which was
ended in blood with the surrender of the rebels on 14 January 1865.
72. Tokugawa Yoshinobu tried to reorganize the government under the Emperor while
preserving the shōgun's leadership role, a system known as kōbu gattai.
73. The Boshin War (戊辰戦争, Boshin Sensō, lit. "War of the Year of the Yang Earth Dragon"),
sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution, was a civil war in Japan, fought from 1868 to
1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to return political
power to the Imperial Court.
74. Following defeat on Honshū, Enomoto Takeaki fled to Hokkaidō with the remnants of the
navy and his handful of French advisers. Republic of Ezo
75. The ryō (両) was a gold currency unit in the shakkanhō system in pre-Meiji Japan. It was
eventually replaced with a system based on the yen.
76. The Japanese ri is also frequently known by its Chinese name li] or glossed as the
Japanese mile.
77. Kyoto the Shimabara, Osaka its Shinmachi, and Edo its Yoshiwara.
78. Genroku kabuki theater had its origin in the dances of a woman named Okuni in the first
years after Sekigahara. The root meaning of kabuki referred to wild or deviant behavior; it
was, after all, attached to uncontrollable gangs of kabukimono, young blades who
sauntered around the streets of Kyoto with outrageous clothes and very long swords. Okuni’s
dances mimed the part of a young man visiting a brothel and caused a sensation. She is
supposed to have gone on to Edo to perform at the castle there in 1607. Soon brothel
owners were setting up stages on the banks of the Kamo River in Kyoto for performances
designed to draw customers to their houses. For a time even tayu ̄, the stars of the quarters,
appeared on stage.
79. Became known as geisha, persons of talent.
80. Sugita Genpaku (1733–1817), whose name and career became closely identified with the
development of Dutch learning. Tafel Anatomia (the book they had used)
81. Rangaku (Dutch learning; the “ran” from “Oranda,” Holland and gaku which is learning)
82. The American warships were six or more times the size of any ship in Japan, and their dark
hulls earned them their “black ships” (kurofune) name in Japanese lore.
83. Sakuma Shōzan sometimes called Sakuma Zōzan, was a Japanese politician and scholar
of the Edo period.He coined the phrase "Eastern ethics, Western technical learning" (tōyō
dōtoku, seiyō gakugei, 東洋道徳西洋学芸) which was later further abbreviated as
"Japanese spirit, Western technique" (wakon yōsai, 和魂洋才). This latter slogan is still in
use as a description of the way that Japan ought to handle modernization
84. Sakamoto Ryōma (坂本龍馬, 3 January 1836 – 10 December 1867) was a Japanese
samurai and influential figure of the Bakumatsu and establishment of the Empire of Japan in
the late Edo period. Ryōma advocated for democracy, Japanese nationalism, return of power
to the Imperial Court, abolition of feudalism, and moderate modernization and
industrialization of Japan. Ryōma successfully negotiated the Satchō Alliance between
 the powerful rival Chōshū and Satsuma domains and united them against the Bakufu.
Ryōma was assassinated in December 1867 with his companion Nakaoka Shintarō,
shortly before the Boshin War and the Meiji Restoration.
85. Satsuma: Saigō Takamori, Ōkubo Toshimichi, Tosa:Sakamoto Ryōma, Gotō Shōjirō ,
Choshu:Yoshida Shōin, Itō Hirobumi, Yamagata Aritomo, Kido Takayoshi
86. Of all the travelers, none took his task more seriously than a young interpreter and student of
Western learning who became his generation’s leading intellectual and educator Fukuzawa
Yukichi (Seiyō Jijō delo) Founder of Keiō, first private university,
87. Those who gave their lives in the Restoration (Boshin) War were soon enshrined in what
became the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo,
88. Miyamoto Musashi (宮本 武蔵, 12 March 1584 – 13 June 1645),[1] also known as Shinmen
Takezō, Miyamoto Bennosuke or, by his Buddhist name, Niten Dōraku,[2] was a Japanese
swordsman, philosopher, strategist, writer and rōnin. Musashi, as he was often simply
known, became renowned through stories of his unique double-bladed swordsmanship and
undefeated record in his 61 duels (next is 33 by Itō Ittōsai). He is considered a Kensei, a
sword-saint of Japan.[3] He was the founder of the Niten Ichi-ryū, or Nito Ichi-ryū, style of
swordsmanship, and in his final years authored The Book of Five Rings (五輪の書, Go Rin
No Sho) and Dokkōdō (The Path of Aloneness). vs Sasaki Kojirō
89. Ninomiya Sontoku (二宮 尊徳, September 4, 1787 – November 17, 1856), born Ninomiya
Kinjirō (二宮 金次郎), was a prominent 19th-century Japanese agricultural leader,
philosopher, moralist and economist.
90. Okita Sōji (沖田 総司, 1842 or 1844 – July 19, 1868) was the captain of the first unit of the
Shinsengumi, a special police force in Kyoto during the late shogunate period. He was one of
the best swordsmen of the Shinsengumi.
91. Yakushima Forest on Yakushima island is home to the oldest tree in Japan,
92. Attempted to root them out by such means as fumi-e, in which one was made to trample on
an image of Christ
93. Perhaps the three artists most representative of the culture were Ihara Saikaku in
ukiyo-zōshi (“tales of the floating world”) genre novels, Chikamatsu Monzaemon in jōruri
(“puppet play”) drama, and Matsuo Bashō in haiku poetry. All three flourished during the
Genroku era (1688–1704), the name more broadly denoting a golden age of cultural
development roughly 50 years long during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
94. Yoshimune was the eighth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate. Yoshimune's government
worked to control the price of rice. This earned him the nickname "Rice Shogun" or
"Shogun of Rice" (kome-shōgun).
95. Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (徳川 綱吉, February 23, 1646 – February 19, 1709) was the fifth
shōgun of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan. He was the younger brother of Tokugawa
Ietsuna, thus making him the son of Tokugawa Iemitsu, the grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada,
and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Tsunayoshi is known for instituting animal
protection laws, particularly for dogs. This earned him the nickname of "the dog
shōgun". He had a dog named Takemaru.
96. The study of modern European science, termed yōgaku (“Western learning”) or rangaku
(“Dutch learning”)
97. The kami are worshiped at kamidana household shrines, family shrines, and jinja public
shrines. The latter are staffed by priests, known as kannushi, who oversee offerings of food
and drink
98. Kagura (神楽 (かぐら), "god-entertainment") is a specific type of Shinto ritual ceremonial
dance. Usually a female shaman will perform the dance and obtain the oracle from the god
99. Izanagi then descended to the netherworld (yomi) da poseti Izanami.
100. In Shinto, the creative principle permeating all life is known as musubi,
101. A key theme in Shinto is the avoidance of kegare ("pollution" or "impurity"), while
ensuring harae ("purity").
102. A purification ceremony known as misogi involves the use of fresh water, salt water, or
salt to remove kegare. Full immersion in the sea is often regarded as the most ancient and
efficacious form of purification. This act links with the mythological tale in which Izanagi
immersed himself in the sea to purify himself after discovering his deceased wife. The
yaku-barai is a form of harae designed to prevent misfortune
103. Its views of kannagara influence certain ethical views, focused on sincerity (makoto)
and honesty (tadashii)
104. Shinto shrines may carry any one of many different, non-equivalent names like gongen,
-gū, jinja, jingū, mori, myōjin, -sha, taisha, ubusuna or yashiro.
105. Public spaces in which the kami are worshipped are often known under the generic term
jinja ("kami-place"). Some of the grand shrines with imperial associations are termed
jingū
106. Shrine entrances are marked by a two-post gateway with either one or two crossbeams
atop it, known as torii. These are regarded as demarcating the area where the kami resides,
passing under them is often viewed as a form of purification. More broadly, torii are
internationally recognised symbols of Japan
107. Also set at the entrances to many shrines are komainu, statues of lion or dog like
animals perceived to scare off malevolent spirits
108. Shinto priests are known in Japanese as kannushi, meaning "proprietor of kami", or
alternatively as shinshoku or shinkan
109. The priests are assisted by jinja miko, sometimes referred to as "shrine-maidens"
110. Their most important role is in the kagura dance, known as otome-mai.
111. A generic name for a visit to the shrine, whether on a pilgrimage or as part of a regular
activity, is sankei. Individual worship conducted at a shrine is known as hairei
112. Then, they bow, clap, and stand while silently offering a prayer. The clapping is known as
kashiwade or hakushu (Shinto). More broadly, ritual prayers to the kami are called norito
while the coins offered are saisen
113. Another form of purification at the start of a Shinto rite entails waving a white paper
streamer or wand known as the haraigushi (samo shide)
114. Tamagushi (玉串, literally "jewel skewer") is a form of Shinto offering made from a
sakaki-tree branch decorated with shide strips of washi paper, silk, or cotton. At Japanese
weddings, funerals, miyamairi and other ceremonies at Shinto shrines, tamagushi are
ritually presented to the kami (spirits or gods) by parishioners or kannushi priests.
115. Sacred sakaki tree.
116. After the offerings have been given, people often sip rice wine known as o-miki
117. The Kami are believed to enjoy music.One style of music performed at shrines is gagaku
118. Along with the kamidana, many Japanese households also have butsudan
119. Sahrane su retko povezane sa Shitno obicajima vec uglavnom sa budistickim
120. A kamidana displaying a shimenawa (uvezana pirincana slama) and shide (cik cak
papirici)
121. A common feature of Shinto shrines is the provision of ema, small wooden plaques onto
which practitioners will write a wish or desire that they would like to see fulfilled. Ema are
provided both at Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples in Japan
122. A form of divination that is popular at Shinto shrines are the omikuji.[296] These are
small slips of paper which are obtained from the shrine (for a donation) and which are then
read to reveal a prediction for the future. O-mikuji (御御籤, 御神籤, or おみくじ[1]) are random
fortunes written on strips of paper at Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples in Japan. Literally
"sacred lot", these are usually received by making a small offering (generally a five-yen coin
as it is considered good luck) and randomly choosing one from a box, hoping for the
resulting fortune to be good. As of 2011, coin-slot machines sometimes dispense o-mikuji
123. Ofuda act as amulets to keep off misfortune and also serve as talismans to bring
benefits and good luck. (papiri koji se lepe po zidovima kao sto vidjas u animama). Ofuda are
[246]
provided both at Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples.
124. Another type of amulet provided at shrines and temples are the omamori, which are
traditionally small, brightly colored drawstring bags with the name of the shrine written
on it.
125. A daruma is a round, paper doll of the Indian monk, Bodhidharma.
126. The season of the new year is called shogatsu.On the last day of the year (31
December), omisoka, practitioners usually clean their household shrines in preparation for
new year's day (1 January), ganjitsu.
127. Many people visit public shrines to celebrate new year; this "first visit" of the year is
known as hatsumōde or hatsumairi.
128. Hatsuhinode (First Sunrise of the Year)
129. Some also put up kadomatsu ("gateway pine"), an arrangement of pine branches, plum
tree, and bamboo sticks.
130. Some also put up kadomatsu ("gateway pine"), an arrangement of pine branches, plum
tree, and bamboo sticks.
131. During public processions, the kami travel in portable shrines known as mikoshi.
132. A common ritual, the hatsu miya mairi, entails a child's first visit to a Shinto shrine.
133. Another rite of passage, the saiten-sai or seijin shiki, is a coming of age ritual marking
the transition to adulthood and occurs when an individual is around twenty. January 15 is
Adults’ Day. Youth in the village used to join the local young men’s association on this day. At
present it is the commemoration day for those Japanese who have attained their 20th year.
Coming of Age (seijin no hi): (Second Monday of January (national holiday)) The coming
of age of 20 year old men and women is celebrated on this national holiday.
134. Wedding ceremonies are often carried out at Shinto shrines.These are called shinzen
kekkon ("a wedding before the kami")
135. In Japan, funerals tend to take place at Buddhist temples, with Shinto funerals being
rare.
136. For instance, at the largely Buddhist festival of Bon, the souls of the ancestors are
believed to visit the living, and are then sent away in a ritual called shoro nagashi, by which
lanterns are inserted into small boats, often made of paper, and placed in a river to float
downstream.
137. Japanese people eat a selection of dishes during the New Year celebration called
osechi-ryōri, typically shortened
138. Mochi is made into a New Year's decoration called kagami mochi, formed from two
round cakes of mochi with a tangerine (daidai) placed on top
139. At midnight on December 31, Buddhist temples all over Japan ring their bells a total of
108 times (joyanokane [ja] (除夜の鐘)) to symbolize the 108 human sins in Buddhist belief,
and to get rid of the 108 worldly desires regarding sense and feeling in every Japanese
citizen.
140. Japanese wind chimes (furin) are used on hot summer days to induce the feeling of
coolness through sound.
141. It is also very common to eat buckwheat noodles called toshikoshi soba on ōmisoka
(New Year's Eve).
142. The Japanese have a custom of sending New Year's Day postcards (年賀状, nengajō)
143. On New Year's Day, Japanese people have a custom known as otoshidama [ja] where
adult relatives give money to children. It is handed out in small decorated envelopes called
pochibukuro,
144. There is also an associated festival of Little New Year (小正月, koshōgatsu), traditionally
celebrating the first full moon of
145. Zōni, a soup with mochi and grilled fish
146. Setsubun, meaning “seasonal division”, is a celebration for cleaning and purifying. The
day is used to drive devils, demons, and evil spirits out of one’s home or temple with the help
of roasted soybeans.
147. Shichi-go-san (Seven-Five-Three) festival on November 15 is the occasion for boys of
five years and girls of three and seven years of age to visit the shrine to give thanks for
kami’s protection and to pray for their healthy growth.
148. The most popular tradition during a Shinto-style wedding is the exchange of nuptial cups,
which is called san san ku do. San means three and ku means nine. So san san ku do
means three, three, and nine. The groom and bride drink sake three times each, from three
different-sized sake cups called sakazuki. In their exchanging cups, they are symbolically
exchanging their marriage vows. Then, the priest announces the beginning of the
san-san-ku-do ceremony,or "three-three-nine-times," reflecting three oaths taken three
times,represented by three cups, poured three times, and swallowed in three sips. This often
includes three pourings from three cups of increasing sizes.
149. Japanese brides wear a kimono, which is either a shiromuku (白無垢, "pure white
dress"), iro uchikake (色打掛, "colorful outer robe"), or kurobiki furisode (黒引き振袖,
mladoženja), the black and patterned kimono once worn at weddings of the nobility during
the Edo period (1603–1868), with either an open white watabōshi (綿帽子) or a 角隠し
(tsunokakushi).
150. Many brides wear the furisode, a kimono for unmarried women.
151. Sankon no gi is the ceremony of drinking sake(rice wine) at Shinto-style wedding.
152. Wearing the wataboshi hides the bride’s face from all others except for the groom until
the end of the wedding ceremony.(ovo je bukvalno kao veo)
153. Another type of headdress is “tsunokakushi”. The Japanese term literally means “to
hide horns”.
154. The groom wears kimono, hakama (trousers), and haori (overcoat), which are usually
black or gray and has his family’s symbol embroidered on it.
155. In Japan, it is customary to give money as a gift, called goshugi. (goshugi bukuro,
vencanje)
156. In Japan both Mizuhiki and Noshi are essential when formally exchanging gifts.
Mizuhiki is a decorative cord used for tying the paper that is wrapped around gifts.
157. Mizuhiki knot given at Japanese weddings is often shaped like a crane, symbolizing
prosperity and a long life ()ovaj termin se koristi i u sirem smislu za vezivanje cvorova ili
od pirincane slame ili od washi papira)
158. The furoshiki is a square piece of cloth used for wrapping and carrying a wide variety of
objects easily
159. Fukusa (袱紗, also written as 帛紗 and 服紗), are a type of Japanese textil
160. Tomoshiraga, linen thread that signifies strong ties in the marriage.
161. Funerals (葬儀, sōgi or 葬式, sōshiki)
162. When a death occurs, the shrine (kucni hramovi) is closed and covered with white
paper to keep out the impure spirits of the dead
163. An "encoffining" ritual (called a nōkan) is sometimes performed, in which
professional nōkansha (納棺者) ritually dress and prepare the body and place
("Okuribito film)
164. The Sanzu-no-Kawa (三途の川, lit. "River of Three Crossings", or the "Sanzu River")
is a mythological river in Japanese Buddhist tradition similar to the Hindu concept of the
Vaitarna and Greek concept of the Styx.[1] Before reaching the afterlife, the souls of the
deceased must cross the river by one of three crossing points: a bridge, a ford, or a
stretch of deep, snake-infested waters.[2] The weight of one's offenses while alive
determines which path an individual must take. It is believed that a toll of six mon
must be paid before a soul can cross the river, a belief reflected in Japanese funerals
when the necessary fee is placed in the casket with the dead (dobijaju i stap, sandale i
kimono)
165. Held as soon as possible after death, a Japanese wake is called tsuya (通夜), lit.
"passing the night". All funeral guests wear black: men wear black suits with white shirts
and black ties, and women wear either black dresses or black kimono.
166. Goshuushou-sama desu (You must be grieving terribly.)
167. People attending the wake or funeral offer condolence money to the host/hostess, in
special black-and-silver envelopes (bushūgibukuro (不祝儀袋, 'packet for
anti-celebration') or kōdenbukuro (香典袋, 'packet for Buddhist incense offering'))
168. The ceremony differs slightly as the deceased receives a new Buddhist name (戒名,
kaimyō; lit. "precept name") written in Kanji. This name is said to prevent the return of
the deceased if their name is called.
169. The relatives pick the bones out of the ashes and transfer them to the urn using large
chopsticks or metal chopsticks, two relatives holding the same bone at the same time
with their chopsticks.[7] In other customs, they pass the bones from chopsticks to
chopsticks.[5] Known as kotsuage (骨揚げ), this is the only time in Japan when it is
proper for two people to hold the same item at the same time with chopsticks.
170. A typical Japanese grave is usually a family grave (墓, haka) consisting of a stone
monument
171. A sotōba, a separate wooden board on a stand behind or next to the grave. These
sotōba may be erected shortly after death, and new ones may be added at certain
memorial services.
172. Tombstone (墓石, hakaishi) is the entire family’s marker.
173. Black is the color of mourning in Japan. While in the recent years dark blue and dark
gray is becoming more acceptable
174. There are two types of incense that you are likely to encounter: Makko (Incense
Powder) or Senko (Incense Sticks)
175. Asian countries, after a wake or funeral (or every time you visit the cemetery) you
should never go directly back home or to someone else’s home. You should always stop
by a different, public place, like a family restaurant, before heading back. The belief is
that spirits that dwell in the cemetery tend to follow you out, and you should lead them
astray lest they follow you home. This is also a reason why Japanese have a posthumous
name called kaimyo, which helps prevent the person from "returning" whenever his or
her name would be called.
176. The correct envelope to get is a white one that has a black-and-white ribbon. Never
ever buy a red-and-white envelope – it is meant for celebratory occasions!
177. Fukusa (袱紗, also written as 帛紗 and 服紗), are a type of Japanese textile used for
gift-wrapping or for purifying equipment during a Japanese tea ceremony.
178. Furoshiki - cloths for wrapping gifts
179. After that, he or she will present you with a bag known as the “kodengaeshi,” which
contains salt, tea, and some snacks. In Japanese culture, the concept of reciprocity is
paramount. Funerals are no different, and the kodengaeshi is like a return gift that
conveys the bereaved family’s appreciation for your support during their time of loss.
Make sure that you don’t forget about the salt, as you need to throw salt behind one of
your shoulders to ward off spirits before you step into your house.
180. There are two seasonal gift giving periods in Japan: ochugen in July and oseibo in
December.
181. Return gifts, called okaeshi (お返し), are given to show your gratitude for receiving a
gift.
182. Yoochien - Japanese Kindergarten
183. Shōgakkō - Elementary school
184. Chūgakkō - Junior high school/Lower secondary school
185. Kōtōgakkō, abbr. 高校 kōkō - Senior high school/Upper secondary school
186. Daigaku - University: Undergraduate
187. Gakushū juku (Japanese: 学習塾; see cram school) are private, fee-paying schools
that offer supplementary classes often in preparation for key school and university
entrance exams.
188. The yobikō (予備校) are privately-run schools marketed to students who are taking
examinations held each year in Japan from January to March to determine college
admissions (uglavnom za spremanje prijemnih)
189. “Bukatsu” is a very common term used by Japanese students meaning “club
activities”, and is used when talking about a school’s student-run extracurricular groups
and the culture surrounding them
190. In public elementary and junior high schools school lunch (kyuushoku) is provided
on a standardized menu, and is eaten in the classroom. That way, pupils and teachers get
to forge better relationships while eating together.
191. A bento (弁当, bentō) is a single-portion take-out or home-packed meal of Japanese
origin.
192. In Japan, senpai (先輩, "senior") and kōhai (後輩, "junior") represent an informal
hierarchical interpersonal relationship found in organizations, associations, clubs,
businesses, and schools.
193. The Japanese school uniform is modeled in appearance similar to that of the
European-style naval uniforms. It was first used in Japan in the late 19th century,
 replacing the traditional kimono.[1] Today, school uniforms are common in many of the
Japanese public and private school systems. The Japanese word for this type of uniform is
seifuku (制服).
194. Uwabaki (上履き) are a type of Japanese slippers worn indoors at home, school or
certain companies and public buildings where street shoes are prohibited.
195. kouchou sensei – The school's principal
196. Shiken - test
197. Gakki (School Semester)
198. Kokuban stands for blackboard in Japanese
199. A major part of the Japanese education system is based on "Juken". These are
entrance examinations which most students have to take for junior high, high school, and
University. If a student fails to pass the Juken, they become a "rounin"
200. Cultural festivals (文化祭, Bunkasai) in Japan are annual open day events held by
most schools, from nursery schools to universities at which their students display their
artistic achievements. (3. Novembar)
201. Yasumi - odmor
202. April 6 will be a short-time school day without Shigyo-shiki (opening ceremony of
new term).
203. In most of Japan’s elementary and secondary schools as well as universities and
colleges, the school year begins in April and concludes the following March. Thus, many
educational institutions have their sotsugyo-shiki (graduation ceremony) in March.
Sotsugyo-shiki is a solemn ceremony featuring conferment of diplomas, a congratulatory
speech from the principal, and greetings from representatives of the graduating students.
204. The report card is handed over to each and every child on the day of closing
ceremony by the homeroom teacher.It is called a lot of appellations, “Tsuuchihyou”,
“Tsushinhyou”, “Tsushinbo” or “Ayumi”, “Nobiyukukodomo”, “Kagayaki”. (kao
knjizice)
205. Some students wear a tenugui (bandanna) on their heads and before the actual
cleaning starts, they sit in silence for a couple of minutes to meditate and prepare their
minds and bodies, which is called, “mokuso”.
206. Likewise, elementary students also use their own uniform fashionable backpacks
called “randoseru”.
207. The class starts with the customary aisatsu (greetings) to the teacher and is followed
by his question if students know how to solve a problem he had previously put up on the
board.
208. Skolska godina im ide iz 3 dela. Uglavnom po 4 meseca.
209. Rules may vary in different cities. However, a curfew is imposed in Tokyo and
Yokohama – 10 PM. Children under 18 are not allowed to visit the cinema and slot
machines after 10 PM.
210. At the beginning and at the end of classes, a responsible student says kiritsu and
makes the other students stand up and bow to the teacher as a sign of respect.
211. Sometimes it is common for a student close to graduating to participate in part-time
jobs or jobs called baito.
212. Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba (鬼滅の刃, Kimetsu no Yaiba, lit. "Blade of
Demon Destruction"[4]) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by
Koyoharu Gotouge. It follows Tanjiro Kamado, a young boy who wants to become a
demon slayer after his family is slaughtered and his younger sister Nezuko is turned into
 a demon. As of February 2021, the manga had over 150 million copies in circulation. The
word "kimetsu" (鬼滅) seemed easy to understand, and although it is a made up word,
213. The film was released on 16 October 2020 in Japan, and received acclaim from
audiences and critics worldwide, with praise for character developments, action sequences,
emotional depth, and faithfulness to the series. It has grossed over US$459 million
worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film of 2020 as well as making it the first
Japanese film and first anime film to reach the milestone of US$400 million worldwide
box office proceeds. It also set multiple box office records, including the highest-grossing film
of all time in Japan, the highest-grossing R-rated animated film of all time, the
highest-grossing anime film and Japanese film of all time, and being the first
non-American film to top the yearly box office. Tanjiro, Nezuko, Zenitsu, and Inosuke board a
train
214. The worldwide box office total for Demon Slayer: Mugen Train is over US$459 million,[1]
overtaking Spirited Away's box office, which stands at US$395.58 million (¥47.03 billion)
based on upper estimates. Over 36.9 million tickets for Demon Slayer: Mugen Train have
been sold.
215. Collected chapters are usually republished in tankōbon volumes
216. Shōnen manga aimed at boys and shōjo manga aimed at girls.
217. Japan has manga cafés, or manga kissa (kissa is an abbreviation of kissaten).
218. Doujinshi are self-published Manga comics and fanzines launched outside the
mainstream market.
219. TEZUKA Osamu is the most famous manga artist in Japan.
220. Shigeru Miyamoto is a Japanese video game designer, producer and game director at
Nintendo. Shigeru Miyamoto remains internationally renowned as a "father of
videogaming" and is the only game developer so far to receive Japan's highest civilian
honor for artists, the 文化功労者 bunka kōrōsha or Person of Cultural Merit
221. AKB48 (pronounced A.K.B. Forty-Eight) are a Japanese idol group named after the
Akihabara (Akiba for short) area in Tokyo, where the group's theater is located. AKB48's
producer, Yasushi Akimoto, wanted to form a girl group with its own theater and performing
daily so fans could always see them live (which is not the case with usual pop groups giving
occasional concerts and seen on television).[2] This "idols you can meet" concept includes
teams[3] which can rotate performances and perform simultaneously at several events[4]
and "handshake" events, where fans can meet group members.[2] Akimoto has expanded
the AKB48 concept to several girl groups in China, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan,
Philippines, and Vietnam.
222. Nippon Budokan (日本武道館, Nippon Budōkan), often shortened to simply Budokan,
is an indoor arena located in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Budokan was originally built for the judo
competition in the 1964 Summer Olympics, hence its name, which translates in English as
Martial Arts Hall. Its primary purpose is to host martial arts contests and for a time was a
popular venue for Japanese professional wrestling. It has hosted numerous other sporting
events such as the 1967 Women's Volleyball World Championship and other events such as
musical concerts.
223. An idol (アイドル, aidoru) is a type of entertainer manufactured and marketed for image,
attractiveness, and personality in Japanese pop culture.
224. Arcade culture is a major influence among young Japanese, with Akihabara Electric
Town being a major nexus of so-called otaku culture in Japan, which overlaps with
 videogaming heavily. The Japanese role-playing game is a major game genre innovated
by Japan and remains popular both domestically and internationally, with titles like Final
Fantasy and Dragon Quest selling millions.
225. Otaku (Japanese: おたく, オタク, or ヲタク) is a Japanese term for people with consuming
interests, particularly in anime and manga. Otaku is derived from a Japanese term for
another person's house or family (お宅, otaku).
226. The word for "music" in Japanese is 音楽 (ongaku), combining the kanji 音 on (sound)
with the kanji 楽 gaku (enjoy)
227. Harajuku is known internationally as a center of Japanese youth culture and fashion.[2]
Shopping and dining options include many small, youth-oriented, independent boutiques and
cafés, but the neighborhood also attracts many larger international chain stores with
high-end luxury merchandisers extensively represented along Omotesando.
228. The word for "music" in Japanese is 音楽 (ongaku), combining the kanji 音 on (sound)
with the kanji 楽 gaku (enjoy)
229. Tokom Edo perioda je prvi put koriscen sto preko kog je navucena tkanina i sluzi za
zagrevanje. Kako se naziva taj sto? Kotatsu
230. 1603.godine je napravljen most i svi veliki putevi se tu spajaju - ime mosta je?
Nihonbashi
231. Edo period je dosao posle perioda ratovanja i smatra se periodom mira. Koliko je trajao
period mira? 250 godina
232. Prva osoba u video igricama, Mario brothers series kreator je? Miyamoto Shigeru
233. Jedan od tri japanska ujedinitelja je izvrsio seppuku kada su izvsili atentat na njega -
kako se zove? Oda Nobunaga
234. Sareni poster podeljen na 4 dela, ispred svakog delaje crno bela slika osobe (jedan je
Saigo Takamori). Poster je sa skorasnje reklamne kampanje i spojene su 4 prefecture da
promovisu turizam. Tu su nekada bila 4 domena u Tokugawa periodu. Od 4 dva su na
Kyushu - u. Navedi ime jednog? Satsuma (Hizen)
235. Pustena muzika iz Jojo’s Bizarre Adventures i pitanje kako se zove ova tema? Giorno’s
Theme
236. 90% populacije tokom Tokugawa perioda su bili ko? Seljaci
237. 1863.godine je formirana specijalna policijska jedinica. Kako se zove? Shinsengumi
238. Nakon zatvaranja Japan je nastavio da trguje sa koje dve drzave? Kina i Holandija