combination 6, the companion load, S, shall be taken as

either the flat roof snow load (pf ) or the sloped roof snow
load (ps).
Where fluid loads, F, are present, they shall be included with
the same load factor as dead load D in combinations 6 and 7.
Where loads, H, are present, they shall be included as follows:
1. Where the effect of H adds to the primary variable load
effect, include H with a load factor of 1.6.
2. Where the effect of H resists the primary variable load
effect, include H with a load factor of 0.9 where the load H
is permanent, or a load factor combination 6, the companion load, S, shall be taken as
either the flat roof snow load (pf ) or the sloped roof snow
load (ps).
Where fluid loads, F, are present, they shall be included with
the same load factor as dead load D in combinations 6 and 7.
Where loads, H, are present, they shall be included as follows:
1. Where the effect of H adds to the primary variable load
effect, include H with a load factor of 1.6.
2. Where the effect of H resists the primary variable load
effect, include H with a load factor of 0.9 where the load H
is permanent, or a load factor of 0 for all other conditions.
2.3.7 Alternative Method for Loads from Water in Soil This
section is permitted as an alternate for combining loads from soil
and water in soil to the requirements in Section 2.3.1. The
alternate is only permitted when using the loads defined in
Section 3.3. For the purposes of this section, replace Symbol
H from Section 2.2 with new symbols Heb and Hw as follows:
Heb = Load due to lateral earth pressure or pressure of bulk
materials, including the effect of buoyancy from ground
water pressure on the lateral pressure of earth or bulk
materials but otherwise excluding ground water pressure
Hw = Load due to ground water pressure in soil
Where loads Heb and Hw are present, they shall be included in
the basic load combinations of Section 2.3.1 as follows:
1. Where the effect of Heb adds to the principal load effect,
compute Heb based on the maximum ground water elevation
and include Heb with a load factor of 1.6.
2. Where the effect of Heb resists the principal load effect,
compute Heb based on the minimum ground water elevation,
and include Heb with a load factor of 0.9 where the
load Heb is permanent or a load factor of 0 for all other
conditions.
3. Where the effect of Hw adds to the principal load effect,
include Hw based on the maximum ground water
elevation with a load factor of 1.0.
4. Where the effect of Hw resists the principal load effect and
the soil is permanent, compute Hw based on the minimum
ground water elevation and include Hw with a load factor of
1.0, otherwise assign a load factor of 0.0 to Hw.
2.4 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR ALLOWABLE
STRESS DESIGN
2.4.1 Basic Combinations Loads listed herein shall be
considered to act in the following combinations; whichever
produces the most unfavorable effect on the building,
foundation, or structural member shall be considered. Effects
of one or more loads not acting shall be considered. Seismic load
effects shall be combined with other loads, in accordance with
Section 2.4.5. The most unfavorable effects from wind loads,
tornado loads, and earthquake loads shall be considered, where
appropriate, but they need not be assumed to act simultaneously.
Refer to Sections 1.4, 2.4.5, 12.4, and 12.14.3 for the specific
definition of the earthquake load effect, E.
Increases in allowable stress shall not be used with the loads or
load combinations given in this standard unless it can be
demonstrated that such an increase is justified by structural
behavior caused by rate or duration of load.
1a. D
2a. D þ L
3a. D þ ðLr or 0.7S or R)
4a. D þ 0.75L þ 0.75(Lr or 0.7S or R)
5a. D þ 0.6ðW or WTÞ
6a. Dþ0.75Lþ0.75ð0.6ðW or WTÞÞþ0.75ðLr or 0:7S or RÞ
7a. 0.6D þ 0.6ðW or WTÞ
EXCEPTIONS:
1. In combinations 4a and 6a, the companion load, S, shall be
taken as either the flat roof snow load (pf ) or the sloped roof
snow load (ps).
2. For nonbuilding structures in which the wind or tornado
load is determined from force coefficients, Cf , identified in
Figures 29.4-1, 29.4-2, and 29.4-3 and the projected
area contributing wind or tornado force to a foundation
element exceeds 1,000 ft2 (93 m2) on either a vertical or a
horizontal plane, it shall be permitted to replace (W or WT)
with 0.9 (W or WT) in combination 7a for designcombination 6, the companion load, S, shall be taken as
either the flat roof snow load (pf ) or the sloped roof snow
load (ps).
Where fluid loads, F, are present, they shall be included with
the same load factor as dead load D in combinations 6 and 7.
Where loads, H, are present, they shall be included as follows:
1. Where the effect of H adds to the primary variable load
effect, include H with a load factor of 1.6.
2. Where the effect of H resists the primary variable load
effect, include H with a load factor of 0.9 where the load H
is permanent, or a load factor of 0 for all other conditions.
2.3.7 Alternative Method for Loads from Water in Soil This
section is permitted as an alternate for combining loads from soil
and water in soil to the requirements in Section 2.3.1. The
alternate is only permitted when using the loads defined in
Section 3.3. For the purposes of this section, replace Symbol
H from Section 2.2 with new symbols Heb and Hw as follows:
Heb = Load due to lateral earth pressure or pressure of bulk
materials, including the effect of buoyancy from ground
water pressure on the lateral pressure of earth or bulk
materials but otherwise excluding ground water pressure
Hw = Load due to ground water pressure in soil
Where loads Heb and Hw are present, they shall be included in
the basic load combinations of Section 2.3.1 as follows:
1. Where the effect of Heb adds to the principal load effect,
compute Heb based on the maximum ground water elevation
and include Heb with a load factor of 1.6.
2. Where the effect of Heb resists the principal load effect,
compute Heb based on the minimum ground water elevation,
and include Heb with a load factor of 0.9 where the
load Heb is permanent or a load factor of 0 for all other
conditions.
3. Where the effect of Hw adds to the principal load effect,
include Hw based on the maximum ground water
elevation with a load factor of 1.0.
4. Where the effect of Hw resists the principal load effect and
the soil is permanent, compute Hw based on the minimum
ground water elevation and include Hw with a load factor of
1.0, otherwise assign a load faccombination 6, the companion load, S, shall be taken as
either the flat roof snow load (pf ) or the sloped roof snow
load (ps).
Where fluid loads, F, are present, they shall be included with
the same load factor as dead load D in combinations 6 and 7.
Where loads, H, are present, they shall be included as follows:
1. Where the effect of H adds to the primary variable load
effect, include H with a load factor of 1.6.
2. Where the effect of H resists the primary variable load
effect, include H with a load factor of 0.9 where the load H
is permanent, or a load factor of 0 for all other conditions.
2.3.7 Alternative Method for Loads from Water in Soil This
section is permitted as an alternate for combining loads from soil
and water in soil to the requirements in Section 2.3.1. The
alternate is only permitted when using the loads defined in
Section 3.3. For the purposes of this section, replace Symbol
H from Section 2.2 with new symbols Heb and Hw as follows:
Heb = Load due to lateral earth pressure or pressure of bulk
materials, including the effect of buoyancy from ground
water pressure on the lateral pressure of earth or bulk
materials but otherwise excluding ground water pressure
Hw = Load due to ground water pressure in soil
Where loads Heb and Hw are present, they shall be included in
the basic load combinations of Section 2.3.1 as follows:
1. Where the effect of Heb adds to the principal load effect,
compute Heb based on the maximum ground water elevation
and include Heb with a load factor of 1.6.
2. Where the effect of Heb resists the principal load effect,
compute Heb based on the minimum ground water elevation,
and include Heb with a load factor of 0.9 where the
load Heb is permanent or a load factor of 0 for all other
conditions.
3. Where the effect of Hw adds to the principal load effect,
include Hw based on the maximum ground water
elevation with a load factor of 1.0.
4. Where the effect of Hw resists the principal load effect and
the soil is permanent, compute Hw based on the minimum
ground water elevation and include Hw with a load factor of
1.0, otherwise assign a load factor of 0.0 to Hw.
2.4 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR ALLOWABLE
STRESS DESIGN
2.4.1 Basic Combinations Loads listed herein shall be
considered to act in the following combinations; whichever
produces the most unfavorable effect on the building,
foundation, or structural member shall be considered. Effects
of one or more loads not acting shall be considered. Seismic load
effects shall be combined with other loads, in accordance with
Section 2.4.5. The most unfavorable effects from wind loads,
tornado loads, and earthquake loads shall be considered, where
appropriate, but they need not be assumed to act simultaneously.
Refer to Sections 1.4, 2.4.5, 12.4, and 12.14.3 for the specific
definition of the earthquake load effect, E.
Increases in allowable stress shall not be used with the loads or
load combinations given in this standard unless it can be
demonstrated that such an increase is justified by structural
behavior caused by rate or duration of load.
1a. D
2a. D þ L
3a. D þ ðLr or 0.7S or R)
4a. D þ 0.75L þ 0.75(Lr or 0.7S or R)
5a. D þ 0.6ðW or WTÞ
6a. Dþ0.75Lþ0.75ð0.6ðW or WTÞÞþ0.75ðLr or 0:7S or RÞ
7a. 0.6D þ 0.6ðW or WTÞ
EXCEPTIONS:
1. In combinations 4a and 6a, the companion load, S, shall be
taken as either the flat roof snow load (pf ) or the sloped roof
snow load (ps).
2. For nonbuilding structures in which the wind or tornado
load is determined from force coefficients, Cf , identified in
Figures 29.4-1, 29.4-2, and 29.4-3 and the projected
area contributing wind or tornado force to a foundation
element exceeds 1,000 ft2 (93 m2) on either a vertical or a
horizontal plane, it shall be permitted to replace (W or WT)
with 0.9 (W or WT) in combination 7a for designcombination 6, the companion load, S, shall be taken as
either the flat roof snow load (pf ) or the sloped roof snow
load (ps).
Where fluid loads, F, are present, they shall be included with
the same load factor as dead load D in combinations 6 and 7.
Where loads, H, are present, they shall be included as follows:
1. Where the effect of H adds to the primary variable load
effect, include H with a load factor of 1.6.
2. Where the effect of H resists the primary variable load
effect, include H with a load factor of 0.9 where the load H
is permanent, or a load factor of 0 for all other conditions.
2.3.7 Alternative Method for Loads from Water in Soil This
section is permitted as an alternate for combining loads from soil
and water in soil to the requirements in Section 2.3.1. The
alternate is only permitted when using the loads defined in
Section 3.3. For the purposes of this section, replace Symbol
H from Section 2.2 with new symbols Heb and Hw as follows:
Heb = Load due to lateral earth pressure or pressure of bulk
materials, including the effect of buoyancy from ground
water pressure on the lateral pressure of earth or bulk
materials but otherwise excluding ground water pressure
Hw = Load due to ground water pressure in soil
Where loads Heb and Hw are present, they shall be included in
the basic load combinations of Section 2.3.1 as follows:
1. Where the effect of Heb adds to the principal load effect,
compute Heb based on the maximum ground water elevation
and include Heb with a load factor of 1.6.
2. Where the effect of Heb resists the principal load effect,
compute Heb based on the minimum ground water elevation,
and include Heb with a load factor of 0.9 where the
load Heb is permanent or a load factor of 0 for all other
conditions.
3. Where the effect of Hw adds to the principal load effect,
include Hw based on the maximum ground water
elevation with a load factor of 1.0.
4. Where the effect of Hw resists the principal load effect and
the soil is permanent, compute Hw based on the minimum
ground water elevation and include Hw with a load factor of
1.0, otherwise assign a load factor of 0.0 to Hw.
2.4 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR ALLOWABLE
STRESS DESIGN
2.4.1 Basic Combinations Loads listed herein shall be
considered to act in the following combinations; whichever
produces the most unfavorable effect on the building,
foundation, or structural member shall be considered. Effects
of one or more loads not acting shall be considered. Seismic load
effects shall be combined with other loads, in accordance with
Section 2.4.5. The most unfavorable effects from wind loads,
tornado loads, and earthquake loads shall be considered, where
appropriate, but they need not be assumed to act simultaneously.
Refer to Sections 1.4, 2.4.5, 12.4, and 12.14.3 for the specific
definition of the earthquake load effect, E.
Increases in allowable stress shall not be used with the loads or
load combinations given in this standard unless it can be
demonstrated that such an increase is justified by structural
behavior caused by rate or duration of load.
1a. D
2a. D þ L
3a. D þ ðLr or 0.7S or R)
4a. D þ 0.75L þ 0.75(Lr or 0.7S or R)
5a. D þ 0.6ðW or WTÞ
6a. Dþ0.75Lþ0.75ð0.6ðW or WTÞÞþ0.75ðLr or 0:7S or RÞ
7a. 0.6D þ 0.6ðW or WTÞ
EXCEPTIONS:
1. In combinations 4a and 6a, the companion load, S, shall be
taken as either the flat roof snow load (pf ) or the sloped roof
snow load (ps).
2. For nonbuilding structures in which the wind or tornado
load is determined from force coefficients, Cf , identified in
Figures 29.4-1, 29.4-2, and 29.4-3 and the projected
area contributing wind or tornado force to a foundation
element exceeds 1,000 ft2 (93 m2) on either a vertical or a
horizontal plane, it shall be permitted to replace (W or WT)
with 0.9 (W or WT) in combination 7a for designtor of 0.0 to Hw.
2.4 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR ALLOWABLE
STRESS DESIGN
2.4.1 Basic Combinations Loads listed herein shall be
considered to act in the following combinations; whichever
produces the most unfavorable effect on the building,
foundation, or structural member shall be considered. Effects
of one or more loads not acting shall be considered. Seismic load
effects shall be combined with other loads, in accordance with
Section 2.4.5. The most unfavorable effects from wind loads,
tornado loads, and earthquake loads shall be considered, where
appropriate, but they need not be assumed to act simultaneously.
Refer to Sections 1.4, 2.4.5, 12.4, and 12.14.3 for the specific
definition of the earthquake load effect, E.
Increases in allowable stress shall not be used with the loads or
load combinations given in this standard unless it can be
demonstrated that such an increase is justified by structural
behavior caused by rate or duration of load.
1a. D
2a. D þ L
3a. D þ ðLr or 0.7S or R)
4a. D þ 0.75L þ 0.75(Lr or 0.7S or R)
5a. D þ 0.6ðW or WTÞ
6a. Dþ0.75Lþ0.75ð0.6ðW or WTÞÞþ0.75ðLr or 0:7S or RÞ
7a. 0.6D þ 0.6ðW or WTÞ
EXCEPTIONS:
1. In combinations 4a and 6a, the companion load, S, shall be
taken as either the flat roof snow load (pf ) or the sloped roof
snow load (ps).
2. For nonbuilding structures in which the wind or tornado
load is determined from force coefficients, Cf , identified in
Figures 29.4-1, 29.4-2, and 29.4-3 and the projected
area contributing wind or tornado force to a foundation
element exceeds 1,000 ft2 (93 m2) on either a vertical or a
horizontal plane, it shall be permitted to replace (W or WT)
with 0.9 (W or WT) in combination 7a for designof 0 for all other conditions.
2.3.7 Alternative Method for Loads from Water in Soil This
section is permitted as an alternate for combining loads from soil
and water in soil to the requirements in Section 2.3.1. The
alternate is only permitted when using the loads defined in
Section 3.3. For the purposes of this section, replace Symbol
H from Section 2.2 with new symbols Heb and Hw as follows:
Heb = Load due to lateral earth pressure or pressure of bulk
materials, including the effect of buoyancy from ground
water pressure on the lateral pressure of earth or bulk
materials but otherwise excluding ground water pressure
Hw = Load due to ground water pressure in soil
Where loads Heb and Hw are present, they shall be included in
the basic load combinations of Section 2.3.1 as follows:
1. Where the effect of Heb adds to the principal load effect,
compute Heb based on the maximum ground water elevation
and include Heb with a load factor of 1.6.
2. Where the effect of Heb resists the principal load effect,
compute Heb based on the minimum ground water elevation,
and include Heb with a load factor of 0.9 where the
load Heb is permanent or a load factor of 0 for all other
conditions.
3. Where the effect of Hw adds to the principal load effect,
include Hw based on the maximum ground water
elevation with a load factor of 1.0.
4. Where the effect of Hw resists the principal load effect and
the soil is permanent, compute Hw based on the minimum
ground water elevation and include Hw with a load factor of
1.0, otherwise assign a load factor of 0.0 to Hw.
2.4 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR ALLOWABLE
STRESS DESIGN
2.4.1 Basic Combinations Loads listed herein shall be
considered to act in the following combinations; whichever
produces the most unfavorable effect on the building,
foundation, or structural member shall be considered. Effects
of one or more loads not acting shall be considered. Seismic load
effects shall be combined with other loads, in accordance with
Section 2.4.5. The most unfavorable effects from wind loads,
tornado loads, and earthquake loads shall be considered, where
appropriate, but they need not be assumed to act simultaneously.
Refer to Sections 1.4, 2.4.5, 12.4, and 12.14.3 for the specific
definition of the earthquake load effect, E.
Increases in allowable stress shall not be used with the loads or
load combinations given in this standard unless it can be
demonstrated that such an increase is justified by structural
behavior caused by rate or duration of load.
1a. D
2a. D þ L
3a. D þ ðLr or 0.7S or R)
4a. D þ 0.75L þ 0.75(Lr or 0.7S or R)
5a. D þ 0.6ðW or WTÞ
6a. Dþ0.75Lþ0.75ð0.6ðW or WTÞÞþ0.75ðLr or 0:7S or RÞ
7a. 0.6D þ 0.6ðW or WTÞ
EXCEPTIONS:
1. In combinations 4a and 6a, the companion load, S, shall be
taken as either the flat roof snow load (pf ) or the sloped roof
snow load (ps).
2. For nonbuilding structures in which the wind or tornado
load is determined from force coefficients, Cf , identified in
Figures 29.4-1, 29.4-2, and 29.4-3 and the projected
area contributing wind or tornado force to a foundation
element exceeds 1,000 ft2 (93 m2) on either a vertical or a
horizontal plane, it shall be permitted to replace (W or WT)
with 0.9 (W or WT) in combination 7a for design