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Vertical Distances
Vertical Distances
LEVELING
MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL DISTANCES
CE Department
DEFINITION OF LEVELING TERMS
DATUM – any convenient level surface to which
elevations of a particular area are referred.
SOURCES
OF ERROR b. Rod Not Standard Length
IN – inaccurate graduations and divisions on the rod
LEVELING – periodic comparison with a standardized steel
tape and necessary corrections applied to all
measurements made with the rod
c. Defective Tripod
– settling of the tripod legs
– set up the instrument in a firm and stable ground
a.Misreading of the Rod
– carefully note the correct markings on the rod
COMMON – rodman can confirm the readings with the
MISTAKES instrumentman
IN b. Incorrect Recording
LEVELING – recorder should always call out the readings as
he/she records them
– the recorder should always be aware of the
operation and record in the correct column readings
c. Erroneous Computation
– always perform the necessary
mathematical/arithmetic checks
COMMON
MISTAKES d. Rod Not Fully Extended
IN – always check if the sections are locked properly
LEVELING e. Moving Turning Points
– use stable and clearly defined turning points
– mark the position of the turning point
ADJUSTMENT
OF LEVEL
1. Adjustment of Cross Hairs
2. Adjustment of Level Vial
3. Adjustment of the Line of Sight
TWO-PEG TEST
In the two-peg test of a dumpy level, the following
observations is taken:
ADJUSTMENT ROD READING Instrument Set-up near A Instrument Set-up near B
OF LEVEL On Point A 1.505m 0.938m
On Point B 2.054m 1.449m
-Differential Leveling
-Double Rodded Leveling
-Three Wire Leveling
DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING
Method of direct leveling by a series of set ups of
the instrument along a general route and, for each
setup, a rod reading back to the point of known
elevation and forward to a point of unknown
elevation are taken
TERMS USED IN DIRECT LEVELING
• Bench Mark (BM) – a fixed point of reference whose elevation is either known
or assumed
• Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) – temporary bench marks set up by the surveyor
for his own use in a particular surveying project
• Turning Point (TP) – intervening point between two bench marks upon which
point foresight and backsight rod readings are taken to enable a leveling
operation to continue from a new instrument position.
• Backsight (BS) – reading taken on a rod held on a point of known or assumed
elevation.
• Foresight (FS) – reading taken on a rod held on a point whose elevation is to be
determined
• Backsight distance (BSD) – distance from the center of the instrument to the
rod on which a backsight is taken.
• Foresight distance (FSD) – distance from the center of the instrument to the
rod on which a foresight is taken.
Complete the differential level notes shown below and
perform the customary arithmetic check
STATION BS HI FS ELEV
BM1 1.256 127.153m
TP1 1.116 1.886
TP2 1.228 1.527
BM2 1.189 2.246
BM3 1.070 2.017
TP3 1.831 2.656
BM4 2.765
Prepare and complete the differential level notes for the information shown in the
accompanying illustration. Include the customary arithmetic check
The accompanying schematic arrangement of lines portray a differential route. The
values indicated represent backsight and foresight readings taken at different
points as labeled. Prepare and complete differential level notes for the information
shown and show the customary arithmetic check.
DOUBLE-RODDED Leveling