Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

MANGALDAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Mangaldan, Pangasinan
S.Y. 2021 – 2022
Senior High School Department
Humanities and Social Sciences
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Quarter 1 – Week 2
Lecture No. 4

MELC: Analyze the concept, aspects and changes in/of culture and society

Objectives:

1. To demonstrate an understanding of culture and society as anthropological and sociological

concepts.
2. To appreciate the nature of culture and society from the perspectives of anthropology and
sociology.

Introduction

Today, we are about to find the nature of culture and society from the perspectives of anthropology
and sociology. Ngunit bago ang anupaman, nais kong sagutin mo ang pretest na inihanda ko para sa
iyo.

Lesson Pre-test No. 1

Directions: Ilista ang mga kulturang isinasagawa mo at ng iyong pamilya.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Lesson Pre-test No. 2. Multiple Choice

Note: Isulat lang sa notebook ang kasagutan nyo. Hindi na kelangang isubmit ito.

Directions: Isulat sa blangko ang sagot (letter and answer) na tumutugma sa iyong napiling sagot.
1. _________________ is the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a
particular group of people at a particular time.
A. Tradition B. Customs C. Culture D. Religion
2. Falling in line a grocery store for payment of goods is a common _____________ practiced in
almost every society.
A. Habit B. Habit C. Folkways D. Norms
3. ___________________ is crucial to communication and thus to society’s culture.
A. Language B. Symbol C. Rituals D. Ideas
4. _________________ is a change that occurs overtime to the shared way of life of a group
A. Cultural Diffusion B. Assimilation C. Cultural Change D. Enculturation

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5. ____________________ describes the processes that increases the amount of specialization

and differentiation of structure in societies resulting in the move from an undeveloped society
to developed, technologically driven society.
A. Modernization B. Social Institutions C. Technology D. Population
6. Different cultures also have different ______________, or established procedures and
ceremonies that often mark transitions in their life course.
A. Rituals B. Language C. Norms D. Symbol
7. One of the major origins of culture is through ______________________ which is the
spreading of culture from one place, one population, one society to another.
A. Socialization B. Cultural AssimilationC. Cultural Diffusion D. Enculturation
8. __________________ refers to a group of people who live in a definable community and
share the same culture.
A. Society B. Institutions C. Organization D. Government
9. __________________ is a foundation of culture beginning with basic language and social
skills that provide the tools to discover and use knowledge.
A. School B. Education C. Religion D. Economics
10. The process of exchange and integration that occurs between nations.
A. Globalizations B. Trades C. Tarrifs D. Invention

Were you able to complete the list in pre-test no. 1? Habang nagpapatuloy tayo sa ating discussion,
magagawa mong masuri at maiugnay ang mga kultura na isinulat mo sa ating key concepts para sa
ngayon.

Culture, according to Merriam Webster Dictionary, is the customary beliefs, social forms, and
material traits of a racial, religious, or social group. In simple words, ang Kultura ay isang paraan ng
pamumuhay or “way of life.” It involves the general customs and beliefs (mga tradisyon o
paniniwala) of a particular group of people at a particular time.

Mayroong 5 elements of Culture o Kultura:

 The first one is symbol. Ang bawat kultura ay puno ng mga simbolo o mga bagay na may
espesyal na kahulugan at madalas na pumupukaw ng iba`t ibang reaksyon at emosyon. There
are two types of symbols: the nonverbal communication symbol and the tangible objects.
Hand shaking is one of the most common nonverbal
communication symbol, done in most societies but not in others.
Karaniwan itong nagpapahiwatig ng pagkakaibigan at ginagamit
bilang isang tanda ng pagbati o pag-alis. All societies have nonverbal
https://images.app.goo.gl/
symbols we call gestures, the body movements that are meant to
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convey ideas or emotions.

Sa ating bansa, ang Philippine national flag ay hindi lamang

https://images.app.goo.gl/
saRJajkpM9TyXk4U9
ordinaryong piraso ng makulay na tela, ito ay isang halimbawa ng
tangible object as a symbol. It is the nation’s tangible symbol for
freedom. It symbolizes patriotism, sense of nationhood, and love for
country. It also embodies the aspirations and sentiments of the
Filipino people in their unending pursuit for independence.
Sumasalamin din dito ang mga mithiin at damdamin ng
sambayanang Pilipino sa kanilang walang humpay na hangarin para
sa kalayaan.

 The second one is language. Language is crucial to communication and thus to society’s
culture. Children learn language from their culture just as they learn about gestures, and other

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 Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

important things. Humans have a capacity for language that no other animal species possess.
Ang mga bata ay natututo ng wika mula sa kanilang kultura at iba pang mahahalagang bagay.
Ang ating kakayahan para sa wika ay isang rason kung bakit kumplikado ang ating mga
kultura.

 Ang pangatlong elemento ng Kultura ay ang norms. Cultures differ widely in their norms, or
standards and expectations for behaving. Cultures differ widely in their norms, or standards
and expectations for behaving.

Ang pagpila sa mga cashier registers ay isang pangkaraniwang

norm na ginagawa ng halos lahat ng societies. Walang anumang
batas na nagsasabing kailangang pumila tuwing magbabayad sa
isang grocery, but since it is considered the right thing to do by the
society, it is being practiced.

https://images.app.goo.gl/
dHB6YuGXS28rc5Ur9

 Values are another important element of culture and involve judgments of what is good or bad
and desirable or undesirable. A culture’s values shape its norms.

 The last one are the Rituals. Different cultures also have different rituals, or established
procedures and ceremonies that often mark transitions in their life course. Dahil dito, ang mga
ritwal ay sumasalamin at nagpapadala ng mga pamantayan ng isang kultura at iba pang mga
elemento mula sa isang henerasyon hanggang sa kasalukuyan.

The T’boli ritual dance is practiced to appease the gods; ask for
good harvest; obtain deliverance from plagues; celebrate victories,
and affirm social unity and identity.

https://images.app.goo.gl/
qfdiv2b6JFQAnU9b8

Sa kabila ng mga halimbawang nakasaad sa itaas, ang kultura sa iba`t ibang bahagi ng mundo ay
palaging nagbabago. Culture change is a change that occurs overtime to the shared way of life of a
group. Lumilitaw ito sa mga karanasan ng isang lipunan, tradisyonal na kultura, o subculture. The
following are examples of culture change:

1. Invention. Ang mga imbensyon ay maaaring humubog ng isang kultura kapag mas
ginagamit na ng mga tao ang bagong imbensyon sa pagsasagawa ng mga araw-araw na
aktibidad o gawain, o bilang isang paraan upang magsagawa ng mga bagong uri ng mga
aktibidad. Their adoption reflects (and may shape) cultural values, and their use may
require new norms for new situations. For example, the internet allows people to
connect to social groups and media that represents a particular worldview. This can
result in tribalism whereby people no longer see themselves as part of a greater society.

2. Economy. Mga sistema at kundisyong pang-ekonomiya. A nation that has a growing middle
class may experience an enrichment of culture as people have the economic security to pursue
happiness. Halimbawa, ang isang bansa na may malaking porsyento ng middle class ay
karaniwang maraming miyembro na may natural na talento na nais kumuha ng mga creative
career sa larangan ng arkitektura, disenyo, musika, sining, panitikan at entertainment.

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3. Globalization. The process of exchange and integration that occurs between nations. Ang
globalisasyon ng kultura ay ang nagaganap na exchange ng mga paniniwala at tradisyon ng
kultura ng iba`t ibang mga bansa. Posible ito dahil sa imbesyon ng internet, kung saan ang
mga tao ay maaaring makipag-ugnayan sa ibang tao mula sa iba’t-ibang parte ng mundo. Ito
ay ang convergence of traditions. This is a long term process that has been underway for
centuries but has accelerated due to advancements in communication, transportation, peace
and cooperation.

4. War and Disaster. Conflict and disaster that destabilize a society. This may result in an
abandonment of cultural pursuits as people focus on survival and security.

5. Rights and Freedom. Ang isang bansa na nagbibigay ng mga karapatan at kalayaan sa mga
tao ay maaaring tumulong sa pag-unlad ng kultura, samantalang ang pang-aapi o oppression
ay maaaring makasira ng kultura. For example, freedom of speech whereby people aren't
penalized for voicing unpopular ideas allows for brave literature and art.

6. Education. Education is a foundation of culture beginning with basic language and social
skills that provide the tools to discover and use knowledge. An education system that fails
students can result in a cultural decline whereby communities have little sense of history,
tradition, norms, shared experience, civility, art, literature and celebration.

7. Environment. Environmental change impacts culture. For example, a city with low air quality
such that people avoid the outdoors or an island where people have stopped going to the
beach due to ocean plastic that causes beaches to resemble a garbage dump.

8. Ideas. The emergence and diffusion of new ideas. This may be a process of survival of the
fittest whereby good ideas survive over time and bad ideas are eventually overcome.
Cultural Diffusion

Anthropologists have long known that one of the major origins of culture is diffusion, the spreading
of culture from one place, one population, one society to another. Since the beginning of mankind,
every culture developed and evolved through both internal innovation and borrowing from outsiders.
This is not debated; it is a fact of human history. It can easily be illustrated by well-known historical
examples.

Examples:
 The languages we know as Spanish and French are classed together as Romance languages,
because they were adopted and adapted from the Latin of the Romans who conquered the tribes of
what is now Spain and France. What we know now as English, is a result of the mixing of
Germanic Anglo-Saxon and Norman French.
 Religions are not all local inventions, but often are borrowed. Christianity was born in ancient
Israel, and originally seen as another form of Judaism, which is not surprising, because Jesus and
his followers were all Jews, and the basic ideas of one God and a messiah were integral parts of
Judaism. Islam adopted Jewish monotheism and the entire list of Jewish prophets, plus Jesus and
Mary, all of whom are claimed to be Muslims, as well as many Jewish customs such as
circumcision and the ban on pork. Christianity and Islam have been adopted in many parts of the
world.

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Now that we have discussed the interrelations of culture to anthropology and sociology, we can now
move on to understanding the nature of society through the concepts of anthropology and sociology.

SOCIETY

In sociological terms, society refers to a group of people who live in a definable community and share
the same culture. Ang lipunan ay binubuo ng mga tao at mga institusyong nakapaligid sa atin, ating
pinaghahati-hatian na paniniwala, at ating kultural na mga ideya. Typically, more-advanced societies
also share a political authority.

Sociologist Gerhard Lenski (1924) defined societies in terms of their

technological sophistication. As a society advances, so does its use of
technology. Societies with rudimentary technology depend on the
fluctuations of their environments, while industrialized societies have more
control over the impact of their surroundings and thus develop different
cultural features. This distinction is so important that sociologists generally
classify societies along a spectrum of their level of industrialization—from
preindustrial to industrial to postindustrial which we will later discuss in the
succeeding lectures.
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Ang mga pagbabago sa teknolohiya, mga institusyong panlipunan, populasyon, at kapaligiran ay
lumilikha ng pagbabago sa kabuuang lipunan. Below, we will discuss how these act as agents of
social change, and we’ll examine real-world examples. We will focus on four agents of social change
that social scientists recognize: technology, social institutions, population, and the environment.

1. Technology. Some would say that improving technology has made our lives easier. Imagine
what your day would be like without the Internet, the automobile, or electricity. In The World
Is Flat, Thomas Friedman (2005) argues that technology is a driving force behind
globalization, while the other forces of social change (social institutions, population,
environment) play comparatively minor roles. We can consider that technology can create
change in the other three forces social scientists link to social change. Advances in medical
technology allow otherwise infertile women to bear children, which indirectly leads to an
increase in population. Advances in agricultural technology have allowed us to genetically
alter and patent food products, which changes our environment in innumerable ways. From
the way we educate children in the classroom to the way we grow the food we eat, technology
has impacted all aspects of modern life.

2. Social Institutions. Each change in a single social institution leads to changes in all social
institutions. For example, the industrialization of society meant that there was no longer a
need for large families to produce enough manual labor to run a farm. Further, new job
opportunities were in close proximity to urban centers where living space was at a premium.
The result is that the average family size shrunk significantly.

3. Population. Population composition is changing at every level of society. Births increase in

one nation and decrease in another. Some families delay childbirth while others start bringing
children into their folds early. Population changes can be due to random external forces, like
an epidemic, or shifts in other social institutions, as described above. But regardless of why
and how it happens, population trends have a tremendous interrelated impact on all other
aspects of society.

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4. Environment. Turning to human ecology, we know that individuals and the environment
affect each other. As human populations move into more vulnerable areas, we see an increase
in the number of people affected by natural disasters, and we see that human interaction with
the environment increases the impact of those disasters. Part of this is simply the numbers: the
more people there are on the planet, the more likely it is that some will be affected by a
natural disaster.

5. Modernization. Modernization describes the processes that increase the amount of

specialization and differentiation of structure in societies resulting in the move from an
undeveloped society to developed, technologically driven society (Irwin 1975). By this
definition, the level of modernity within a society is judged by the sophistication of its
technology, particularly as it relates to infrastructure, industry, and the like.
At this point, you are hereby requested to look on the activity that I have prepared for you. It’s an
assessment to evaluate and further deepen your understanding regarding today’s lesson.

References:

https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/3-2-the-elements-of-culture/
https://simplicable.com/new/culture-change
https://fcpp.org/2017/08/24/cultural-diffusion-and-cultural-appropriation/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/types-of-societies/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/social-change/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/culturalanthropology/chapter/cultural-relativism/
https://pressbooks.howardcc.edu/soci101/chapter/3-2-the-elements-of-culture/#:~:text=The%20major
%20elements%20of%20culture,norms%2C%20values%2C%20and%20artifacts.

Prepared by:

Manuel G. Jimenez
SHS Teacher II – HumSS

Pre-Test I – answer/s may vary

Pre-Test II

1. A - Tradition
2. D - Norms
3. A - Language
4. C - Cultural change
5. A - Modernization
6. A - Rituals
7. B – Cultural diffusion
8. A - Society
9. C - Education
10. A - Globalizations

MANGALDAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

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 Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

Mangaldan, Pangasinan
S.Y. 2021 – 2022

Senior High School Department

Humanities and Social Sciences

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Name: _________________________________________ Section: _____________________

Name of Teacher: ________________________________ Date of Submission: ___________
Work Sheet 2 Score: _________ HPS: 25

PART I: The New Normal (10 points)

Directions: Below are the reasons for cultural change. Elaborate the reasons and think of situations
that could be associated to the said reasons. Pumili lamang ng 2 sa napili mong cultural change. (5 pts
bawat isa – 2 points for the reason and 3 points for the situation).

Reasons Situation
Invention

Economy

Globalization

War and Disaster

Rights and Freedom

Education

Environment

Ideas

PART II: The New Society (10 pts)

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Directions: Below are the reasons for changes in society. Elaborate the reasons and think of
situations that could be associated to the said reasons. Pumili lamang ng 2 sa napili mong changes in
the society. (5 pts bawat isa – 2 points for the reason and 3 points for the situation).

Reasons Situation
Technology

Social Institutions

Population

Environment

Modernization

PART III: Ang Hiwaga ng Covid-19 (5 pts)

Tanong: Masasabi mo ba na ang kasalukuyang pandemyang dala ng Covid – 19 ay mailalagay sa

kategorya ng cultural change? From the 5 elements of culture, what do you thinks is mostly affected
by the pandemic. Give example. (3-5 sentences only)

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