9/10/2021

I. INTEGUMANTARY SYSTEM
 Integument is the
outer protective
covering of the
body
 continuous at the
natural openings
with the mucus
surfaces of the
digestive,
respiratory and
urogenital tracts.

I. INTEGUMANTARY SYSTEM
 It consists of the skin,
hair, hooves and claws,
horns, feather and other
epidermal derivatives
 Associated with the
common integument
are sweat and
sebaceous glands and
numerous sensory nerve
endings.

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I. INTEGUMANTARY SYSTEM

 Functions of Integument

a. As a protective envelope
b. As secretory and excretory organ
c. As a sense organ
d. As temperature regulating device
e. As a respiratory structure

Skin

 It is the largest
organ of the body.
 It is tough, resilient
and highly elastic.
 It is attached to the
underlying structure
by the
subcutaneous
tissue.
 This consists mainly
of fascia and fatty
tissue.

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Layers of the Skin

a. Epidermis - an avascular superficial layer,
which is subdivided into:
-corneum (a hard, dead, cornified external
layer of the skin) and deeper germinativum
(deeper stratum, moist and contains
pigment of the skin).

b. Corium. It is the deep skin layer and

consists of superficial feltwork of white and
elastic fibers.

Layers of the Skin

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Appendages of the Skin

a. Hair - covers almost the

entire surface of the
body. Special hairs
include: tactile hairs
around the nose and
lips, eyelashes, vibrissae
in the nostril and tragic
in the ears.

Appendages of the Skin

b. Hoof or claw - It is the

horny covering of the
distal end of the digit.
c. Chestnut - horny mass
found in the medial
aspect of the forearm
about halfway between
the carpus and the
elbow, and on the
medial aspect of the
hindleg just below the
hock of the horse.

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Appendages of the Skin

d. Ergot - A horny mass

found in all four legs,
embedded in the hair on
the posterior aspect of
the fetlock joint.
e. Horns - epidermal
derivatives bound
together into a solid
mass by keratin. It is
supported for a variable
distance by the horn
core or process cornus.

Appendages of the Skin

Horn Antler

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Appendages of the Skin

f. Beak - Projecting
mouthpart of the
chicken consisting of the
upper and lower beak.

g. Bill - Projecting
mouthpart of water fowl
consisting of the upper
and lower bill.

Appendages of the Skin

h. Muzzle - Projecting part

of the animal head
including the mouth, jaw
and nostril.

i. Snout - Projecting
mouthpart of swine.

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Appendages of the Skin

j. Wattle - Fleshy lobe

appendage hanging
down from the throat or
chin.

k. Wool - Coat covering of

sheep.

l. Feather - Body covering

of poultry species.

Glands of the Skin

a. Sweat gland
(Sudoriferous gland)
-secrete watery fluid
containing various salts
and waste products
of metabolism
-serve as organ of
excretion and
temperature regulation

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Glands of the Skin

b. Sebaceous gland
-furnish an oily
secretion (sebum)
for lubrication of
the skin and hair

Glands of the Skin

b. Sebaceous gland
(contin..)

-modified
sebaceous
glands: scent or
musk gland found
in the anal region
( mink, civet cat)
and around the
hock (deer)

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Glands of the Skin

b. Sebaceous glands
(contin..)

-also the
meibomian or tarsal
gland in the eyelids
to prevent overflow
of tears

Glands of the Skin

b. Sebaceous glands
(contin..)

-specialized
sebaceous glands:

• Infraorbital gland
(sheep)
• Interdigital gland
(sheep)
• Inguinal gland
(sheep)
• Horn gland (goat)
• Carpal gland (pig)

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II. SKELETAL SYSTEM

 The basic
components of
skeleton are bones
and cartilages

 In adult
mammalian
skeleton, bone is
by far the largest
component and
served as the
framework of the
body

II. SKELETAL SYSTEM

 Functions of skeleton

a. Protects vital organs

b. Gives rigidity and form to the body
c. Acts as levers
d. Storage of minerals
e. Site of blood formation

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Classification of bones
according to gross
appearance

a. Long bone – relatively cylindrical shaft and two

extremities; functions as levers and aid in
support, locomotion
Example: humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula

b. Short bone – somewhat cuboidal or

approximately equal in all dimensions; no
marrow cavity; absorbs shock
Example: carpus and tarsus

c. Flat bone – relatively thin and expanded

in two dimensions; protects the vital
organs and muscle attachment
Example: scapula, pelvic bone
d. Sesamoid bone - developed among the
course of tendons to reduce friction or
change the course of tendon
Example: patella
e. Irregular bone – unpaired bones on the
median plane; for protection, support
and muscle attachment
Example: vertebrae

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V e r t e b r a e

Hip bone

Femur
Scapula

Patella Humerus

Tibia Ulna Radius

Tarsus Carpus

Divisions of body skeleton

a. Appendicular skeleton – consists of the

bones of the limbs

1) Forelimb
Shoulder – scapula
Arm – humerus
Forearm – radius and ulna
Wrist (knee) – carpals
Manus (forefoot) – metacarpals and
phalanges

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2) Hindlimb

Hip – (ilium, ischium and pubis)

Thigh – femur
Kneecap – patella
Leg/shank – tibia and fibula
Hock (ankle) - tarsals
Pes (hindfoot) metatarsals and phalanges

Appendicular skeleton

Hip bone

Femur
Scapula
Patella
Humerus
Tibia
Ulna Radius
Tarsus
Carpus

Metatarsal Metacarpal

Phalanges

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Divisions of body skeleton

b. Axial skeleton
1) Skull
2) Vertebrae
 cervical (neck)
 thoracic (chest)
 lumbar (waist)
 sacral (rump)
 caudal/coccygeal (tail)
3) Ribs

V e r t e b r a e Skull

Ribs

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Divisions of body skeleton

c) Visceral skeleton –
consists of such bones
as maybe developed
in the soft tissue of
certain organs or parts

1) os rostri (snout of
pig)
2) os cordis (heart of
catle)
3) os penis (penis of
dog)

III. MUSCULAR SYSTEM

 Prominent and extensive anatomical
feature of the body
 Cells are
elongated
 Has the ability to
contract
 Described
according to
appearance
and function

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III. MUSCULAR SYSTEM

 Functions of muscle

a. pumping of blood around the body

b. movement of extremities
c. for respiration
d. movement of nutrient material along the
gastrointestinal tract
e. transport of urine from the kidneys to the
urinary bladder, and emptying of the
bladder

Three major types of muscle

1. Skeletal muscle
 long, unbranched, multinucleated fibers
 Has dark bands or “striations”
 attached by tendons to the skeleton
 voluntary

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Three major types of muscle

2. Cardiac muscle
 found in the heart
 Striations are fainter than
skeletal muscle

Three major types of muscle

3. Smooth muscle
 Non-striated,
involuntary
 No skeletal
attachment
Spindle-shaped with centrally located
nucleus
Wall of GI and urogenital tract, blood
vessels and around the respiratory tract

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