Name ; AFAQ AHMAD

Class No,# 07
Semester; 4th
Department; Zoology
Assignment; English
Topics; • Modal Verbs
• Conditional sentences
• Narration
• CV
Submitted to:
PROF.SIR WAJIH ULLAH SAHAB

Written By; Afaq Ahmad

#1
MODAL VERBS
Modals are a type of auxiliary verb, or helping verb, that
provide more information about another verb. In
particular, modals are used to indicate ability, necessity,
possibility,and permission. There are eight of modal verbs: can,
could, should, will, would, may, might, and must.
Here is a list of modal verbs, with some of their most common
meanings and examples:
Modal Meaning Example
can to express ability I can juggle.

Could to express possibility We could give that a try.

Should to give advice You should ask your professor.

Would to request Would you read my manuscript?

Would to offer Would you like fries with that?

Would in conditional sentences

i.e: I would wait, if I were you.

May to express possibility It may arrive tomorrow.

May to request permission May I start eating?

Might to express possibility This might be the best book

of the year.

Must to express obligation You simply must join us.

#2
Must to express strong belief It must have been ten years ago.

Here are the modal verbs arranged by their functions and

strength of meaning. As you’ll see, the same word can have
different levels of strength depending on its function:

Forms
• Modal verbs do not have infinitives or participle (–ing forms)
to can/ caning. to must /musting
Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without to (bare
infinitive)

She must study. (strong obligation)

We should have gone the other way. (recommendation)
He could play football in his youth. (ability in the past)

•Modal verbs do not have all the tenses

Modal verbs use other verbs to complete the tenses.
Such as;
Can is completed with be able to
Must is completed with have to
i.e;7
They can play the piano.
They will be able to play the piano in the future.
You must come early
• They can have more than one meaning depending on the
situations
1. Single Concept Modal: They have one meaning.
2. Double Concept Modal: They have two meanings.
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Conditional sentences have two parts or clauses that give a condition in
the dependent clause and a result in the independent clause. The
condition clause usually contains an if statement. There are several
different forms of conditional sentences that allow the writer to express
various meanings using different tenses.
• Condition (if) clause + result clause

• ZERO CONDITIONAL
The zelllro conditional uses the present tense in both clauses and is used to talk
about something that is always or generally true. The present tense signifies that
these actions are both possible and typical.
Form: If + simple present, simple present
Example 1: If it rains, I take an umbrella with me to work.
Example 2: If I wake up early, I always read in bed.
Example 3: If I touch an ice cube, it feels cold.
• FIRST CONDITIONAL
The first conditional uses the present tense in the if clause and the future tense in the
result clause. This form is
used to talk about something that is a probable future result of a condition.
Form: If + simple present, will + base verb
Example 1: If I see you later, I will say hello.
Example 2: If I don’t see you later, I won’t be able to say hello.
Example 3: If I win the lottery, I will go to Paris.
• SECOND CONDITIONAL
The second conditional uses the past tense in the if clause and a modal and base verb
in the result clause. This form is used to talk about a hypothetical situation that
cannot happen or is unlikely to happen.
Form: If + simple past, modal + base verb
Example 1: If I had a million dollars, I would buy a large vacation home.
Example 2: If I were you, I wouldn’t wait to study for the test.
Example 3: If I were Prime Minister, I would do a great job
Note: The condition and the result are not taking place in the past, but the past tense
is used to indicate the unreal nature of the situation.

•THIRD CONDITIONAL
The third conditional uses the past perfect in the if clause and a modal and present
perfect in the result clause.This form is used to talk about a hypothetical situation in
the past that did not happen – typically with an outcome that did not happen and is
perhaps the opposite of what did happen.
Form: If + past perfect, modal + present perfect
Example 1: If it had rained last week, the plants would not have died.
Example 2: If I had finished college, I would have become a doctor.
Example 3: If I had won the lottery, I would have gone to Paris.
•MIXED CONDITIONAL
Mixed conditionals combine the second and third conditionals to present both an
unreal condition either in the
past or the present and an unreal result either in the past or the present.
The first form presents an unreal condition in the past that changes an unreal
outcome in the present (the past
changes the present).
Form 1: If + past perfect, modal + base
Example 1: If I had finished college, I would be a doctor now.
Example 2: If it had rained last week, the plants would be alive now.
The second form presents an unreal condition in the present that changes an unreal
outcome in the past (the
present changes the past).
Form 2: If + simple past, would/could + present perfect
Example 1: If I spoke louder, you would have heard me before.
Example 2: If you were nicer, you could have had more friends when you were
younger.
 CURRICULUM VITAE
A CV, which stands for curriculum vitae, is a document used when applying
for jobs. It allows you to summarise your education, skills and experience
enabling you to successfully sell your abilities to potential employers .

Some basic points

• Your CV must be well organized and easy to read.
• Choose an effective format and be consistent.
• Use bolds, italics, underlines, and capitalization to draw attention.
• List all relevant items in reverse chronological order in each section.
• Strategically place the most important information near the top and/or
left side of the page.

– In general, place the name of the position, title, award, or institution on

the left side of the page and associated dates on the right.
• Use a footer with page numbers and your last name, in case pages get
separated.

❖ Formatting of CV
• Format can vary by field, so also seek disciplinary-specific advice from
advisers, professors, and others within your field.
• There are no length restrictions for CVs.

Major parts of CV
💧 Title
At the start of CV title is written as “Curriculum vitae “. You
can write your name instead of curriculum curriculum vitae
with attractive colour and fonts.
 💧 Permanent address
This section consist of permanent postal address,
phone number , Email address.
The phone number and Email address should be chosen that sound
professional.

💧 Objectives / Personal statement

A personal statement is a concise paragraph or summary, which
details what you can bring to a job or company. It's also known as an
opening statement or executive summary.
The personal profile is essentially a snapshot about you that
should excite and entice the employer to want to pay closer
attention to your CV.
In terms of length, a CV personal profile should be no longer.
Aim for a few short sentences, four or five should do the job.

If you're struggling with what to write, break your personal

statement down into three parts. Focus on:

• who you are

• what you can offer

• your career aims

💧 Personal informations
This part includes personal information such as Full name, father’s
name, DoB, domicile, nationality, NIC Number, religion,
💧 Academic Qualifications
This section is a chronological report of your education, and should list
all elementary and secondary schools attended, during what years
and to what grade. University education should follow, with dates and
places where degrees were obtained.
It ma be written in ascending or descending order.

💧 Experience
List your work experience in reverse date order, making sure that
anything you mention is relevant to the job you're applying for.Include
your job title, the name of the company, how long you were with the
organisation and key responsibilities.

💧 Skills and achievements

This is where you talk about the foreign languages you speak and
the IT packages you can competently use. The key skills that you list
should be relevant to the job. Don't exaggerate your abilities, as you'll
need to back up your claims at interview. If you've got lots of job-
specific skills you should do a skills-based CV.

💧 Reference(s) / Refree (s)

Always obtain consent before using anyone's name as a referee.
List name, professional status, address and telephone number of each,
including postal codes and telephone area codes. Referees should
ideally be people in positions of authority who can comment
knowledgeably on your work, e.g. chiefs of staff, chiefs of service,
professors, deans of medicine, and people for whom you have worked
positions of authority who can comment knowledgeably on your work,
e.g. chiefs of staff, chiefs of service, professors, deans of medicine, and
people for whom you have worked.
⭐🌟⭐🌟⭐🌟⭐🌟⭐🌟⭐

⭐ NARRATION
📜Introduction
There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken
by a person to other person.
Direct speech
We may quote the actual words of the speaker. This method is called
Direct Speech.
Direct speech’s sentence consists of two parts .One is reporting
speech and the other is reported speech.
Reporting speech is a sentence which quotes the n
Indirect speech
We may report what he said without quoting his exact words.
This method is called Indirect Speech or Reported Speech.
For Example:
They said,“we are going to cinema” (Direct speech)
They said that they were going to cinema. (Indirect speech)
STRUCTURE

It will be seen that in Direct Speech.

(I)The exact words of the speaker have been used.
(ii) The wordy quoted have been put within Quotation
Marks or Inverted Commas.
(iii) The first letter of the quotation begins with a capital
letter.
(iv) There is always a comma of a colon after 'said' that
introduces the spoken words.
In Indirect Speech, the speech that is reported is not put
within inverted commas and does not begin with a capital
letter
(i) That has been placed before the Indirect Speech.
Rules For The Change of Pronouns
Pronouns of the First Person in the Reported Speech are changed
in indirect Speech to the same person as the subject of the
ReportingVerb.
Examples
Direct-- He says to me,“I am tired."
Indirect-- He tells me that he is tired.
Direct-- He said to me,“I am faithful.
Indirect-- He told me that he was faithful.
Pronouns of the Second Person in the reported speech are changed
in Indirect to the same person of reporting speech.
Examples
Direct speech: She said to him, “you are intelligent”
Indirect speech: She said to him that he was intelligent.
Direct speech: He said to me, “you are late for the party”
Indirect speech: He said to me that I was late for the party.
Pronouns of the Third Person in the Reported Speech
remain unchanged in Indirect Speech.
Examples
Direct speech: They said, “He will come”
Indirect speech: They said that he would come.
Direct speech: You said, “They are waiting for the bus”
Indirect speech: You said that they were waiting for the
bus.

RULES FOR CHANGING DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT

PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE
DIRECT: He said, “I write a letter”
INDIRECT: He said that he wrote a letter.

DIRECT: She said, “He goes to school daily”

INDIRECT: She said that he went to school daily.

DIRECT: They said, “We love our country”

INDIRECT: said that they loved their country.

DIRECT: He said, “He does not like computer”

INDIRECT: He said that he did not like computer.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST CONTINUOUS

DIRECT: He said, “He is listening to the music”
INDIRECT:He said that he was listening to the music.

DIRECT: She said, “I am washing my clothes”

INDIRECT:She said that she was washing her clothes.

DIRECT: They said, “We are enjoying the weather”

INDIRECT: They said that they were enjoying the weather.

DIRECT: She said, “I am not laughing”

INDIRECT: She said that she was not laughing.
PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT
DIRECT: She said, “He has finished his work”
INDIRECT: She said that he had finished his work.

DIRECT:He said, “I have started a job”

INDIRECT: He said that he had started a job.

DIRECT:I said, “She have eaten the meal”

INDIRECT: I said that she had eaten the meal.

DIRECT: They said, “We have not gone to New York.

INDIRECT: They said that they had not gone to New York.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST

PERFECT CONTINUOUS
DIRECT: He said, “I have been studying since 3 O’clock”
INDIRECT:He said that he had been studying since 3 O’clock.

DIRECT: She said, “It has been raining for three days.”
INDIRECT:She said that it had been raining for three days.

DIRECT: I said, “She has been working in this office since 2007”
INDIRECT: I said that she had been working in this office since 2007.
PAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT
DIRECT: He said to me, “You answered correctly”
INDIRECT: He said to me that I had answered correctly.

DIRECT: John said, “They went to cinema”

INDIRECT: John said that they had gone to cinema.
DIRECT: He said, “I made a table”
INDIRECT: He said that he had made a table.

DIRECT: She said, “I didn’t buy a car”

INDIRECT: She said that she had not bought a car.
 PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
DIRECT: They said, “We were enjoying the weather”
INDIRECT: They said that they had been enjoying the weather.

DIRECT: He said to me, “ I was waiting for you”

INDIRECT: He said to me that he had been waiting for me.

DIRECT: I said, “It was raining”

INDIRECT: I said that it had been raining.

DIRECT: She said, “I was not laughing”

INDIRECT: She said that she had not been laughing.

PAST PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT

(tense does not change)

DIRECT: She said, “She had visited a doctor”

INDIRECT: She said that she had visited a doctor.

DIRECT: He said, “I had started a business”

INDIRECT: He said that he had started a business.

DIRECT: I said, “She had eaten the meal”

INDIRECT: I said that she had eaten the meal.

DIRECT: They said, “We had not gone to New York”

INDIRECT: They said they had not gone to New York.
 FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
WILL changes into WOULD
DIRECT: He said, “I will study the book”
INDIRECT: He said that he would study the book.

DIRECT: She said, “I will buy a computer”

INDIRECT: She said that she would buy a computer.

DIRECT: They said to me, “We will send you gifts”

INDIRECT: They said to me that they would send me gifts.

DIRECT: I said, “I will not take the exam”

INDIRECT: I said that I would not take the exam.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

WILL BE changes into WOULD BE
DIRECT: I said to him, “ I will be waiting for him”
INDIRECT: I said to him that I would be waiting for him.

DIRECT: She said,” I will be shifting to new home”

INDIRECT: She said that she would be shifting to a new home.

DIRECT: He said, “I will be working hard”

INDIRECT: He said that he would be working hard.

DIRECT: He said, “He will not be flying kite”

INDIRECT: He said that he would not be flying kites.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

WILL HAVE changes into WOULD HAVE

DIRECT: He said, “I will have finished the work”

INDIRECT: He said that he would have finished the work.
DIRECT: She said, “They will have passed the examination”
INDIRECT: She said that they would have passed the examination.

DIRECT: He said, “I will have gone”

INDIRECT: He said that he would have gone.

UNIVERSAL TRUTH
The tense of reported speech may not change if reported speech is a
universal truth though its reporting verb belongs to past tense.
Examples.
Direct speech: He said, “Mathlematics is a science”
Indirect Speech: He said that mathematics is a science.
Direct speech: He said, “Sun rises in east”
Indirect Speech: He said that sun rises in east.
Change of Words
Words indicating nearness of time or place in the Direct
Speech are changed into those indicating distance when
converted into Indirect Speech.
• Now becomes then
• Here becomes there
• Ago becomes before
• Thus becomes so
• Today becomes that day
• Tomorrow becomes the next day
• Yesterday becomes the day before
• Last night becomes the night before
• This becomes that
• These becomes those
• Hence becomes thence
• Hither becomes thither
 🔷️REPORTING SPEECH
Assertive Form
Statements or Assertive sentences are also known as indicative or
Declarative Sentences.
• The Reporting verb in this forms is generally a verb of saying
and is changed into tell (told) in the indirect speech.
• Sometimes the following words are used to give clearness of
meaning--inform, state, reply, answer, remind, declare, remark,
assure, etc.
Direct. Jamila said, "Brother, I am going."
Indirect. Jamila told her brother that she was going.
Direct. Nelson said to his Granny "I have never seen fear anywhere here.“
Indirect. Nelson told his Granny that he had never seen fear anywhere
here.

The Imperative Form

A sentence which expresses command, request, advice or suggestion is
called imperative sentence.
For example,
• Open the door.
• Please help me.
• Learn your lesson.
To change such sentences into indirect speech, the word
“ordered” or “requested” or “advised” or “suggested” or
“forbade” or “not to do” is added to reporting verb depending
upon nature of imperative sentence in reported speech.
Examples
Direct. He said, "Manzur, sit still."
Indirect. He told Manzur to sit still.
Direct. "Forgive the boy his first mistake," said the mother to her husband.
Indirect. The mother implored her husband to forgive the boy his first
mistake.
Direct. The gentleman said to his servant, "Do not stay here.
Indirect. The gentleman ordered his servant not to
stay there.
 The Interrogative Form
In reporting, questions in the Indirect way the reporting
verb is changed into ask, enquire (inquire), demand, or
query or some such verb.
● Rewrite the Reported Speech in the Assertive form (i.e.
bring, the subject before the verb).
●The conjunction 'that' is not used after the Reporting
Verb.
● Question mark (?) gives place to full stop.
Examples
Direct. I said to him, “who are you?"
Indirect. I enquired of him who he was.
I asked him who he was.

Direct. Ajmal said to me, ”Why do you not go home?"

Indirect. Ajmal asked me why I did not go home.

Direct. The master said to the servant, "Where do you come from?"
Indirect. The master enquired of the servant where he came from.

When the question begins with the auxiliary of the finite verb is, are,
am,
was, do, did, can, may, will, shall, has, have, etc. (or, in other words,
whenever
the question may have, yes, or no for an answer; if or whether is used to
introduce Indirect Speech.
Examples
Direct. The teacher said to the boy, "Have you done your home work?"
Indirect. The teacher asked the boy whether he had done his home work.

Direct. Mr. Jones said, "Is Mr. Smith at home?"

Indirect. Mr. Jones inquired if Mr. Smith was at home.

Direct. The mother said to the young girl, "Do you know where Salim is?"
Indirect. The mother asked the young girl whether she knew where Salim
was.
 The Exclamatory Form
Sentence which expresses state of joy or sorrow or wonder is called
exclamatory sentence.
For example.
• Hurrah! We won the match.
• Alas! I failed the test.
• Wow! What a nice shirt it is.

To change such sentences, the words “exclaimed with joy” or

“exclaimed with sorrow” or “exclaimed with wonder” is added in the
reporting verb depending upon the nature of exclamatory sentence in
indirect speech.

The sense of feeling of the Exclamations may be indicated

in the principal clause by means of adverbial phrases such
as with regret, with fear, with sorrow, with joy or delight,
etc., where necessary.
EXAMPLES
Direct speech: He said, “Hurrah! I won a prize”
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with joy that he had won a prize.

Direct speech: She said, “Alas! I failed in exam”

Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with sorrow that she failed in the exam.

Direct speech: She said, “Hurrah! I am selected for the job”

Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with joy that she was selected for the job.

Direct speech: He said, “Oh no! I missed the train”

Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with sorrow that he had missed the train.

Direct speech: They said, “Wow! What a pleasant weather it is”

Indirect Speech: They exclaimed with wonder that it was a pleasant
weather.

THE END BY: AFAQ AHMAD