KANAGA VALLI.

R
INTRODUCTION
COMPLEX PERMANENT
TISSUE
 Complex permanent tissue consists of a number
of dissimilar cells which perform a common
function.
 It forms vascular or conducting tissue in the
plant. They are of two types:
 Xylem
 Phloem
XYLEM TISSUES
 Xylem is responsible for
conduction of mineral salt and
water from roots to upper region
and also provides mechanical
support to the plant body.
 Xylem is also called as wood
and forms the bulk of roots and
stem of vascular plants.
 Xylem is composed of three
types of cells some of which are
living and some non-living.
 STRUCTURE
The vascular tissues are made up of:
 Xylem vessels - the main conducting
cells
 Xylem tracheids - also conduct water
but are not as well adapted as vessels for
this function
Xylem fibres – they have no role in
water transport but function in support
Xylem parenchyma - this acts as
packing tissue.
Vessels and tracheids are dead cells
and they form a system of tubes through
which water can travel.
Arrangement of xylem in the stem
Collenchyma
Vascular bundle

Phloem

Cambium

Parenchyma
Xylem
 TRACHEARY ELEMENTS
 These participate in conduction of sap
(water and minerals). They are divided
into two types – tracheids and vessels.
 Vessels: Vessels are elongated tubular
structures with a wide lumen. It is
formed by a series of cylindrical cells
which are joined end-to-end and have
perforated walls.
 The vessels are dead, thick walled and
lignified.
XYLEM TRACHEID

 Tracheids are elongated,

thick walled, dead tubular
cells with lignified walls.
 The tracheids are smaller
than vessels and form chief
conducting element of xylem
in gymnosperm and
pteridophyte where vessels
are absent.
Based on the lignification, tracheids are
also classified

1. Annular
2. Spiral
3. Reticulate
4. Sclariform and
5. Pitted
Wood Fibre/ Xylem Fibres
 They are sclerenchyma
fibres.
 They are distinguished
from tracheids on basis of
their comparatively thicker
walls and obliterated
central lumens.
 These fibres are of two
types: libriform fibres have
thick cell walls, simple pits
and obliterated central
lumens
Wood Parenchyma
 Parenchymatous cells
present in the xylem. It
is the only living
component of the
xylem
 The cells are thin or
thick walled with
simple pits.
 These cells store food
material in the form of
starch or fat.
Xylem can be distinguished into two
types on basis of the time of origin
and internal structure –
Protoxylem
Metaxylem

 Protoxylem as the name suggests is the first

or easily formed xylem.
 Metaxylem is formed at a later stage.
How xylem and phloem are
formed in the growing plant
Location of xylem tissue
 This differs in the stem, leaf and root.
 Stem:
 Vascular bundles near the edge of the stem
 Root:
 Vascular system in a central position
 Leaf:
 Vascular bundles in the midrib and other leaf
veins
Stem
 Ring around the edge gives resistance
to bending
In the root, resistance to the pulling
force of the wind
Resistance to tearing in the leaf
Role of xylem
 Absorbs
 Water
 Mineral salts
 Oxygen
 Resistance to forces
 supporting and
strengthening
THANK YOU
TO ALL