Analysis

in the
Policy Process
 Group B
Members

Bacus, Merbuen J.
Bantecil, Bianca C.
Barcoso, April Vallerie E.
Bayking, Jynna Mae M.
Bolongon, Wilcie S.
Bonote, Jecibel B.
Book, Kaye Marie O.
 Group B
Contributions

Bacus, Merbuen J. Reporter, Researcher, Script

Bantecil, Bianca C. Researcher
Barcoso, April Vallerie E. Researcher
Bayking, Jynna Mae M. PPT, Script
Bolongon, Wilcie S. Researcher, PPT
Bonote, Jecibel B. Researcher
Book, Kaye Marie O. Researcher
 Policy Process

The public policy process, in

Agenda
Setting
Policy
simplified form, can be
Policy Change Formulation understood as a sequence of
and
Termination phases: agenda setting,
Policy formulation, adaptation,
Adaption
Policy
implementation, evaluation,
Policy
Evaluation
Implement
ation and change and termination.
Agenda setting

Agenda Setting is when public

attention focuses on a public
problem or issue.

“the list of subjects or problems

to which governmental officials,
and people outside the
government closely associated
with those officials, are paying
some serious attention at any
given time"
Agenda setting

WHO ARE THESE AGENDA-

SETTERS
/INFLUENCES OF AGENDA?

Public Officials Politics Agenda Setting

Media Media Agenda Setting
Interest Groups Public Agenda Setting
Agenda setting

TYPES OF AGENDA/PROBLEM
RECOGNITION AND ISSUE
SELECTION

Substantive Agenda
The Symbolic Agenda
Substantive Issues
Symbolic Responses
Policy
Formulation

Policy Formation is when

policy makers in the
legislatures and the
bureaucracy take up an
issue.
Policy
Formulation
Howlett et al. (2009) point out that policy
formulation has broad characteristics as
follows:

1. Formulation need not be limited to one

set of actors.
2. Formulation may proceed without clear
definition of the problem, or without
formulators ever having much contact
with the affected groups.
Policy
Formulation
3. There is no necessary coincidence between
formulation and particular institutions, though
it is a frequent activity of bureaucratic
agencies.
4. Formulation and reformulation may occur
over a long period of time without ever
building sufficient support for any one
proposal.
5. There are often several appeal points for
those who lose in the formulation process at
any one level. The process itself never has
neutral effects.
Policy
Formulation

Policy formulation can also be

categorized into four main forms;

Regulatory Mode
Incentive Mode
Persuasive Mode
Intervention Mode
Policy
Implimentation

POLICY
IMPLIMENTATION IS
WHEN GOVERNMENT
AGENCIES BEGIN TO
MAKE A POLICY WORK.
Policy
Implimentation

Core Elements:

Specification of
program details
Allocation of resources
Decisions
Policy
Implimentation

Two Types of Approach:

Top-down
Descriptive
Prescriptive
Bottom-up
Policy
Implimentation

When does an
implementation fail?

Bad execution
Bad policy
Bad luck
Policy Evaluation

Policy Evaluation is
deciding if a policy is
addressing the issue it
originally set out to solve.
Policy Evaluation

Evaluation studies are not

restricted to a particular stage in
the policy cycle; instead, the
perspective is applied to the whole
policy-making process and from
different perspectives in terms of
timing (ex ante, ex post)

Evaluations can also lead to diverse

patterns of policy learning.
Policy Evaluation
Approaches to Evaluation
Process vs Outcomes

the means by the extent to

which a policy is which policies are
carried out carried out as
intended
 Policy Evaluation
The two best-known forms of
outcome evaluations are cost-benefit
analysis and experimental research.

Cost Benefit Analysis

Experimental Research

Evaluation and Public Policy–Making

—Using the End as a Beginning
 Policy Change
and
Termination

Revision is the optional step of

changing the policy to help it work
better.
 Policy Change
and
Termination

Policies are rarely maintained exactly

as adopted. Change inevitably starts
to occur as soon as a policy is
implemented because of the intrinsic
ambiguity of legislation. Thus, policies
are constantly evolving and the policy
cycle is an ongoing dynamic process.
 Policy Process

The public policy process, in

Agenda
Setting
Policy
simplified form, can be
Policy Change Formulation understood as a sequence of
and
Termination phases: agenda setting,
Policy formulation, adaptation,
Adaption
Policy
implementation, evaluation,
Policy
Evaluation
Implement
ation and change and termination.