CAMBRIDGE COURT WORLD SCHOOL

CAMBRIDGE COURT WORLD SCHOOL

CLASS XI AtomicSYNOPSIS 2B
Structure
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
THEORIES LEADING TO BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL

INTRODUCTION
After the discovery of nucleus by Rutherford, he proposed the atomic model which was based on
the electrostatic principle, which state that electrons can revolve around the nucleus when there is a
balanced force between nuclear force of attraction and momentum of electron. Then energy possessed
by the electron must consume as soon it starts moving as a result electron must enter the nucleus due
to unbalanced nuclear force of attraction. This lead to development for a new atomic model.
In this part of the chapter we will be discussing about
 Theories leading to the quantum theory of atoms
 Neil Bohr postulate

 THEORIES LEADING TO NEIL BOHR’S MODEL
The two major developments after Rutherford experiment that played a major role in formulation
of Borh's Model are
1) Dual characteristic of the electromagnetic Radiation i.e, EMR's possess particle as well as
wave nature
2) Results by the atomic spectra

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE THEORY:-

This theory was put forward by James Clark Maxwell in 1864.The main points of this theory are
summed up as follows.
1) When an electric current is passed through a filament it gives out energy which is called
radiant energy.
2) The radiation consists of oscillating charges MAGNETIC WAVE

that produces Magnetic & electric field ELECTRIC WAVE

perpendicular to each other and direction

of propagation.
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3) These radiation has a velocity of 3 x 10 m/sec
but have different frequency. The arrangement
of these frequency is called E.M spectrum.
4) These radiations do not require medium for them propagation.

 Properties of E.M. waves that are similar to transverse waves:-

1) Wave lengths: It is the distance between the two consecutive crest & troughs. It is
represented by  and its unit is m , cm, nm, pm, etc.,
1Å = 10-8 cm = 10-10m
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1 nm = 10 m
1 pm = 10-12m
2) Frequency :- It is the No. of waves pasing through a point in one second. It is represented
by  and its unit to Hertz (Hz) or cycles/sec
c
 = ______ Unit = Hertz or cycle per sec (cps)

3) Velocity :- It is the linear distance traveled by the wave in one second. It is represented by
v and unit is m/sec or cm/sec.

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4) Amplitude: It is the highest point of crest & trough of a wave. It is represented by "a" and
is expressed in the units of length.
5) Wave Number: It is the _ number of -1waves present in t1 cm length . It is inverse of wave
length represented by  unit is cm , m
-1

_
 = 1/

 E.M.SPECTRUM (ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

These are the arrangement of various electro magnetic radiations in their increasing order of their
wavelength or frequency.
Visible Spectrum

Cosmic U.V. I.R. Micro Shorter Longer

 rays X- Rays I.R.
rays Rays V I B G Y O R Shorter Longer waves
Radio Radio
waves
waves

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

 PLANKS QUANTUM THEORY OR LIMITATION OF E.MAGNETIC THEORY.

  Limitation:-
The wave theory was not able to explain the following.
1) The nature of E.M. Radiation from hot bodies i.e., black body radiation.
2) Photoelectric effect i.e., ejection of e from the metal surface.
3) Variation of heat capacity of solids as a function of temp i.e., variable amount of heat
absorbed by solids w.r.t temp.
4) Formation of spectral lines in hydrogen atoms.
PLANKS QUANTUM THEORY:- According to Max Planck's the radiations are emitted in the
form of packets called quanta or photons. This was been proposed by the help of study of BLACK
BODY RADIATIONS.

BLACK BODY RADIATION

This theory was proposed by Max Plank, in which
he stated that following condition of the matter can result
in the formation of back body radiation.
 Temperature of the body must be equal to the temperature
of the surrounding (thermal equilibrium)
 After thermal equilibrium body releases the energy in the
equal amount as it was been provided. wavelength
 When temperature is increased the colour of the body must change from black to red then to
orange then to yellow then to bright yellow and finally to blue and voilet.
 When temperature of the system is increased the maxima of the radiating frequency shift towards
shorter wavelength.

From the above points Max Planks concluded that radiating energy is dependent on the frequency
of light emitted.
E = h
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Where h = Plank's constant = 6.626 x 10 Js
Note: The above expression of Max plank explained that energy is present in the form of
discrete quantity known as photons or quanta.

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 PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT:-

Some Common terms :-
-
 Threshold Frequency:- The minimum frequency of light that is required to remove an e from
the surface of the metal 
 Intensity :- The number of light rays that incident on a unit area of cross section.
 Work Function: The minimum amount of work done by an electron when the threshold
frequency incident on the metallic surface. Wo = ho
Or
It is the minimum energy required by a metal to eject the electron from its surface.

Photoelectric Effect is the phenomenon that was explained by Hertz which states that " the electric
-
effect created due to knocking off e from the surface of metal due to incident of a particular
frequency of light”
The electron emitted is called the photoelectron.
For this effect the metals that are selected are K, Rb, Cs, etc., because these are the metals that
have larger atomic size (low work function) so it is easy to remove the outer most e from the
valance shell.

 APPARATUS FOR THE STUDY OF PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT:-

As in the below diagram Hertz used an evacuated tube fitted with two electrode out of which one
is a plate like and another is a concave disc like.
Incidenting Light of
particular frequency
WORKING:- Metallic Plate of
♦ Through a small window monochromatic low work function
Receiver plate
light is allowed to fall on the plate.
♦ By varying the frequency he found
that the a particular frequency (vo) of Electron ejected
light is responsible for P.E. ejection
On increasing frequency beyond
threshold frequency K.E. of the
DIAGRAM SHOWING PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
electron increases.

CONCLUSION:-
♦ With increase in frequency the motion of photoelectron increases.
♦ With increase in Intensity the Photoelectric effect (no of photoelectron) increases.
 What happens when we gradually increase the frequency of light
rays incidenting on the metallic surface ?
Ans As we increase the frequency of light gradually we will find that the K.E. of the e- increases . This
is because whenever a frequency of light incidents it provide the surface is with a definite amount
of energy i.e.,

E= h 
Where  = frequency of light.
When the frequency reaches beyond the threshold frequency then the energy produced will be
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very large as a result some amount of energy will be utilized to remove the e where as some
will be utilized to increase the K.E as per Einstein’s photoelectric equation

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Emax = Ethreshold + K.E

Emax = h
Ethreshhold = h  where = threshold frequency
1
h = h+ _____ mv2
2
In the above expression h= work function, which is constant for a particular metal
therefore if the energy increases beyond the threshold energy then the extra amount will be
converted into K.E. Spectrum

SPECTRUM Emission Absorption

Emission spectra can be Spectrum spectrum
classified into two type:-
1) Line Spectra
2) Continuous Spectra Continuous Discontinuous
(Band Spectra) Band Spectrum Line spectrum
Atomic Spectrum
 Line Spectra :- The emission Spectra in
which the out put on the screen are formed
by bright lines separated by dark bands as
shown is called line spectra. These are also Prisim

known as the finger print of an atom as line

spectra of an atom is always fixed.
DIAGRAM SHOWING LINE SPECTRUM

 Continuous or Band Spectra :-

The emission spectra in which the result
of emission is shown in bright bands may Light Source

or may not separated by dark lines are Prisim

called band spectra.

DIAGRAM SHOWING EMISSION SPECTRUM

ABSORPTION SPECTRA
The spectra formed by the absorption of particular
wave length of light by a substance when the light is
allowed to pass through the substance. Light Source

To show the absorption the most commonly Prisim

used substance is Na vapors as these absorbs some

radiations from the light passing through them as a DIAGRAM SHOWING ABSORPTION SPECTRUM
result dark lines are found in the spectrum as shown

LINEWhen
SPECTRUM OF HYDROGEN
an electric discharge are allowed to pass through the hydrogen gas then the atoms
of hydrogen absorbs the energy and starts radiating energy that on obtaining on the screen
produces bright lines. These are known as line spectra.
This was first explained by Balmer in 1885 which he called as Balmer Series. When
spectral lines are expressed in term of wave number then the visible lines of hydrogen spectrum
obey the following formula.

1
2(
= 109677 _______
2 -
1
_______

n
2 cm-1 )
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Similar observations was found in other spectral series which was observed by Lyman,
Paschen, Bracket and P.Fund, but it was not in the visible spectrum but in some other spectral
region.
On close observation of their wave numbers value Rydberg concluded that they all follow
a particular mathematical formula
calculate the wave number i.e,

_ 1 1
 = RH ______
- ______
2
n i n2f
When RH= Rydberg's constant = 109,677
ni = shell in which the e- present
nf = shell to which the e- is jumping
The different name given to the line spectra are as follows:-
ni nf Name Spectral Region
2,3,......... 1 Lyman U.V
3,4,......... 2 Balmer Visible
4,5,......... 3 Paschen I.R.
5,6,......... 4 Bracket I.R.
6,7,......... 5 P.Fund I.R.

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